ENGINEERING MATHAMATICS 1 5th August 2013

D r. I r. A r m a n D j o han D ip o n egoro
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1

Class : Engineering Mathematics 1 02

Code : ENEE 600006
Credits : 3 SKS
Lecturer : Dr. Ir. Arman Djohan Diponegoro, M.Sc
Assistant : Adhitya Satria Pratama
Schedule : Thursday, 13.00-15.30
Venue : GK. 301
References :
1. Kreyszig, Erwin. 2011. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 10th edition. John
Wiley and Sons Inc.
Other relevant and related references are welcomed
 GENERAL TOPICS ON
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 1

Complex Variables
Vector Analysis
GRADING
Exercises and Quizzes : 80 %
Mid Test : 10 %
Final Test : 10 %
 MIDTERM
TEST
SCHEDULE
September 2013 October 2013
SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
29 30 27 28 29 30 31

November 2013 December 2013 FINAL TEST

SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT SUN MON TUE WED THU FRI SAT
1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 29 30 31
COMPLEX NUMBERS
COMPLEX NUMBERS

In the early days of modern mathematics, people were puzzled by equations like
this one:

The equation looks simple enough, but in the sixteenth century people had no idea
how to solve it. This is because to the common-sense mind the solution seems to
be without meaning:

For this reason, mathematicians dubbed 1 an imaginary number. We

abbreviate this by writing i in its place, that is:
COMPLEX NUMBERS
DEFINITION
A complex number z is a number of the form x iy
where
x is the real part and y the imaginary part, written as x = Re z, y = Im z.
i is called the imaginary unit i 1
If x = 0, then z = iy is a pure imaginary number.
The complex conjugate of a complex number, z = x + iy, denoted by z* , is given by
z* = x iy.
Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their
imaginary parts are equal.
DEFINITION
A complex number z is a number of the form
x iy where i 1
x is the real part and y the imaginary part, written as x = Re z, y = Im z.
i is called the imaginary unit
If x = 0, then z = iy is a pure imaginary number.
The complex conjugate of a complex number, z = x + iy, denoted by z* , is given by
z* = x iy.
Two complex numbers are equal if and only if their real parts are equal and their
imaginary parts are equal.
COMPLEX PLANE
A complex number can be plotted on a plane with two perpendicular coordinate
axes
The horizontal x-axis, called the real axis
The vertical y-axis, called the imaginary axis
y Represent z = x + jy geometrically
P as the point P(x,y) in the x-y plane,
z = x + iy or as the vector OP from the
origin to P(x,y).

O x x-y plane is also known as

The complex plane the complex plane.
POLAR COORDINATES
With x r cos , y r sin
z takes the polar form: z r (cos j sin )

r is called the absolute value or modulus or

magnitude of z and is denoted by |z|.
z r x 2 y 2 zz*

Note that : zz * ( x jy )( x jy )
x2 y2
TRIGONOMETRIC FORM FOR
COMPLEX NUMBERS
We modify the familiar coordinate system by calling the horizontal axis the real
axis and the vertical axis the imaginary axis.
Each complex number a + bi determines a unique position vector with initial point
(0, 0) and terminal point (a, b).
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG X, Y,
R, AND

x r cos
y r sin

r x2 y2
y
tan , if x 0
x
TRIGONOMETRIC (POLAR) FORM
OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
The expression r (cos i sin )
is called the trigonometric form or (polar form) of the complex number x + yi.
The expression cos + i sin is sometimes abbreviated cis .
Using this notation
r (cos i sin ) is written r cis .
COMPLEX PLANE
Complex plane, polar form of a complex number

Geometrically, |z| is the distance of the

Im point z from the origin while is the
directed angle from the positive x-axis to
y
P OP in the above figure.
z = x + iy
r From the figure,
y
|z | = tan
1

