Fifth Monarchists or Fifth Monarchy Men

Summary

The Fifth Monarchy Men or the Fifth Monarchists were a quasi

political religious movement which was prominent from 164961.
It was based on a strong millennium message, they hoped to
reform Parliament and the government for the imminent coming
of Christ's' Kingdom on Earth.

The movement was prominent throughout the Commonwealth and

was organized. Congregation were still active in England, and
Wales into the 18th Century After their planed conversion of
England to a theocracy, a new English Fifth Monarchist army of
saints would march on Europe, and would eventually convert the
whole world for the imminent coming of Jesus Christ, with the
spirit of Jesus Christ.

The term "Fifth Monarchy" or the "Fifth Kingdom" is a biblical

reference to the Old Testament for Daniel 2: 44. It relates a
prophesy in a dream by King Nebuchadnezzar. He envisioned five
kingdoms in history, and the last, or Fifth Kingdom would usher in
a new kingdom on earth. Millenarianism was a strong popular
message of the Interregnum period (16491660). "The godly being
in league with God ..." (1626) wrote Thomas Gataker.

Works such as Henry Archer's: The Personal Reign of Christ upon

Earth (1642) became a popular work on the Millennium during the
period. It foretold of the conversions of the Jews (1650), the
destruction of the Turks, and the second coming of Christ(1700).
The Civil War was seen by some as a metaphor of the coming new
religious fervor. The execution of King Charles I in January 1649
also became a sign for some from God ushering in His New
Kingdom on Earth for many of the faithful.

The Fifth Monarchy Men were a religious reform movement that

used both social and political pressure to effect their message
and vision of a new religious "Golden Age". They represented a
diverse collection of various religious and political views. They
hoped to replace the Long Parliament (164048) and its
replacement the Rump Parliament (164853) with another
"churchparliament" favorable to their views.

The Fifth Monarchists movement represented a broad group of

interests. The membership might be divided into two general
groups. One group saw the conversion of a corrupt English society
into a new religious community of the Saints that was only
possible through the power of prayer, and by setting a moral
Christian life style, as an example for others to follow, i.e. being
in society but not being of the society. Another group might argue
for change through the legislative process, and reforms through
political influence. A more radical small segment of the
movement would later advocated for the force of arms to
accomplish its godly mission. Members of both of these groups
tended to hold more moderate positions in the early days of the
movement.

The early beginnings of the Fifth Monarchists movement may date

from the Norwich area as early as 1649. Both Independents and
Baptist laymen and ministers had joined the New Model Army
during the Civil War and many rose to positions of trust and
influence in their respective regiments. Many of these individuals
in turn influenced the views others with their own millennium
message which may have helped to influence the early origins
Fifth Monarchist message.

Many of these individuals came from General and Particular

Baptists congregations. Among these were the socalled Seventh
Day Men, or Sabbatarians who worshiped on Saturday as the
Sabbath following the Jewish traditions. Between 16501660 there
were strong religious and political ties of support between these
various groups against the Cromwell government.

Some of the more prominent Fifth Monarchy Men leaders were

London preachers including: Christopher Feake (16121683?) of
Christ Church (Newgate) ca. 1649; John Rogers (16271665?) from
Dublin ca.1652; John Canne (1590?1667?) formerly of the Robert
Overton Regiment at Hull; John Simpson (d.1662); and Vavasor
Powell (16171670). These men preached on the imminent coming
of Christ Jesus with specific reference to The Book of Daniel:
Chapter 7

These preachers may have held slightly differing interpretations

of the text of The Book of Daniel. The common themes of the
period included: 1) prepare for the Second Kingdom, 2) reform
the government in preparation for Christ's rule, 3) that greed and
power would be replaced with more brotherly love, 4) the
collection of tithes and taxes should cease, 5) more consideration
for the care, and feeding to be given for the poor, 6) the release
of debtors from prison,7) to pay the back salaries due the New
Model Army.

