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1. Introduction
Each different building material has a special prominent quality which distinguishes it
from other materials. There is no material that can provide all the structural
requirements. This is the reason of using different materials that can be arranged in an
optimum geometric configuration, with the aim that only the desirable property of
each material will be utilized by virtue of its designated position. The structure is then
known as a composite structure, and the relevant method of building as composite
construction.
The composite concrete slab-on-steel beam structure consists of three major structural
elements, namely a reinforced concrete slab resting on longitudinal and transverse
steel beams, which interact, compositely with the slab by means of mechanical shear
connectors. The analysis of composite beams and their behavior assuming linear and
nonlinear material and shear connector behavior has been in general based on an
approach initiated by Newmark, Siess and Viest in 1951 [1]. The equilibrium and
compatibility equations for an element of the beam were reduced to a single second
1
order differential equation in terms of either the resultant axial force in the (concrete)
flange or the interface slip. Solution for the axial force or the interface slip was
substituted back into the basic equilibrium and compatibility equations, which could
then be solved to give the displacements and the strains throughout the beam. That
approach was initially based on linear material and shear connector behavior.
In the method suggested for the present study, the composite structure is idealized as a
grillage, the grillage mesh is assumed to be coincident with the center-lines of the
main steel beams. The concrete slab and the steel beams are assumed to behave in the
elastic range and the force- slip behavior of the shear connectors is linear. To use the
T-beam approach, the concept of the effective width is used which refers to a fictitious
width of the slab that when acted on by the actual maximum stress the slab would
have the same static equilibrium effect as the existing variable stress. The effective
width is affected by various factors, such as the type of loading, the boundary
conditions at the supports and the ratio of beam spacing to span B/L [2].
Johnson (1975)[3] proposed a partial interaction theory for simply supported composite
beams, in which the analysis was based on elastic theory. Kennedy, Grace, and
Soliman (1989)[4] presented an experimental study that was conducted on three
composite bridge models each subjected to one- vehicle load. Jasim (1994) [5] presented
a method of analysis which depended on elastic theory. In that analysis he adopted
same assumptions of Newmark[1].
2. Assumptions of the Grillage Analogy
The grillage analogy involves the representation of effectively a three- dimensional
composite structure by a two- dimensional assemblage of discrete one- dimensional
interconnected beams in bending and torsion. In analysis, the following assumptions
are introduced:
1- Concrete and steel are linearly elastic materials. The concrete slab is assumed
to be able to sustain sufficient tension such that no tensile cracks develop in
this part. The distribution of strains through the depth of each component is
linear.
2- The longitudinal and transverse steel beams are assumed rigidly connected
(welded connections).
2
3- The shear connection between the two components is continuous along the
length. The discrete deformable connectors with equal moduli and uniform
spacing are assumed to be replaced by a medium of negligible thickness.
Friction and bond effects between the two components are neglected.
4- The amount of slip permitted by the connector is directly proportional to the
force transmitted through the connector.
5- At every section of the composite beams, each component deflects the same
amount. No separation is assumed to occur.
3. Evaluation of Elastic Section Rigidities of Grillage Members
(1)
5 w L2
Where yf
384 2
= the mid-span deflection of composite beam with full shear
4
C3
C122
h1 h2
2
1 .1 . 2 . 2
C1 L
4 1 .1 2 . 2 1 .1 2 . 2 and .
1t 2 1 1 K
2
1t 2
(2)
Where C12 is the depth of center of gravity of steel beam below mid-plane of slab, I 1,
I1t and I2 are the moments of inertia of concrete slab about its own centroid,
transformed area of concrete about its own centroid, steel beam about its own
centroid, respectively. A1 , A1t and A2 are the cross sectional area of concrete slab,
transformed area of concrete above interface, cross sectional area of steel beam,
respectively.h1 is the thickness of concrete slab and h 2 is the depth of steel beam. 1
is the effective modulus of elasticity for concrete slab due to lateral confinement of
slab and E2 is the modulus of elasticity of steel. C1 is a factor found from
.n 1 1 2
C12
C1 = (3)
1 .1 2 . 2 1 .1 2 . 2
Where n is the number of connectors per row and p is the spacing of connectors along
the beam.
d2y
Since is the curvature , then the integration of this equation twice results
dx 2
w L4
in y (4)
5
where is a factor depending on the boundary conditions ( 384
for simply
24 C3 1 1
Defining D1 1 cosh K tanh K sinh K and substituting this into Eq.