O x Re
 COMPLEX NUMBERS
is called the argument of z and is denoted by arg z. Thus,
y
arg z tan 1 z 0
x
For z = 0, is undefined.
A complex number z 0 has infinitely many possible arguments, each one
differing from the rest by some multiple of 2. In fact, arg z is actually
y
tan 1 2n , n 0,1,2,...
x
The value of that lies in the interval (-, ] is called the principle
argument of z ( 0) and is denoted by Arg z.
EULER FORMULA AN
ALTERNATE POLAR FORM
The polar form of a complex number can be rewritten as :
z r (cos j sin ) x jy
re j
This leads to the complex exponential function :
e z e x jy e x e jy
e x cos y j sin y

cos
2

1 j
e e j
Further leads to :
sin
1 j
2j

e e j
EULER FORMULA
Remember the well-known Taylor Expansions :
EULER FORMULA

So, we can conlude that :

GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION
 EXAMPLE
A complex number, z = 1 + j , has a magnitude | z | (12 12 ) 2

1
and argument : z tan 2n 2n rad
1

1 4

Hence its principal argument is : Arg z / 4 rad

j
Hence in polar form : z 2 cos j sin 2e 4

4 4
 EXAMPLE
A complex number, z = 1 - j , has a magnitude

| z | (12 12 ) 2
1
and argument : z tan 2n 2n rad
1

1 4

Hence its principal argument is : Arg z rad
4

Hence in polar form : j
z 2e 4
2 cos j sin
4 4
In what way does the polar form help in manipulating complex numbers?
 EXAMPLE
What about z1=0+j, z2=0-j, z3=2+j0, z4=-2?

z1 0 j1 z 2 0 j1
1e j 0.5 1e j 0.5
10.5 1 0.5

z3 2 j0 z 4 2 j 0
2e j 0 2e j
20 2
EXAMPLE (CONTINUED) Im

z1 = + j

0.5
z4 = -2 z3 = 2

Re

z2 = - j
EXAMPLE
Express 2(cos 120 + i sin 120) in rectangular form.
1 1
cos120 3
2 2(cos120 i sin120 ) 2 , i
2 2
3
sin120 1 i 3
2
Notice that the real part is negative and the imaginary part is positive,
this is consistent with 120 degrees being a quadrant II angle.
CONVERTING FROM RECTANGULAR
FORM TO TRIGONOMETRIC FORM

Step 1 Sketch a graph of the number x + yi in the complex plane.

Step 2 Find r by using the equation r x2 y 2 .

Step 3 Find by using the equation tan y , x 0

x
choosing the quadrant indicated in Step 1.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
For complex numbers a + bi and c + di,

(a bi) (c di) (a c) (b d )i
(a bi) (c di) (a c) (b d )i
Examples

(4 6i) + (3 + 7i) (10 4i) (5 2i)

= [4 + (3)] + [6 + 7]i = (10 5) + [4 (2)]i
=1+i = 5 2i
MULTIPLICATION OF
COMPLEX NUMBERS
For complex numbers a + bi and c + di,

(a bi)(c di) (ac bd) (ad bc)i.

The product of two complex numbers is found by multiplying as if the numbers

were binomials and using the fact that i2 = 1.
EXAMPLES: MULTIPLYING
(2 4i)(3 + 5i) (7 + 3i)2
2(3) 2(5i) 4i(3) 4i(5i) 72 2(7)(3i) (3i) 2
6 10i 12i 20i 2 49 42i 9i 2
6 2i 20(1) 49 42i 9(1)
26 2i 40 42i
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS IN POLAR
FORM

The representation of z by its real and imaginary parts is useful

for addition and subtraction.

For multiplication and division, representation by the polar form

has apparent geometric meaning.
Suppose we have 2 complex numbers, z1 and z2 given by :
j1
z1 x1 jy1 r1e
j 2
z 2 x2 jy 2 r2 e
z1 z 2 x1 jy1 x2 jy 2 Easier with normal
x1 x2 j y1 y 2 form than polar form

z1 z 2 r1e j1
r e
2
j 2
Easier with polar form
than normal form
j (1 ( 2 ))
r1r2 e
magnitudes multiply! phases add!
For a complex number z2 0,
j1
z1 r1e r1 j (1 ( 2 )) r1 j (1 2 )
j 2
e e
z 2 r2 e r2 r2

phases subtract!
magnitudes divide!