The Fifth Monarchists were early supporters of Oliver Cromwell,

"God's Instrument"against the Royalists and proPresbyterian
members in the Long Parliament. They had anticipated that
Cromwell would support their holy mission to change this
corrupted society into a new Saintly kingdom on Earth
anticipating the return of Jesus Christ.

The Fifth Monarchists movement found support with a number of

groups of the period, including the New Model Army and the
Leveller movement. The New Model Army Uprisings of 1649 at
Burford, Oxfordshire were crushed under the General, Lord
Fairfax, and Lt. General Cromwell. The back pay issue for the
Mobile Army was finally resolved with payments. The Leveller
movement was dealt a heavy blow when the Leveller leadership
were arrested and jailed in 1649, and the trial of FreeBorn John.
The Fifth Monarch Men became one of the few remaining major
organized movements with a militant minority to oppose
Cromwell's government after 1650.

Nominated Assembly, or Barebone's Parliament

On 25 April 1653, the Cromwell government dissolved the the ill

fated Rump Parliament. Cromwell was motivated politically by a
desire to generate a period of"christian peace" before a national
Parliamentary elections. Lacking any real authority to call for a
new elected national Parliament, a decision was made by the
Council of Officers to form a Nominated Assembly of 144
nationally elected delegates for a period of sixteen month.

The Assembly was duly opened from 4 July 1653, and they
promptly designated itself as a Parliament. Needing an official
name, a vote was called for. It was duly designated as the Praise
God Barebone's Parliament. PraiseGod Barebone was a well
respected local government official, and a moderate minister
with Baptist leaning, was for one of its more prominent members
in a group of prominent gentlemen.

The majority of the duly elected delegated were mostly moderate

businessmen, and "gentlemen". An early conflict developed over
certain political or religious reform policies being proposed by
certain group within the minority delegates. A majority generally
found these proposed reforms too radical in scope, and might
even undermine the current basic State and Church institutions.
Problems with the "radical minority" ultimately led to a non
functional governing body. On 12 December 1653, the majority of
moderate delegates basically hand their authority back to the
Cromwell government, probably to their own relief. It might not
be unreasonable to suggest that the majority may have been
simply voting their own pocket books, and a stable government.

The Fifth Monarchy Men supported certain delegate for election

that supports their policies, and religious views. Unfortunately
these were generally consider part of in minority view, and
somewhat radical leaning by the moderate majority in
Parliament. The Fifth Monarchy Men movement were critical of
what they considered as the "proCromwell" leaning delegates in
the Barebone's Parliament between July to December 1653. It
only helped their resolve to take down the Cromwell government.

The closing of the Barebone's Parliament caused a major outcry

by the general public for a separate publicly elected body
between them, and the current Cromwell government machinery.
Their cries of protest, and outrage fell on the deaf ears of the
Cromwellian government for redress according to the critics of
Oliver Cromwell.

The Instrument of Government of 1653

The Cromwell government with the closure of the Barebone's

Parliament in December 1653 needed a decision. In conciliation
Council of Officers an earlier draft document of a reform English
constitution was dusted off, and amended. Working with the Long
Parliament, and the Rump Parliaments had issues with the Army
Council. A more centralized form government was considered as
necessary. There was little, or no acceptable compromise with
some of the "more radical" social and religion reform movements
in society. "Those that could not be controlled must be crushed"
has been attributed to Oliver Cromwell.

Within days of the Barebone's Parliament closure on 12 December

1653, the The Instrument of Government was issued on 16 Dec.
1653. It was a new written constitution, the first of its kind in
English history. The document was attribute to MajorGeneral
John Lambert. The Council of Officers designated General Oliver
Cromwell as the new Lord Protector. It was limited form of
monarchy, a King without a crown as some have referred to it.
Cromwell had the good sense not to accept the crown that may
have been offered to him. The Council of Officers would still
function in an advisory capacity, as necessary. There was to be a
single national legislative chamber elected every three years.
Bills might be directed to the Protector for his direct approval, or
quashed by the government. A national church structure was
established policies under law. The government supported a
tolerant view of the majority of "christian" theologies of most of
the current dissenters, and sects. But certain heretical doctrines
would not qualify. Interdenominational strife between sects
would be punishable. Cromwell for his own part, he had a rather
broader level of religious tolerance, and teachings than many of
the other "christian" dissenters practiced themselves.