5K 2 2 K
(6) ,then this equation can be written as
5
f
p (7)
1 D1
Point Load at Mid-span
For the case of a point load at mid-span of a simply supported beam, the solution for
the maximum deflection is:
yp 3 C3 1
1 2
1 tanh K (8)
yf K K
w L3
where yf
48 2
3 C3 1
Using the notation D2 1 tanh K Eq. (9) reduces to
K2 K
f
p (10)
1 D 2
Point Load at Span
For this loaded case the maximum deflection is
yp 96 C3 sinh K 2 sinh K 1
1
2
cosh K (11)
yf 11K K tanh K 4
11 w L3
Where yf
768 2
96 C3 sinh K 2 sinh K 1
Defining D3 cosh K , then
11K 2 K tanh K 4
f
p (12)
1 D3
Distributed Load of Trapezoidal Shape
For this case of loading the pertinent equation is
yp 48 C3 1 sinh K 1 1
1 2
2 (13)
yf 5K K sinh 2K 2 4
5 w1 w 2 L4
where yf
768 2
6
48 C3 1 sinh K 1 1
Using notation D4 2
5K 2 K sinh 2 K 2 4
Eqs. (5) and (13) are combined to give
f
p (14)
1 D4
Boundary Conditions
Furthermore, the effect of two types of boundary conditions on the prediction of
flexural rigidity of a composite beam is studied. They are a beam with fixed ends and
a cantilever. The effect of different boundary conditions can be considered by
changing the beam effective length. This effect should be included in Eq.(2) by
replacing the beam span (L)with the beam effective length (Le) . For the fixed
ended beam , the beam effective length is half its span, Le= 0.5 L. For the cantilever,
C1 L e
K (15)
2
7
leads to the conclusion that the same chart may be used for all types of loads which in
turn greatly simplifies the calculations needed in design [5].
Thus, Fig.(1) shows such a chart for various values of factor C and in terms of the
percentage increase in flexural rigidity of composite beam with partial shear
connection and the parameter K2 in this chart is for simply supported beams, Figs (2)
and (3) are design charts to find D1 for fix-ended beam and cantilevers respectively.
Tab.(1): Maximum difference in EIp between uniformly distributed load case and other load cases
(a) Simply supported beam (b) Beam with fixed ends
Point Point
Load Central Central
Uniform load Trapezoidal Uniform load Trapezoidal
arrangement point point
load at load load at load
load load
span span
Maximum
difference 0
)0
between (reference
reference 1.20 0.62 0 1.02 0.54 0
flexural value)
(value
rigidities
(%)
The upper part of the composite section is divided into three portions, two equal
concrete portions of dimensions (bceh1) and a central composite portion of
dimensions (bs (h1+tf)), as shown in Fig. (5). The torsional stiffness of the upper part
may then be estimated from the following Eq. for the interior composite beam
G TP J TP
1
2
2b ce h 13 G 1 b s h 1 t f 3 G eq (16)
8
and for the edge beam
G TP J TP
1
2
b ce h 13 G 1 b s h 1 t f 3 G eq (17)
eq
Where G eq 21
eq
neq: equivalent Poissons ratio of central portion of the upper part, ( eq 0.15 )
Eeq: equivalent modulus of elasticity of central portion of the upper part of composite
1 h 1 2 t f
section, eq h1 t f
a. Free to warp: G s J sd
1
3
b s t 3f h t 3w G 2 (18)
1
b. Warping prevented (or restrained): G s J sd J s G 2 b s t 3f G 2 (19)
3
1 L
1
L J G2 2
Here J s m
L 2 tanh
2 1
G 2 m 1 s
C w 2 13 Cw 2
In the grillage analogy, the ability of the composite structure to resist distortion can be
approximately achieved by providing the grillage members an equivalent shear area
(AV). The independent bending moments, which are developed in the webs and in the
flanges are caused by the shearing forces generated in these components. However, in
the present work, the transverse shearing rigidity for a composite member will be
computed by two methods as follows
1- Shearing rigidity for the steel component only by calculating the shear area for the
steel web, Fig.(6a), and it can be stated as:
Gv G2 tw h2 (21)
2- Shearing rigidity for concrete and steel components together because the depth of
concrete may take into account the shear area especially when it is not small.