z1 r1
z 1 ( 2 ) 1 2
z 2 r2
EXERCISES
Let z = x + iy and w = u + iv be two complex variables. Prove that :

Prove that :
COMPLEX ANALYSIS
In the early days, all of this probably seemed like a neat little trick that could be
used to solve obscure equations, and not much more than that.
It turns out that an entire branch of analysis called complex analysis can be
constructed, which really supersedes real analysis.
For example, we can use complex numbers to describe the behavior of the
electromagnetic field.
Complex numbers are often hidden. For example, as well see later, the
trigonometric functions can be written down in surprising ways like:
AXIOMS SATISFIED BY THE COMPLEX
NUMBERS SYSTEM

These axioms should be

familiar since their general
statement is similar to that
used for the reals.
We suppose that u, w, z are
three complex numbers,
that is, u, w, z C, then
these axioms follow:
AXIOMS SATISFIED BY THE
COMPLEX NUMBERS SYSTEM
DE MOIVRES THEOREM
DE MOIVRES THEOREM
De Moivres theorem is about the powers of complex numbers and a relationship
that exists to make simplifying a complex number, raised to a power, easier.
The resulting relationship is very useful for proving the trigonometric identities
and finding roots of a complex number.
DE MOIVRES THEOREM
If r1 cos1 i sin 1 is a complex number, and if n is any real number,
then
r cos1 i sin1 r n cos n i sin n .
n

In compact form, this is written

r cis
n
r n
cis n .

Slide 8-40
 EXAMPLE: FIND (1 I) 5 AND EXPRESS THE
RESULT IN RECTANGULAR FORM.

1 i 2 cos 225 i sin 225

First, find trigonometric notation for 1 i

1 i 2 cos 225 i sin 225

5
Theorem 5

2 cos(5 225 ) i sin(5 225 )

5

4 2 cos1125 i sin1125
2 2
4 2 i
2 2
4 4i
Slide 8-41
NTH ROOTS
For a positive integer n, the complex number a + bi is an nth root of the complex
number x + yi if

a bi x yi.
n

Slide 8-42
NTH ROOT THEOREM
If n is any positive integer, r is a positive real number, and is in degrees, then the
nonzero complex number r(cos + i sin ) has exactly n distinct nth roots, given
by
n
r cos i sin or n
r cis ,
where

360 k 360 k
or = , k 0,1,2,..., n 1.
n n n

Slide 8-43
EXAMPLE: SQUARE ROOTS
Find the square roots of 1 3i
Trigonometric notation: 1 3i 2 cos60 isin60
1
60 360 60 360

1
2 cos60 isin60 2 cos k
2 2
isin k

2 2 2 2

2 cos 30 k 180 isin 30 k 180
For k = 0, root is
2 cos30 isin30
For k = 1, root is 2 cos210 isin210

Slide 8-44
EXAMPLE: FOURTH ROOT
Find all fourth roots of 8 8i 3. Write the roots in rectangular form.
Write in trigonometric form.
8 8i 3 16 cis 120
Here r = 16 and = 120. The fourth roots of this number have absolute value
4
16 2.

120 360 k
30 90 k
4 4

Slide 8-45
EXAMPLE: FOURTH ROOT
CONTINUED
There are four fourth roots, let k = 0, 1, 2 and 3.
k 0 30 90 0 30
k 1 30 90 1 120
k 2 30 90 2 210
k 3 30 90 3 300
Using these angles, the fourth roots are

2 cis 30 , 2 cis 120 , 2 cis 210 , 2 cis 300

Slide 8-46
EXAMPLE: FOURTH ROOT
CONTINUED
Written in rectangular form
3i
1 i 3
3 i
1 i 3
The graphs of the roots are all on a
circle that has center at the origin and
radius 2.

Slide 8-47
HOMEWORK
1.

2.

3. Find the fourth roots of 2.

Please do the homework on a paper. This exercise should be submitted on Thursday,

August 12th 2013 before the class begins.
NEXT AGENDA

Limit, Functions, and Continuity of Complex Variables.