The Instrument of Government was clearly aimed at a strong

central administration, with a firm hand on the reigns of
government, and the rule of Law. The new institution was seen
necessary to deal with past problems with Parliament, and more
active security from radical elements. There was seen for a need
for a stable English economy, national defense, and the rule of
Law. Cromwell establish a strong national system of military
governors that reported to him, and the Council of Officers.
[Editor Note:Oliver Cromwell is a major historical beyond the
scope of this work. Please consult the General Bibliography for
additional sources.]

The critics of Cromwell were still outraged over the Barebone's

Parliament closure, when the Instrument of Government was
issued. This only angered his critics more. These groups were still
seeking more personal and religious reforms as promised during
the Civil War. Cromwell had betrayed them in their own eyes for
his own perceived personal political ambitions according to his
critiques. Some even commended that they had only replaced one
old yoke with a new one.
<4h>General Thomas Harrison (16601660)

Major General Thomas Harrison (16101660) was a decorated

national war hero, and who later became the national spokesman
for the Fifth Monarchy Men movement. He came from a good
family in Newcastle under Lyme, his father was a butcher, and its
elected mayor, four times. Harrison had studied law in London
until the outbreak of the Civil War. He enlisted and advanced in
the rank as a cavalry officer. He fought well at Naseby and
Langport with the New Model Army, and was well respected in the
ranks.

He was elected an MP for Wendover, Bucks.,in 1646, but he

instead sailed to Ireland during 1647 to join his men. He was at
the Putney Debates in October 1647. He was the Commander of
Forces in Wales (1649) and Chief Commander of Forces in England
(165051). Harrison had been a good friend of Cromwell, and a
comrade in arms.

Harrison was one of many prominent delegate to the Barebone's

Parliament(1653). His personal situation began to changed after
the Parliament dissolved. Harrison was a religious individual, and
he had begun to have objections to the some of the new policies
of Oliver Cromwell and his new government on certain religious
grounds. The questionable actions of the delegates in closing the
the Barebone's Parliament (1653) had an adverse impact, as did
the sudden elevation of his old friend, Oliver Cromwell, as the
new "Lord Protector".; These had only helped to increased his own
growing objections of the new government policies under Oliver
Cromwell.

Harrison would become a leading spokesman for the Fifth

Monarchy Men and their movement. General Harrison was well
respected as a national military War hero, and as a Regicide
signer. He was an educated man, and a good speaker able to rally
support for the Fifth Monarchists cause and their anti
Cromwellian government message from Wales to London. The
Fifth Monarchists had strong support in London, East Anglia, and
Wales.

Under the Protectorate (165360), Harrison had publicly

expressed his opinions of the Protectorate, and was stripped of
his commission, and decorations by the government. Cromwell
was instrumental in having Harrison sent to prison during 16556,
and again in 16589 on what were considered questionable
charges of subversion against the government, i.e. support for the
Fifth Monarch Men. Harrison was one of the first Regicide Signer
to be arrested, and tried under the new Restoration government.
He was summarily convicted, brutally tortured, and than
executed, a fate which Oliver Cromwell was able to escaped.
There was a strong public out cry for the brutal treatment handed
out to General Harrison, who was already in poor health by the
Crown. These action only increased the growing public ire of City
of London towards the new Crown, and the resolve of the Fifth
Monarchy Men to act.

<4h>Thomas Venner(1608?1661)

There were various radical movements with militant elements

during the Interregnum. The Fifth Monarch Men movement was
one of the best known and maybe one of the most radical of the
period. The most radical of the Fifth Monarchy Men were the
Vennerites, a militant faction named after their leader, Thomas
Venner (1608?1661).

