BDA 14003

ENGINEERING MATHEMATIC 1
CHAPTER 1: FUNCTION
INTRODUCTION TO FUNCTION
What is function?
A function is a rule that for every input assign a specific output
One-to-one relationship
The input, usually x is called the independent variable
The output, usually y is called the dependent variable

Function f
Input x Output y

y f (x)
VERTICAL LINE TEST

crosses more than

once it is still a valid
curve, but is not a
function
DOMAIN AND RANGE

Domain
Possible input is called domain
The domain is the set of all possible x-value
Domain={x:restriction, if applicable, xR} y

Range Range

Possible output is called range

x
The range is the set of all possible y-value Domain
Range={y:restriction, if applicable, yR}
EXAMPLE:
Determine the domain and the range of the function

f ( x) 7 x 2 Domain={x:xR}; Range= {y:yR}

1
g ( x) Domain={x:x0, xR}; Range= {y:y 0, yR}
x

h( x) x 2 Domain={x:xR}; Range= {y:y0; yR}

TRY THIS
Determine the domain and the range of the function

2x
g ( x)
x2

h( x) x 3

f ( x) ln x
EXERCISE
Find the domain and range and sketch the graph of the functions
determined by the given formula

f ( x) 4 x 2

g ( x) 2 x
Find the domain and range for the function
f ( x) 2 x 4 x 2
2

Solution:
f ( x) 2 x 2 4 x 2
Completing the square
2( x 2 x) 2
2

2 2
2 2

2 x 2 x 2
2 2
2( x 1) 2 1 2
2( x 1) 2 1 Minimum point = (-1, 1)

Domain={x:xR}; Range= {y:y1; yR}

DOMAIN AND RANGE IN APPLIED PROBLEM
Example:
Determine the domain and range if the cost of the taxi is RM 5 flag
fee plus RM 3 per Km
Total cost, y

x = number of Km
y = total cost
y=5+3x
5

number of Km, x

Domain={x:x0, xR}; Range= {y:y 5, yR}

EXERCISE
An open box is to be constructed from a rectangular sheet of
metal, 8cm by 15cm, by cutting out squares with side length of x
from each corner and bending up the sides.
(a) Express the volume V as a function of x.
(b) Find the domain of V
COMMON RESTRICTIONS
 x 1
f ( x)
3x 2
2
For f ( x) to be defined, 3x 2 0, x
3
2
Domain x : x , x R
3
x 1 OR use 3x 2 x 1
For range : y y (3x 2) x 1
3x 2
3 xy 2 y x 1
3 xy x 1 2 y x 1
y
x(3 y 1) 1 2 y 3x 2
1 5
1 2 y
x 3 3(3 x 2)
3 y 1
1 1
For x to be defined, 3 y 1 0, y Range y : y , y R
3 3
 f ( x) 4 3 x
4
For f ( x) to be defined, 4 - 3x 0, x
3
4
Domain x : x , x R
3

For range : y 4 3x The lowest value start from zero and increase
upward to infinity
Range y : y 0, y R
 Number in square root must 0
2
f ( x) but denominator cannot be equal
9 x2 to zero (0)

For f ( x) to be defined, 9 x 2 0
+ + -
x2 9 0 + - -
( x 3)( x 3) 0 (+) -3 (-) 3 (+)

Domain x : 3 x 3, x R
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Two functions can be added, subtracted, multiplied and
divided in natural way to form new function f+g, f-g, fg
and f/g

Given function f and g, we define:

( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x)

( f g )( x) f ( x) g ( x)

( fg )( x) f ( x) g ( x)

( f / g )( x) f ( x) / g ( x)
 The rules for the domain of functions would
apply to these combinations of functions as
well. The domain of the sum, difference or
product would be the numbers x in the domains
of both f and g.

For the quotient, you would also need to

exclude any numbers x that would make the
resulting denominator 0.
EXAMPLE
Given f ( x) 1 x 2 and g ( x) x 4
Find the formulas and their domain for the function f g , f g , fg and f / g
Solution:
( f g )( x) 1 x 2 x 4 x 3 x 2

( f g )( x) 1 x 2 ( x 4) 3 x x 2

( fg )( x) (1 x 2 )( x 4)

Domain {x : x 2, x R}

1 x 2
( f / g )( x)
x4
Domain {x : x 2 and x 4, x R}
COMPOSITE FUNCTION
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
Given function f and g, the composition of f with g,
denoted by f g, is the function defined by:
f g x f g x
THE DOMAIN OF COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS
The domain of f g is defined to consist of all x in
the domain of g for which g(x) is in the domain of f

Remarks: (f.g)(x) means multiply

EXAMPLE 1:
If h( x) 3x 5, g ( x) 2 x 7 x,
2

find the (h o g )( x) and ( g o h)( x)

(h o g )( x) hg ( x)
3g ( x) 5
3(2 x 7 x) 5
2

6 x 21x 5
2
( g o h)( x) g h( x)
2h( x) 7h( x)
2 Replace each occurrence of x
in g(x) with h(x)=3x-5
2(3x 5) 7(3x 5)
2

2(9 x 30 x 25) 21x 35

2

18 x 60 x 50 21x 35
2

18 x 81x 85
2

Simplify the answer by first dealing

with the exponent and squaring (3x-
5), then distributing and finally
combining like terms
Example 2:
Function of f and g are given by f ( x) x 2 and g ( x) ln(1 x 2 )
Find the composite function defined by ( g o f )( x) and describe
its domain
( g o f )( x) g f ( x)

The domain of gof is the set of all
ln 1 f ( x)
2 values of x so that:
a) x is in the domain of f and
ln 1 x 2
2 x 2 0, x 2
a) f(x) is in the domain of g
x 1 0, x 1
ln 1 ( x 2)
ln(1 x 2)
ln( x 1)
Thus, the domain of gof is given by the intersection of the sets
and given by: Domain {x : 2 x 1, x R}
EXAMPLE:
Given f (2) 3, g (3) 2, f (3) 4 and g (2) 5,
evaluate ( f o g )(3)

Use the definition of the composite function to write

( f o g )(3) f g (3) Substitute g(3) by its given value

2 and evaluate f(2)
f (2)
3