Recognizing that the transformed section concept can be applied to the steel web as
shown in Fig. (6b), thus this method can be stated as:
GA v G 2 m t w h 1 h 2 (22)
Where m is the modular ratio = E2/E1
Value of D1
3
Value of D1
C=3.
C=3.5 C=3.5
5 2.5
2.5 2.5
C=3 C=3
2
2 C=2. 2
1.5 C=2
5 .5
1.5 C=2
1.5 C=
1
2
1 C=1.5 0.5
1 C=1.
5
C=1.
0.5 C=1.25
0 0.5 25
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-0.5 K2
Log Log10K2
10
Fig. (1) Design chart for simply supported Fig. (2) Design chart for fix- ended beams.
beams.
10
Value of D1
C=3.5
2.5
2 C=3
1.5 C=2.5
h1
1 C=2
tf
0.5 C=1.5
C=1.25 20
4. Applications
A composite slab-beam structure is selected from the available reference to assess the
accuracy of the grillage method. The theoretical results of Kennedy model[4] were
derived by the finite element method using the orthotropic plate element; also an
experimental study was made for this model. The composite slab-beam model
considered here is simply supported at two opposite edges and being free at the
longitudinal edges. This type of construction is used in bridge decks. The structure
dimensions are shown in Fig.(7), and material properties are as follows
c 4700 f c N mm 2 )
Poissons ratio of concrete 1= 0.15
11
Shear modulus of elasticity of concrete G1= 12090 N/ mm2 (calculated from
G =E/2(1+ )).
Lower Components (Longitudinal and transverse steel Shear Connectors (stud shear connectors)
Depth of steel beam h2 = 152.2 mm Length of shear connector = 38 mm
Flange width of steel beam bs = 152.2 mm Diameter of shear connector = 12 mm
Thickness of flange of steel beam tf = 6.6 mm According to (OHBD) code
Thickness of web of steel beam tw = 5.84 mm Number of connectors per row n =2
2
Cross sectional area of steel beam A2 = 2858 mm Spacing P=180 mm.
Moment of inertia of steel beam I2 =12112334.49 Strength of shear connector = 57000 N.
Modulus of elasticity of steel beam E2 = 200000 MPa
Poissons ratio of steel beam 2 = 0.3
Shear modulus of elasticity of steel beam G2= 76923 N/ mm2 (calculated from G =E/2(1+)).
12
GAv = 101.67 N (for transformed shear area) ,or: GAv = 68.37 N (for steel
shear area)
Two different loading conditions are considered. Point load of 89 kN is applied, the
position of this load is given in the following
1-A center load applied over the bridge (point no. 13, Fig.(7)).This is the first
loading condition.
2-An eccentric load applied over the edge of the bridge (point no. 3, Fig.(7)).
This is the second loading condition.
In Fig.(8), the vertical deflections at the mid- span cross- section (section A-A) are
plotted for the first loading condition. The corresponding values of the deflections for
the second loading condition are plotted in Fig. (9).Tab. (2) shows the comparisons of
the maximum deflections in the composite structure as calculated by the suggested
method for the two loading conditions. In the grillage analysis the maximum
deflections in both cases of loading are calculated for:
Case (I): without transverse shear effect. , Case (II): with transformed shear
area. , Case (III): with steel shear area only.
Tab. (2):Comparisons of maximum deflections (composite bridge model) (percentage differences
From the above comparison, it is clear that when the effect of transverse shear area
(Av) is ignored the deflections obtained by the grillage analogy are rather in acceptable
agreement with the experimental and finite element results (applied to the equivalent
orthotropic plate). Also this effect is shown in Figures (8) and (9), and it is well known
that an eccentric load on a bridge gives rise to twisting moments that are much greater
13
in magnitude than those caused by the same load applied at the center. Thus, the
concrete deck slab, with its significant torsional resistance, is able to distribute
transversely the eccentric load quite effectively in composite bridges. Comparisons
between the results are also given in Tabs. (3) and (4).
