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Subject ST2
CMP Upgrade 2013/14
CMP Upgrade
This CMP Upgrade lists the most significant changes to the Core Reading and the
ActEd material since last year so that you can manually amend your 2013 study
material to make it suitable for study for the 2014 exams. Alternatively, you can buy a
full replacement set of up-to-date Course Notes at a significantly reduced price if you
have previously bought the full price Course Notes in this subject. Please see our 2014
Student Brochure for more details.
all changes to the Syllabus objectives and the most significant changes to Core
Reading.
(b) Describe the main types of life insurance products in terms of:
the needs of consumers versus the objectives of the insurer
the benefits, guarantees, and options that may be provided
the main types of products issued
the purpose and risks of the products for the insurer
the purpose and risks of the products for the insured
The products under this syllabus objective may provide benefits of the following
types:
single, or periodic, payments from the date of death
single, or periodic, payments on survival to a specified point in time
periodic payments on continued survival
The last three bullet points of Syllabus Objective (e) have been updated so that it now
reads:
(e) Describe the effect of the general business environment, including the impact on
level of risk to the insurer, in terms of:
propensity of consumers to purchase products
methods of sale
remuneration of sales channels
types of expenses and commissions including influence of inflation
economic environment
legal environment
regulatory environment
taxation regime
professional guidance.
The fourteenth bullet point of Syllabus Objective (f) has been updated so that it now
reads:
(f) Discuss how the following can be a source of risk to a life insurance company:
policy and other data
mortality rates
investment performance
expenses, including the effect of inflation
withdrawals
mix of new business
volume of new business
guarantees and options
competition
actions of the board of directors
actions of distributors
failure of appropriate management systems and controls
counterparties
legal, regulatory and tax developments
fraud
aggregation and concentration of risk.
Syllabus Objective (i) has been updated (eg the sub bullet points on the use of models
have been deleted) so that it now reads:
(i) Describe the use of actuarial models, including stochastic models and Monte
Carlo simulation, for decision making purposes in life insurance in terms of:
the objectives and basic features of a life insurance model
choosing between formula and cashflow approaches
choosing between stochastic and deterministic approaches
the differences between traditional and financial economic approaches
the use of sensitivity analysis or the assessment of variances
the uses of models
The fourth bullet point of Syllabus Objective (o) has been updated so that it now reads:
(o) Describe how supervisory reserves may be determined for a life insurance
company in terms of:
the principles of setting supervisory reserves
the reasons why the assumptions used may be different from those used
in pricing
the calculation of non-unit reserves
allowing for future bonuses on conventional with-profits contracts
the use of sensitivity analysis
the interplay between the strength of the supervisory reserves and the
level of solvency capital required.
Page 9
The first paragraph of Core Reading has been replaced by the following two
paragraphs:
The contract may also provide a significant benefit on the death of the life
insured before that date and, in this case, operates also as a vehicle for
providing protection for dependants and is known as an endowment assurance.
Page 10
The last six words have been deleted from the first paragraph of ActEd text so that it
now reads:
Page 13
The last bullet point of Core Reading has been updated to read:
Chapter 2
Page 6
A decreasing term assurance (ie the benefit amount reduces periodically during
the policy term) can be used to meet two specific such needs. First, it can be
used to repay the balance outstanding under a repayment loan and, secondly, it
can be used to provide an income for a family with children until such time as
the children can fend for themselves.
Page 9
A new paragraph of Core Reading has been added after the examples box as follows:
Initial capital strain can also arise for regular premium policies due to high initial
expenses, such as underwriting costs and initial commission.
Chapter 4
Page 20
The following paragraph of Core Reading and paragraph of ActEd text have been added
at the bottom of the page:
As we saw in Section 1.3, the insurer is exposed to the risk of high inflation on its
expenses and possibly mortality risk too. It may be able to pass these risks on to the
policyholders through higher charges.