Venner was born in Littleham, Devon. By 1633, he was working as

a cooper in London, and was associated with PraiseGod
Barebone, and Stephen More congregations. In 1637, Venner
immigrated to New England, and raised a his family there. He is
known to have resided in Salem, Mass, and then later in Boston.
He held a number of jobs and positions some of them more legal
than others, according to his critics. He returned to England
during late 1651 a few steps ahead of the Boston police according
to some accounts.
After returning to London, Venner became familiar with the Fifth
Monarchy Men. In 1655, Venner worked as a cooper at the Tower
of London, he was arrested and gaoled on suspicion of trying to
blow the place up. By 1656, he had become the minister to a
growing London congregation in Swan Alley, off of Coleman Street
from 165561, with Fifth Monarchy Men leanings. During 1656/57,
Venner and members of his own congregation were already
making plans to overthrow the Cromwell government. Many of the
Fifth Monarchy Men leadership including General Thomas Harrison
were opposed to Venner's plan, and argued against it.

Venner's plan included the distribution of a certain work: A

Standard Set Up written by Venner's soninlaw outlining the
movements aims, and views. The planned objectives were to
overthrow the current government, and to capture, to capture
the King, and to establish a theocracy in England. But before the
plan could be put into action many individual were arrested by
the government, but not put on trial. Venner and two of his
associates were confined in the Tower of London on Cromwell's
direct orders until 1659. Additional attempts continued to be
made on Cromwell life by other Fifth Monarchy Men.

The government made regular raids on suspected Fifth Monarchy

Men congregations, looking for caches of arms, weapons, and
horses sometimes with success. These efforts did not deter the
more militant members who had found certain financial
supporters willing to supply the necessary funds to supply the
troops.

Richard Cromwell (16271712)

Oliver Cromwell (15991658), the Lord Protector office was

passed on to his son Richard Cromwell (16261712). Richard
Cromwell only occupied the office as Lord Protector from 1558
1660, an office which he did not seek. He was actually more
competent and able then initially suspected. His tenure was
frustrated by problems with Army Council, and a massive national
defense debt. His office was simply cancelled after Parliament
closed. He would live in exile until about 1680.

Richard Cromwell administration was replaced by a new Rump

Parliament. They too did not supply the necessary security or
stability sought by the government power brokers, or to address
the fear of radical unrest in society. The new Rump Parliament
was removed by army troops under the command of General
George Monck. Overtures were quietly being undertaken to
initiate secret negotiations with King Charles II of Scotland, on a
possible reinstatement of the House of Stuart to the English
Crown with stated reforms of government.

<4h>General George Monck (160870)

General George Monck was crucial player in facilitating the

Restoration of King Charles II (1660) to the English throne.
General George Monck, 1st Duke of Alblemarle (160870) came
from a gentry family in Devon. His early career was in military
service. At the beginning of the Civil War, he enlisted with on
Royalist side. He was captured while in Ireland, and sent to the
Tower. At the end of the War, he returned to Ireland fighting for
the Roundheads, he was captured by the Irish and released.
Cromwell took him to Scotland to help capture Bonney Prince
Charles. He was the Commander in Chief for Scotland while
Cromwell chased down Charles II at the Battle at Worcester,
(April 1651). The troops under Charles II was routed by the forces
under Cromwell. Charles was able make his escaped to France
where he remained in exile. After a number of successful
campaigns for Cromwell, Monck spent some time in the
government. After the death of Cromwell, he was involved with
government closure with the Rump Parliament closure, and the
office of Lord Protector under Richard Cromwell's administration.

