Comparative Vertebrate Embryology SY 2014-2015

PIG EMBRYO (POSTERIOR SECTIONS)

Levels of the Lung Buds (Stem Bronchi) and Foreleg Buds

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paired posterior cardinal (postcardinal veins)

most dorsal vein
lying in place of the common cardinal veins in preceding level

foreleg buds
pair of bud-like tissue masses from the dorsolatersal sides of the body
made up of an outer layer ectoderm thickened at its apex as the apical ridge; core of mesoderm
at its core, interconnections of the ventral rami of the cervical and thoracic spinal nerves form the branchial
plexus; nerves of the forelimb branch out from this

esophagus
small middle hole beneath the pair of dorsal aorta

lung buds
pair of vesicles on both sides of the trachea

mediastinum
thick partition of mesenchyme
enclosing the trachea and the lung

pleural cavity
pair of coelomic cavities on each side of the mediastinum
where the lung buds developed

parietal pleura
lining of the lateral wall of the pleural cavity

visceral pleura
medial epithelial lining of th pleural cavity
will cover the lungs

septum transversum
mesenchymal partition extending across the body

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posterior vena cava

blood vessel
embedded on the right side of the septum transversum
posteriorly, occupies a dorsal position in the substance of the liver
also known as inferior vena cava

ventricle
thick-walled mass below the septum transversum

Level of the Liver and the Stomach

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spinal cord
segmental nature of the nerves arise on either side of the spinal cord, definite and clear, arise from the spinal
cord by the roots

dorsal root
contains the spinal ganglion and the sensory neurons
fibers from the dorsal root ganglion leading to the dorsolateral wall of the spinal cord
also known as afferent or sensory root

ventral root
made up of motor fibers from motor neurons of the basal plate of the spinal cord
fibers coming from the ventrolateral wall of the spinal cord
join the sensory root
also known as efferent or motor root

three branches of the spinal nerve trunk

dorsal ramus carries fibers associated with the dorsal parts of the body (skin, deep muscles of the back, spinal
column), close to the junction of the sensory and ventral root, small bundle of fibers which passes dorsolaterally,
also known as lateral ramus
ventral ramus carries fibers associated with the ventral and lateral body wall, large bundle of fibers which
passes ventrolaterally
ramus communicans branch from thr ventral ramus, carries fibers to the viscera via the prevertebral
sympathetic chain, passes medioventrally to the sympathetic ganglion located above the dorsal aorta and the
branchial plexus (innervates the limbs)

dorsal root ganglion

darkly nucleated body on both sides of the spinal cord

mammary ridges
pair of elevations on the dorsolateral part of the body
took the place of the foreleg buds in the series
present between the foreleg and hindleg buds

descending aorta
fused dorsal aorta, paired in branchial region
posterior to the pharynx, fuse to form the median dorsal aorta
sends branches to the different parts of the body of the embryo below the branchial region
sympathetic ganglion pair of ganglion immediately dorsal to the descending aorta

mesonephros
functional kidney at this stage
located on both sides of the descending aorta
retroperitoneal, lies posterior to the liver
mesonephric duct large oval canal found along its ventral margin

glomerulus
knots of blood capillaries
located at the lower medial side of each kidney
surrounded by very flat epithelium called Bowmans capsule
glomerulus and Bowmans capsule make up the Malpighian corpuscle or renal corpuscle

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mesonephric tubules
coiled tubules located at the outer lateral portion of each mesonephros
found connected at the corpuscles

posterior cardinal veins

dorsolateral in the mesonephros
also known as postcardinal vein

stomach
horizontally enlarged segment of the foregut
replaces the esophagus

liver
large mass
has strands of cells (hepatic cord) and spaces between the strands (hepatic sinusoid)
divided into paired dorsal and ventral lobes

posterior vena cava

large blood vessels
embedded in the substance of the liver
drains blood from the subcardinal sinus to be sent to the sinus venosus
receives blood from the ductus venosus
preceeding level, embedded in the septum transversum
posteriorly, found at the right side of the stomach, partly embedded on the dorsal portion of the liver
supported by the caval mesentery
also known as inferior vena cava or postcava

ductus venosus
blood vessels ventral to the stomach
embedded between the dorsal and ventral lobes of the liver
formed by the invasion of the left and right umbilical veins by the liver cords
anteriorly, found emptying into the postcava

dorsal mesogaster
part of the dorsal mesentery
holds the stomach in place
enlarges greatly in the adult
becomes the dorsal omentum of the adult
becomes aggregated with mesenchymal cells to form the spleen

omental bursa
closed cavity to the right of the stomach
posteriorly, opens into the peritoneal cavity, opening is called epiploic foramen

hepatogastric ligament
mesentery connecting the liver and the stomach
with hepatoduodenal ligament, constitute the lesser omentum of the adult

falciform ligament
remnant of the ventral mesentery (lesser omentum)
attaches the liver to the ventral body wall

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 Comparative Vertebrate Embryology SY 2014-2015

Level of the Common Bile Duct

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somites
44 paired blocks from the posterior end of the myelencephalon to the tail
myocoel lumen
myotome dorsomedian part of the block, forms the skeletal muscles
dermatome ventrolateral portion, forms the connective tissue of the dermis
sclerotome ventromedian portion of the block, will migrate and surround the spinal cord and notochord, forms
the vertebral column

duodenum
small cavity
takes the place of stomach

common bile duct

large thick-walled cavity
embedded on the dorsal lobe of the liver, to the right of the duodenum
posteriorly, enters the duodenum
but before doing so, gives off a rounded tube, cystic duct, below the bile duct, embedded on the ventral lobe of
the liver
anteriorly, connected to a wider cavity, hepatic duct, that constricts to become the common bile duct

posterior vena cava

more dorsally located
stays close to th right side of the dorsal mesentery almost at the right side of the descending aorta
drains blood from the subcardinal veins and the hepatic portal veins

hepatic portal vein

blood vessel
embedded on the right lobe of the liver
earlier embryonic omphalomesenteric vein which drains blood from the intestine

gonad rudiment
ridge-like thickening or swelling of the coelomic epithelium on the medial side of each mesonephric kidney

big left and small right umbilical veins

blood vessels
embedded in the ventral lobe of the liver which lies on both sides of the cystic duct
anteriorly, join together in the lver as the ductus venosus