Chapter 5
Page 3
The first word has been deleted from the first bullet point so that it now reads:
We need to deduct all expenses associated with the policy. This will include acquisition
expenses such as any commission payable to financial advisers, and similarly any
renewal commission. It would be both normal and fair to use all of the expenses
incurred in respect of the policy, including its share of the life insurance companys
overheads.
Chapter 7
Page 2
The following question has been added immediately after Question 7.1:
Question 7.1A
If the policyholder had paid 2% more from outset then the sum assured would have
been 2% higher. So one way of thinking about the bonus is that the policyholder gets
2% more in benefits without having paid 2% more on his or her past premiums.
Page 16
Chapter 8
Page 4
So the persistency risk mentioned in the Core Reading above is the risk that the
policyholder lapses or surrenders early, ie it is the same as withdrawal risk.
Page 5
Section 2.3
It will usually be the salesperson who initiates a sale, making use of client lists
or purchased leads. However, once he or she has built up a rapport with a
particular client, it will then often be the latter who initiates further sales.
Of course, lists of clients have to be acquired in the first place. This might be achieved,
for example, through press advertising, personal contacts, or by purchasing a list from a
marketing company (who might, for example, provide a list of, say, 5,000 people who
have moved house in the last 12 months).
Page 8
The following paragraph has been added at the end of the page:
Some direct marketing is now being performed using other forms of social
media, such as Twitter and Facebook.
Page 11
The first paragraph after the question has been amended to read:
Different products will suit different methods of sale. For example, the dynamics
of selling via the telephone, press advertisements or the internet mean that the
products sold in this way will almost inevitably be quite simple. This confirms the
answer to the previous question, but we wanted you to think about it for yourself first.
The following paragraph has been added at the end of the page:
An insurance company using more than one distribution channel may therefore
sell different versions of the same product, varying by channel.
Page 12
The last paragraph of Core Reading has been amended (by deleting the reference to
withdrawals) to read:
Page 6
Page 12
The regulatory environment can also affect the choice of assets through
their relationship with the investment assumptions used to value the
liabilities. A particular asset selection may allow a company to use a
higher investment assumption and thereby reduce the value of the
liabilities and increase the free assets. Typically, however, such
distributions will not enable the company to maximise the expected
investment return.
Page 15
Page 21
Page 24
tax payable on investment income / gains less some or all of the operating
expenses of the company.
Chapter 11
Page 8
The following two paragraphs have been added at the end of the page:
Equally, the actions of competitors can have adverse implications for new
business volumes.
So a companys new business volumes are likely to fall if it does not follow any of the
decisions in the list above but its competitors do.
Page 13
As discussed in Chapter 9, the legal, regulatory and taxation regimes can pose
risks to the extent that such environments and rules are changed adversely,
whether as they apply to policyholders, or insurers, or both.
Chapter 17
Page 7
Chapter 21
Page 2
In 1990 the Groupe Consultatif des Associations dActuaires des Pays des
Communauts Europennes proposed the following set of principles.
Page 8
The final paragraph of Core Reading has been replaced by the following two
paragraphs:
Page 13
A net premium valuation does not result in the capitalisation of basis differences
mentioned above for the gross premium method.
Page 15
The following paragraph of Core Reading has been added at the bottom of the page:
However, as noted in Section 1, some regimes have been moving towards the
use of best estimate assumptions in reserves. In that case, the underlying basis
could be the same for both pricing and reserving, but additional allowances for
risk would be needed for each.
Page 16
Sensitivity analysis could also be used to assess the need for and extent of any
additional risk margins, global reserves or capital requirements that may need to
be set up to cover potential future adverse experience.
Chapter22
Page 5
Page 13
The most complex component of the method is obtaining the necessary historic
information to build up earned asset shares or to determine suitable parameters
if a formula is used.
Chapter22
Section 4.5
The headings Prudent basis and Realistic basis have been deleted.
The assumptions used would likely be those implicit in the pricing of a new
contract issued at the alteration date to provide the benefits before alteration and
the benefits after alteration. The basis may be prudent (with margins) or realistic
(without margins).