A group of wealthy power brokers had initiate a dialogue with

King Charles II for his possible restoration to the Crown. General
Monck was approached to act as the logical middle man for the
task. After some difficult negotiations a deal was finally struck to
return the House of Stuart back to the throne of England. On
Monck's first greetings with the new king in England, he was made
a Knight of the Garter. A short time later he was again presented
to the king, and given a dukedom. General Monck fought during
the AngloDutch War for the navy, and was part of the new
government, and a good friend to the Crown.

<4h>The Venner's Rising of 1661

With the reinstatement of King Charles II underway, one of the

first things done by the new government was to find, and to
arrested all of the available signers of the Death Warrant of King
Charles I. The MajorGeneral Thomas Harrison (16161660) was
one the first found. A signer, and a latter leader of the Fifth
Monarchy Men, and celebrated War hero. Harrison was found,
arrested and tried in Court. He was sentenced to be tortured,
with his execution on 13 October 1660. The heinous nature of
Harrison's sentence raised the ire of many Englishmen including
the Fifth Monarchy Men, and Thomas Venner and his supporters
against the "questionable" new government. The steel hand in the
velvet glove send many concerns thought the general populous,
including some in power who might find themselves with the same
treatment later.

After the cruel execution of General Harrison, the growing fear of

the return of aspects of the former reign under Church and State
in some quarters, and fear of a possible return of the Catholic
Church of England.

Venner and his supporters had planned for the overthrow of the
Protector, or even the possibility of the return of the Monarchy
Thomas Venner (d. 1661) and some fifty rebels had plotted to
overthrow the new fledgling government of King Charles II in
London by the force of arms. This was a very desperate effort to
seize the seat of government before the coronation of Charles II.
The work: A Doore of Hope (1661) addressed to Parliament stated
their fears of a return of the monarchy, the return of Church
bishops, and the revival of a Roman administrated Church of
England.

What is known as Venner's Rising happened on 14 January 1661.

Venner with his Fifth Monarchy Men, and some reported 1,000
Quaker supporters attacked the centers of power in and about
Greater London under the cry "King Jesus and the heads upon the
Gates".

The rebels initially instilled fear, unrest for the City of London.
Venner and his troops were somewhat successful during the first
few days, but without the success that they had initially planned
for. As more government troops arrived the tide of battle turned
against Venner. The influx of professional soldiers brought the
uprising to a relatively quick end. Many of the rebels troops were
killed, some were captured by military units, and others escaped
in the confusion. A wounded Veneer and the other rebel leaders
were captured and put on trial. Venner and the other leaders
were executed on 19 Jan. 1661. Venner was hanged, drawn and
quartered, and displayed outside of his own congregation doors.
The general executions went on a few days. Venner represented a
radical faction of the larger movement.

More than one hundred Fifth Monarchy Men were arrested, and
put on trial as rebels by the new government. Many of these
"rebels" may not have been involved in the actual fighting. But
were simply labelled as potential radicals elements for their
comments regarding the new government. May were sent to gaol,
or prison, and or fined. There were public out cries on their
treatment for just for being associated with the Fifth Monarchy
Men movement.

Venner's Rising did not end the Fifth Monarchist presence in

England. Many of their congregations across the country
continued unabated after the Restoration (1660) into the 18th
Century. King Charles II and his government kept a careful eye on
these congregations, and its leadership.
Many of the suspected "radical" of Fifth Monarchist leaders were
imprisoned by the Crown, and served long sentences in prison.
Many of former radical leadership quickly find refuge in Europe,
and the government kept catch for them, or place them under
surveillance too. There was some suspicions by the public at the
tyme that the government may have made sure that radical
elements of the Vennerites rebels did not return to England.

<4h>John James(d.1661) Martyr

John James (d. 1661) came from a poor family with little formal
education. He did manual labor until his health declined. He
became interested in religion, and had some disagreements with
the Quakers. He became an itinerant London preacher with a
Millennium message, and some Fifth Monarchy leanings.