Comparisons between the variations of center deflection with an applied central load
shown in Fig. (10).
Tab. (3):Vertical deflections (in mm) at mid- span of bridge model under 1st.
loading condition (percentage differences with respect to experimental results)
Perce. Perce. Perce. Perce.
Node Di Grill. di Grill. di Grill. dif
Exper. Ortho.
no. ff. case I ff. case II ff. case III f.
(%) (%) (%) (%)
23 2.54 1.91 -24.8 2.3 -9.5 2.38 -6.3 2.41 -5.10
18 2.67 2.29 -14.2 2.9 +8.6 3.06 +14.6 3.12 +16.8
13 2.8 3.30 +17.9 3.3 +17.9 3.57 +27.5 3.69 +31.8
8 2.67 2.29 -14.2 2.9 +8.6 3.06 +14.6 3.12 +16.8
3 2.54 1.91 -24.8 2.3 -9.5 2.38 -6.3 2.41 -5.10
Tab. (4):Vertical deflections (in mm) at mid- span of bridge model under 2nd. loading
14
In Figures (11) and (12), the vertical deflections at the mid- span cross- section are
plotted for the first and second loading conditions respectively. It is clear that the
values of the vertical deflection decreased when the degree of interaction increased.
This increase is obtained for longitudinal beams. From this result, it is found that the
composite structure resistance is more efficient for applied load when the degree of
interaction is increased. Also a comparison between the results is shown in Tabs. (5)
and (6).
Node no. EI= EIo EIp= 0.7 EIf EIp= 0.9 EIf EI= EIf
23 2.73 1.70 1.25 1.09
18 3.38 2.26 1.78 1.61
13 3.76 2.60 2.09 1.92
8 3.38 2.26 1.78 1.61
3 2.73 1.70 1.25 1.09
Tab. (6): Influence of degree of interaction on vertical deflections (in mm) for 2nd.
loading condition
Node no. EI= EIo EIp= 0.7 EIf EIp= 0.9 EIf EI= EIf
23 -1.45 -1.33 -1.09 -0.99
18 0.49 0.04 -0.06 -0.083
13 2.73 1.704 1.25 1.09
8 5.57 3.95 3.103 2.799
3 8.99 6.80 5.55 5.09
15
A
. 21
. 22
. 23
. 24
. 25
. . . . .
mm 2290
16 17 18 19 20
B B
. . . . .
b=534.45
11 12 13 14 15
. 6
. 7
. 8
. 9
. 10
254.17
. 1
. 2
. 3
. 4
. 5
y mm 3050 A
152.2
48
(a)
x 5b=267.2250. 5b=267.2250. (b)
mm 48
mm 152.2
(c)
Fig. (7): Details of composite bridge model.(a) Plan view, (b) Section (A-A), (c) Section (B-B)
Node number
23 18 13 8 3
1.5 Experimental [ 4]
m) 2 Orthotropic plate [ 4]
Grillage case I
2.5
(m
n Grillage case II
3 Grillage case III
tio
lec 3.5
Def 4
4.5
76.1 610.55 1145 1679.45 2213.9
Distance from left end (mm)
Fig (8): Vertical deflections at mid-span section of bridge deck model under 1st.loading
condition
Node number
23 18 13 8 3
4 - Experimental [4]
[4]
2 - Orthotropic plate
Grillage case I
m) 0 Grillage case II
Grillage case III
(m 2
on 4
cti
fle 6
De 8
10
76.1 610.55 1145 1679.45 2213.9
Distance from left end (mm)
16
Fig. (9): Vertical deflections at mid-span section of bridge deck model under 2nd.loading
condition
100
90
80 Experimental
70
Grill. case I
kN) 60
Grill. case II
ter (50
Grill. case III
cen 40
d at 30
Loa 20
10
0
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9
Deflection at center ( mm)
100
90 Node number
80
2 1 1 8 3
070 EI=EIo
3 8 3 EIp=0.7 EIf
kN) 160
EIp=0.9 EIf
250
m)(
ter EI=EIf
340
(m
cen Grill. case I
Experimental [4]
430
n
d at
520
tio
Loa
lec 10
6
Def 0
7 0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3 3.3 3.6 3.9
8 Deflection at center ( mm)
76.1 610.55 1145 1679.45
2213.9 Distance from left end (mm)
Fig (11) Influence of degree of interaction on vertical deflections for 1st.loading condition
Node number
23 18 13 8
43-
EI=EIo
2- EIp=0.7EIf
0 EIp=0.9EIf
EI=EIf
m) 2 Grill. case I
[4]
4
(m Experimental
ion
6
lect
Def 8
10
76.1 610.55 1145 1679.45
2213.9 Distance from left end (mm)
17
Fig (12) Influence of degree of interaction on vertical deflections for 2nd.loading condition
6. Conclusions
The main concluding remarks that have been achieved in this study may be
summarized as follow
1. Design charts are constructed for estimating the percentage decrease in flexural
rigidity of each composite member with partial shear connection. The charts are in
terms of the parameter k2, and were given for various values of the factors C.