The two paragraphs of Core Reading under the heading Realistic basis have been
deleted.
Chapter 24
Page 5
A guaranteed annuity rate corresponds to a call option on the bonds that would
be necessary to ensure the guarantee was met, ie at an exercise price which
generates the required fixed rate of return. Alternatively it can be mirrored by an
option to swap floating rate returns at the option date for fixed rate returns
sufficient to meet the guaranteed annuity option (a swaption).
Page 9
The second paragraph of Core Reading and the ActEd paragraph that follows it have
been amended to read:
The company will need to make assumptions about future rates of exercising
options, which would take into account expected policyholder behaviour and
the size of the guaranteed amount relative to the alternative benefit (eg asset
share).
So, for example, a guaranteed surrender value on a unit-linked policy is more likely to
be taken when the guaranteed amount is greater than the alternative benefit based on the
value of the units. Similarly, a with-profits policy is more likely to be surrendered if the
guaranteed amount is greater than an alternative benefit based on the asset share.
However, it would be quite simplistic to assume a policy would always be surrendered
in these situations. Policyholders might value the maturity benefits more highly or
expect the guarantee to become even more valuable at a later date.
Chapter 26
Page 2
Page 12
Page 15
The cedant retains liability to the policyholder for the benefits even if the
reinsurer becomes insolvent and cannot meet claim payments as they become
due. This is an example of what is known as a counterparty risk (or credit risk).
Section 3.2
As the company has healthy free assets it will be able to absorb a fairly high
level of mortality risk and will probably be able to finance new business from its
own resources.
Section 3.3
The last paragraph of Core Reading has been amended to read (in particular the
reference to assumption swaps has been deleted):
Proprietary companies will face scrutiny from the stock market on measures
such as return on capital employed. Reinsurance can be used to reduce the
capital employed, creating leverage, and so increasing the firms own return on
capital. This can be achieved by stop loss reinsurance or the different types of
financial reinsurance. Reinsurance can also help to smooth profit emergence.
Chapter 27
Page 10
Page 18
Certain policy options may be available where the policyholder can increase
and/or extend the length of cover without evidence of health. The increased
anti-selection risk may be allowed for by an increase in overall product charges
compared to a corresponding policy without the options.
Chapter 29
Page 6
(c) the extent to which the appropriate investments referred to above may be
departed from in order to maximise the overall return will depend, inter
alia, on the extent of the company's free assets and the companys
appetite for risk.
This states the fundamental approach towards balancing risk and return. The aim is to
maximise return subject to an acceptable level of risk. The level of risk a company can
take on, given its risk appetite, will depend on the financial resources of the company
ie its free assets. We consider below how holding more free assets enables a life
company to pursue a riskier strategy.
Page 8
The second, third and fourth bullet points have been amended to read:
Page 13
A suitable match would be securities that are linked to the same index in which
the guarantee is denominated, if available, ideally chosen to match also the
expected term of the liability outgo. In their absence, a substitute would be
assets that are expected to provide a real return.
Page 14
The benefits are guaranteed in the sense that their value can be determined at
any time in accordance with a definite formula based on the value of a specified
fund of assets (or investment index). Clearly the company could avoid any
investment matching problems by investing in the same assets as used to
determine the benefits.
Page 21
Chapter 30
Page 11
The second paragraph of Core Reading has been replaced by the following two
paragraphs:
The role of the actuary in managing a life insurers risks should therefore be a
regular programme of advising the directors of the nature and size of the risks
faced. Particular attention will need to be given to those risks that are the most
material and/or the most sensitive to change. Risks should be controlled by
analysing and explaining their nature, costing them as far as possible, and
agreeing on management strategies for them.
In the case of sensitive risks, the actuary should model a range of long-term
scenarios to show the impact of variations to future experience, and
management strategies should be designed to protect against those risks that
the insurer is able to (and chooses to) control.