On 19 October 1661, James was arrested in Bulstake Alley

(Whitechapel). James was arrested with his congregation on
charges of high treason against the new King Charles II. At his trial
James denied all the charges, but had stated that did have some
second thought about Venner later. The court found James guilty
of the charges with no involvement a year after the Venner trials.
On 26 November 1661, James was duly hanged, quartered, and
disemboweled at Tyburn for high treason against the Crown. His
head may have been placed on a spike located outside of his own
congregation.

There was little real legal justification to support the Crown's

changes against John James (d. 1661). He may have been simply
used as a public example to place fear in the minds of other with
any lingering Venner supporters within the Fifth Monarchy Men
movement. John James would not be the last martyr to suffer
during the early reign of King Charles II.

Existing Fifth Monarchy Men congregations would still continue in

England, Wales into the 18th century, sans their military factions.
The Crown would still keep a watchful eye out for any potential
trouble makers. Many who had fled England did not give up their
intrigues and plots against the Crown. There were some suspicions
at the time that certain government agents made certain that
these elements would not return to England.

The Fifth Monarch Men were a radical reform movement with a

strong millennium movement during the Interregnum. They voiced
many of the concerns for a new society based on religious
equality and the rejection of the corruption on Man. They called
for legal and land reforms for changes in the very structure of
English society. They fell victims to their own radical minority,
and Venner's Rising (1661) against the new Crown.

A SELECT FIFTH MONARCHY MEN BIBLIOGRAPHY

Primary Sources

[Anon.], An Alarum to the City and Souldiery, God Grant they

may not Neglect it. Concerning an Alleged Plot of the Fifth
Monarchy Men, June 6, 1659. (1659)

[Anon.], A Brief Description of the Future History of Europe,

from Anno 1650, to an. 1770. ... (1650)

[Anon.], Munster Paralleld in the late Massacres Committed by

the Fifth Monarchists, or, Their Valley of Achor Turned into
Akeldama being a Continuation of the bloody history of the
Phanatiques(1661); [EEb, 16411700 ; 429:15]

[Anon.]. A Narrative of the Apprehending,

Commitment,Garraignment, Condemnation, and Execution of
John James, who Suffered at Tiburne, Novemb. the 26th, 1661 ...
(1662); [EEb, 16411700; 1235:14]

[Anon.], A Narrative Wherein is Faithfully set forth the

Sufferings of John Canne, Wentworth Day, John Clarke, John
Belcher,John Richard, Robert Boggis, Petter Kidd, Richard
Bryenton, and George Strange, Called, as their news Book Saith,
Fift Monarchy Men thatis, how Eight of them were taken to
Coleman Street, ... (1658); EEb, 16411700 ; 79620]

[Anon.], A True Discovery of a Bloody Plot Contrived by the

Phanaticks Against the Proceedings of the City of London, in
Order to the Coronation of the High and Mighty King, Charles the
Second:... (1661)

Aspinwall, William, [fl.16481662]. A brief description of the

Fifth Monarchy or Kingdome that Shortly is to come into the
World the Monarchy, Subjects, Officers and Lawes thereof, and
the Surpassing Glory, Amplitude, Unity and Peace of that
Kingdome: ... (1653);[EEb, 16411700;163:12]

Bagshaw, Edward, [16291671], The Life and Death of Mr. Vavasor

Powell, that Faithful Minister and Confessor of Jesus Christ
Wherein his Eminent Conversation, ... (1671); [EEb, 1641
1700;1323:24]

Canne, John, [d.1667],The Golden Rule, or, Justice advanced ...