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Level through the Gallbladder and Umbilical Cord

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hepatic portal vein

mesentery between the dorsal and vnetral pancreatic rudiment, to the right of the duodenum
posteriorly, on the left side of the duodenum
continues as the superior mesenteric vein, to the intestinal loop which it drains
extends further into the umbilical cord as the common vitelline vein
drains further the yolk sac as the right and left vitelline veins
remains embedded on the dorsal mesentery

dorsal pancreas
large mass
embedded in the dorsal mesentery above the duodenum
outgrowth from the duodenum, connected by duct of Santorini
also known as dorsal pancreatic rudiment

ventral pancreas
mass embedded in the dorsal mesentery below the hepatic portal vein, to the right of the duodenum
develops as an outgrowth from the common bile duct, connected by duct of Wirsung degenerates at once
also known as ventral pancreatic rudiment
dorsal and ventral pancreatic rudiments will fuse to form the pancreas

gallbladder
cavity right below the dorsal mesentery bearing the duodenum
lies on a partially disappearing ventral lobe of the liver bounded by the pair of umbilical vein
continuation of the cystic duct

paired umbilical veins

pair of blood vessels
took the position of the ductus venosus
right umbilical vein smaller, degenerating
left umbilical vein retain, where blood flows from the placenta
also known as allantoic vein

cranial and caudal limb of the intestinal loop

protrusion of the intestinal loop into the extraembryonic coelom of the umbilical cord
cranial limb more dorsal, anteriorly continuous with the duodenum, will become the small intestine
caudal limb posteriorly continuous with the colon, will become the large intestine

superior mesenteric vein and artery

blood vessels between the cranial and caudal intestinal limb, embedded in the mesentery
superior mesenteric vein more dorsal
superior mesenteric artery posterior ventrolateral branch of the descending aorta

common vitelline vein

vein on top of the superior mesenteric vein
posterior section of the superior mesenteric vein

left and right umbilical arteries

pair of blood vessels below the intestinal limbs
more dorsal than the 2 pairs of blood vessels below the limbs

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allantois
cavity between the left and right umbilical arteries
finds its way out of the umbilical cord to join the urogenital sinus

tail
lowermost portion
contains the spinal cord

Level through the Urogenital Sinus and Umbilical Cord

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subcardinal veins
veins on the ventromedian border of the mesonephros, ventral to the descending aorta
converge with each other by forming a subcardinal anastomosis of the subcardinal sinus on the area where
mesonephros is in contact with each other
posterior or inferior vena cava where blood contained from the posterior region enters, new channel to the
heart
posterior portion of the postcardinal vein regress

mesocolon
prominent mesentery
holds the caudal limb of the intestinal loop (small cavity, lowermost portion of the mesentery)

mesonephric duct
pair of excretory duct of the mesonephros
found on each ventral limit of the mesonephros
posteriorly, continuous with the urogenital sinus

urogenital sinus
inverted U-shaped structure
constitute the tail
both ends lead to the mesonephric duct

rectum
cavity below the urogenital sinus, separated by the cloacal septum
cloacal septum not yet complete, urogenital sinus and rectum are still continuous towards the posterior section

umbilical veins
prominent blood vessels on both sides of the umbilical cord
a pair right below the mesonephric duct, a pair on both sides of the upper mesenchymal mass that contains the
tail
continuous with each other

umbilical arteries
medial blood vessels below the mesocolon, lying on both side of the middle cavity, allantois
posteriorly, continuous with descending aorta

allantois
flattened canal on the ventral wall of the urogenital sinus
emerges form the umbilical cord
joins the urogenital sinus

umbilical cord
lightly stained area
holds the allantois, vitelline blood vesels, umbilical blood vessels, and the cranial limb of the intestinal loop
Whartons jelly gelatinous connective tissue, matrix of the umbilical cord

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Level of the Hindlimb Bud

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hindleg bud
prominent thickenings on the lower portions of the sections
consist of an outer layer ectoderm and an inner core of somatic mesoderm
apical ectodermal ridge thickened ectoderm

pair of mesonephric duct

a pair close to the mesonephros, a pair at the lower level of the hindleg bud

mesocolon
mesentery that holds at its higher level the caudal limb of the intestinal loop and at it lower level the colon

ureter
small duct
emerges form the dorsal portion of the mesonephric duct
posteriorly, expands as the renal pelvis surrounded by a mass of cells called nephrotome

Level through the Spinal Nerve

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spinal ganglia
separates masses of nerve cell body on both sides of the neural cavity

ventral roots of the spinal nerves

below the spinal ganglia
do not bear any spinal ganglion

sclerotome
undulated portions next to where the spinal ganglia or ventral roots of the spinal nerves are
made of dense caudal portion and less dense cranial portion
vertebra formed by fusion of the caudal half of the sclerotome with the cranial half of the next caudal
sclerotome

myotome
indented area left of the undulation of the sclerotome
less dense

dermatome
outermost dense area
covers the myotome
undulated but opposite to that of the sclerotome

epidermis
ouer covering of th body

intersegmental arteries
paired branches of the dorsal aorta on either side of the neural tube

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