2
K n C L2 1 C12
K2 , C 1
4 P 2 it it it 1 it
2. The loss of interaction between the concrete slab and the steel beams leads to
considerable increase in deflection (as the sum of flexural rigidities of the two
separate components is considerably smaller than the value for the connected
components). Almost fully interacting components give stiffer structure.
3. To calculate the flexural rigidity of the equivalent grillage members the case of
uniformly distributed load can be used in place of any loading case because the
difference between the results from different load patterns is negligible (less than
1.3%).
4. In representing a composite structure by grillage members, the effective width of
each member should be used to calculate the flexural rigidity of that member. Also
Poissons ratio effect is to be included in the calculation of the flexural rigidities of
the grillage members.
5. Effect of transverse shearing forces on deflection is found to be small and thus it
can be neglected (percentage differences is less than 11.8 %).
References:
1. Heins,C.P. and Fan,H.M., Effective Composite Beam Width at Ultimate
Load, Journal of the Structural Division, Proc. of the ASCE, Vol.102, ST11,
pp. 2163-2179, Nov.1976.
18
2. Newmark,N.M.,Siess,C.P. and Viest,I.M., Tests and Analysis of Composite
Beams with incomplete interaction, Proc. Soc. Experimental Stress Analysis,
Vol.9, No.1, pp. 75-92 , 1951.
3. Johnson,R.P., Composite Structures of Steel and Concrete: Vol.1, Crosby
Lockwood Staples, London , 210pp. , 1975.
4. Kennedy,J.B.,Grace,N.F. and Soliman,M., Welded- versus Bolted-Steel I-
Diaphrams in Composite Bridges, Journal of the Structural Division, Proc. of
the ASCE, Vol.115, ST2, pp. 417, Feb.1989.
5. Jasim,N.A., The Effect of Partial Interaction on Behaviour of Composite
Beams , Thesis presented for the degree of Ph.D.,Department of Civil
Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Basrah, Iraq,
188pp.,Oct.1994.
6. Hendry,A.W. and Jeager,L.G., The Analysis of Grid Framework and Related
Structures, Chatto and Windus , London , 1958.
7. Gere,J.M.and Weaver,W.,Analysis of Framed Structures,Van Nostrand Co.,
New York,1958.
8. Hassan,F.M. and Kadhum,D.A.R., Behaviour and Analysis of Composite
Sections under Pure Torsion, Engineering and Technology, Vol.7, No.1, pp.
67-97,1989.
9. Timoshenko, S., Strength of Materials :Part II, Van Nostrand Co., New York,
1958.
10. Frodin,J.G., Taylor, R. and Stark, J.W.,A Comparison of Deflection in
Composite Beams Having Full and Partial Shear Connection, Proc.of Inst.of
Civil Engineers, Part 2,Vol.41,pp. 307-322,June1978.
11. Wang,Y.C., Deflection of Steel-Concrete Composite Beams with Partial
Shear Interaction, Journal of Structural Engineer,Vol.124,No.10,pp. 1159-
1165,Oct.1998.
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% 11.8 .
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