(1649). [Wing C440]

______, The improvement of mercy, or, A short treatise, shewing

how, and in what manner, our rulers and all wellaffected to the
present government ... (1649) [EEb, 16411700; 526:10] [Wing
441]

______, The snare is broken wherein is proved by Scripture, law

and reason, ... (1649) [EEb, 16411700; 86:2] [Wing C442B]

______, Emanuel, or, God with us: ... (1650) [Wing C439]

______, A voice from the temple to the higher powers. (1653)

[Wing C443B]

______, Truth with time, or, Certain reasons proving that none
of the seven last plagues or vials are yet poured out ... (1656)
[EEb, 16411700; 1200:16] [Wing C443C]

______, The time of the end shewing first, ... (1657) [EEb, 1641
1700; 410:2][Wing C443]

______, The time of finding shewing when the Lord will be found
and by whom, and when there will be no time of finding: ...
(1658); [EEb, 16411700; 1304:10] [Wing C442C]

Hicks, William, [16211660]. Apokalypsis Apokalypseos, or, The

Revelation Revealed being a Practical Exposition on the
Revelation of St. John : ... (1661); [EEb, 16411700:1571:23]

Johnson, Edward, Gent. An examination of the essey, or, An

answer to The fifth monarchy (1659) [EEb, 16411700 : 671:7]
[Wing J770A]

Lloyd, Owen, The PantherProphesy, or, A Premonition to all

people of sad Calamities and Miseries like to Befal these
Islandsto which is added, ... (1662); [EEb, 16411700;767:15]
[Wing L2665]

Maton, Robert, [16071653?]. A Treatise of the Fifth Monarchy,or,

Christ's Personnalm Reigne on Earth One Thousand Years with his
Saints ... (1655); [EEb, 16411700 ; 390:17]

Powell, Vavasor, 16171670. A Word of God (1655)

Rogers, John, [16271665?]. Ohel or Bethshemesh A tabernacle

for the sun, or, Irenicum evangelicum: ... (1653); [EEb,16411700
; 367:14]

______, Sagrir, or, Doomesday drawing nigh, with thunder and

lighting to lawyers in an alarum for the new laws, ... (1654)[EEb,
16411700; 947:11]

______, Some Account of the Life and Opinions of a Fifth

Monarchy Man: Chiefly abstracted from the Writings of John
Rogers, Preacher by the Rev. E. Rogers (1867)
Tombes, John, [1603?1676],Saints no Smiters, or, Smithing Civil
Powers not the work of Saints Being a Treatise, Shewing the
Doctrine and Attempts of QuintoMonarchians, or, Fifth
MonarchyMen about Smiting Powers to be Damnable and
Antichristian (1664); [EEb, 16411700; 880:13]

Secondary Sources

Anderson, P.J.,A Fifth Monarchist appeal and the response of an

Independent Church at Canterbury, 1653, Baptist Quarter 33,1990

Brown, L.F.,The Political Activities of the Baptists and Fifth

Monarchy Men in England during the Interregnum (1912)

______, [Another ed.](1967 ed.)

Capp, B.S., The Fifth Monarchy Men: A Study in Seventeenth

Century English Millenarianism (1972)

______, "The Fifth Monarchists and the Popular Millenarianism", In

Radical Religion in the English Revolution, McGregor, J.F. and
Reay, B (eds.) (1984)

Christianson, P.,Reformers and Babylon: English Apocalyptic

Visions from the Reformation to the Eve of the Civil War (1971)

Cohn, N.,The Pursuit of the Millennium, Revolutionary

Millenarian and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages (1970
pap.; rev. and expanded ed.)

Firth, C.H., The Last Years of the Protectorate, 16561658 (1909)

______, "The Life of Thomas Harrison", in Proceedings of the

American Antiquarian Society (1893)

Gibson, K., "Apocalyptic and Millenarian Prophecy in early Stuart

Europe: Philip Zeiger, Ludwig Friedrich Gifftheil and the Fifth
Monarchy"InProphecy, the power of inspired language in history
13002000, Taithe, B., and Thornton, T.,(eds.) (1997)

Greaves, R.L.,Deliver Us From Evil: The Radical Underground in

Britain, 16601669 (1989)

______, "John Bunyan and the Fifth Monarchists", Albion 13,1981

______, "A Colonial Fifth Monaarchist? John Clark of Rhode

Island", Rhode Island History 40,1981

Rogers, P.G.,The Fifth Monarchy Men (1966)

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