Once risk management strategies have been agreed, they should be documented
and implemented. Where the strategies consist of objective rules and
procedures, these should then be monitored on an ongoing basis. Strong
governance and controls are vital.
The following five paragraphs have been added at the end of this section:
One approach to managing risks is Enterprise Risk Management. You may have come
across this already in Subject CA1 or Subject ST9.
So, by looking at the insurer as a whole, the management will be able to see the overall
level of risk that they are exposed to. The overall level of risk will be lower if the
insurer is well diversified, eg by writing business in many different countries. One
benefit of greater diversification is that the insurer will need to hold less capital against
its risks.
Another element of ERM is the recognition that value can be added to a business
through educated risk-taking, with a strong risk management framework that
better allows companies to identify and assess strategic opportunities.
For example, the longevity risk on annuities offsets, to some extent, the mortality risk
on term assurances. So it may be beneficial for an insurer writing lots of annuities to
take on extra mortality risk by selling more term assurances.
Page 15
The section under the heading of Systematic risk has been updated as follows:
The key role is to analyse, explain and quantify the risks and rewards of various courses
of action.
It is important to model the potential variations in future experience caused by the most
sensitive risks.
Chapter 31
Page 3
The third and fourth bullet points have been replaced by:
These changes are also made to the equivalent list in the Summary on page 31.
Page 6
The data (both claims and exposed to risk) would ideally be analysed, where
relevant, by
Page 13
Page 18
The expenses analysed elsewhere should exclude large one-off capital costs,
which need to be amortised over the expected useful lifetime of the item
purchased. The amortised cost may then simply be treated as part of the
overheads.
Page 29
The results of analysing the experience, the surplus arising and the change in
the embedded value will be used by the actuary to reassess his or her view of
the future with regard to the company. This may result in changes to the
assumptions or models used for pricing or reserving, or changes to the ways in
which the business and its risks are managed.
Glossary
However, mark allocations have been amended to more closely reflect the actual exam
marking. In particular, extra marks have been added to key ideas and longer, more
difficult ideas. So the 2014 materials will sometimes give 1 mark for ideas that
previously scored half a mark.
These changes are not listed here. In the Subject ST2 exam, it is always safest to write
down the most important points first and to assume that each valid point you make will
score half a mark.
The fifth bullet point in the solution to Question 4.12 (i) has been changed to:
The sixth and seventh points under the heading of Interest in the solution to Question
6.3 (i) have been changed to:
The reduction will also be affected by the expectation for inflation. If inflation is
expected to be very high then the company can price on the assumption that benefit
escalation will be at 7.5%. The company will then invest mainly in fixed-interest
stocks, but with a reduction in price compared with an ordinary annuity escalating at
7.5% pa. [1]
Similarly, if inflation is expected to be very low then the company can price on the
assumption that benefit inflation will equal national index inflation. The company will
then invest mainly in index-linked stocks and a reduction in price may be afforded
compared to an ordinary index-linked annuity. [1]
The following point has been added to the first list in the solution to Question 6.5:
The following point has been added to the second list in the solution to Question 6.5:
11 Maintain close links with regulators and strengthen capital position in advance
of any changes.
[]
The solution to Question 6.11 incorrectly showed the maximum number of marks as 8.
This should have said a maximum of 7 marks.
We only accept the current version of assignments for marking, ie those published for
the sessions leading to the 2014 exams. If you wish to submit your script for marking
but have only an old version, then you can order the current assignments free of charge
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sessions leading to the 2013 exams), and have purchased marking for the 2014 session.
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Brochure, which is available from the ActEd website at www.ActEd.co.uk.
5.2 Tutorials
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is available from the ActEd website at www.ActEd.co.uk.
5.3 Marking
You can have your attempts at any of our assignments or mock exams marked by
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chances of success in the exam and to return your scripts as quickly as possible.
For further details on ActEds marking services, please refer to the 2014 Student
Brochure, which is available from the ActEd website at www.ActEd.co.uk.
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or by fax to 01235 550085.