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3
Circular functions
Objectives
To understand the reciprocal circular functions cosec, sec and cot
To understand and apply the identities sec2 = 1 + tan2 and
cosec2 = 1 + cot2
To understand and apply the compound angle formulas
To understand and apply the double angle formulas
To understand the restricted circular functions and their inverses sin1 ,
cos1 and tan1
To understand the graphs of the inverse functions sin1 , cos1 and tan1
To solve equations involving circular functions
The sine, cosine and tangent functions are discussed in some detail in section 1.1. Several new
circular functions are introduced in this chapter.
105
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y
y = cosec
1
y = sin
0
3 2
2 1 2 2
1
y = cos
0
3 2
2 2 2
1
Example 1
Sketch the graph of each of the following over the interval [0, 2].
a y = cosec(2x) b y = sec x + c y = cot x
3 4
Solution y
c The graph of y = cot x is a y
4
translation of the graph of
y = cot x, units in the positive
4
direction of the x axis. The y-axis
1
intercept is cot = 1. 0
4 x
5 3 5 7 2
The asymptotes are at x = and x = . 1
4 4 4 4 4 4 (2, 1)
3 7
The x-axis intercepts are at and .
4 4
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For right-angled triangles, the reciprocal functions can be defined through ratios. C
hyp
cosec x =
opp hyp
hyp opp
sec x =
adj
adj x
and cot x =
opp A B
adj
Example 2 C
Solution
x
a By Pythagoras theorem, AC2 = 52 + 62 = 61 A B
6
AC = 61 cm
5 6 5
b sin x = cos x = tan x =
61 61 6
61 61 6
cosec x = sec x = cot x =
5 6 5
Useful properties
The symmetry properties established for sine, cosine and tangent can be used to establish the
following results:
Example 3
Solution
11 3 23
a sec = sec 2 + b cosec = cosec 6 +
4 4 4 4
= sec
3 = cosec
4 4
1
1 = 1
=
3
2
cos
4 = 2
1
=
12
= 2
11
c cot = cot 4
3 3
= cot
3
= cot
3
1
=
tan
3
1
=
3
The first of these identities is obtained by dividing each term of the original identity
by sin2 x:
sin2 x cos2 x 1
i.e. 2
+ 2
=
sin x sin x sin2 x
which implies 1 + cot x = cosec2 x
2
The derivation of the second identity is left as an exercise for the reader.
Example 4
cos x cos3 x
Simplify the expression .
cot x
Solution
cos x cos3 x cos x(1 cos2 x)
=
cot x cot x
sin x
= cos x sin2 x
cos x
= sin3 x
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Example 5
If tan x = 2, x 0, , find:
2
a sec x b cos x c sin x d cosec x
Solution
1 5
a sec x = tan x + 1
2 2
b cos x = =
sec x 5
=4+1
sec x = 5
As x 0, , sec x = 5
2
2 5 1 5
c sin x = tan x cos x = d cosec x = =
5 sin x 2
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Exercise 3A
1 Sketch the graph of each of the following, over the interval [0, 2]:
a y = cosec x + b y = sec x c y = cot x +
4 6 3
2 3
d y = sec x + e y = cosec x f y = cot x
3 2 4
2 Sketch the graph of each of the following, over the interval [0, ]:
a y = sec 2x b y = cosec(3x) c y = cot(4x)
d y = cosec 2x + e y = sec(2x + ) f y = cot 2x
2 3
3 Sketch the graph of each of the following, over the interval [, ]:
2
a y = sec 2x b y = cosec 2x + c y = cot 2x
2 3 3
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4 Find the trigonometric ratios cot x , sec x and cosec x for each of the following
triangles:
a b c
x 5
5 9
x
7
x
8
7
5 Find the exact value of each of the following:
2 3
a sin b cos c tan d cosec
3 4 4 6
5 5
e sec f cot g sin h tan
4 6 4 6
3 9 7
i sec j cosec k cot l cos
3 4 4 3
6 Simplify each of the following expressions:
tan2 x + 1
a sec2 x tan2 x b cot2 x cosec2 x c
tan2 x
sin2 x
d + cos x e sin4 x cos4 x f tan3 x + tan x
cos x
7 If tan x = 4, x , 0 , find:
2
a sec x b cos x c cosec x
3
8 If cot x = 3, x , , find:
2
a cosec x b sin x c sec x
9 If sec x = 10, x , 0 , find:
2
a tan x b sin x
3
10 If cosec x = 6, x , 2 , find:
2
a cot x b cos x
A proof of the first identity is given below and the other identities can be derived from that
result.
Proof y
cos(x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
1
Consider angles x and y, x > y, measured Q(cos y, sin y)
counter-clockwise, and the corresponding points
P (cos x, sin x) and Q (cos y, sin y) respectively. O
x
Let be the angle measured anticlockwise 1 1
from OQ to OP. Then x y = + 2k for
some integer constant k. 1 P(cos x, sin x)
Two cases need to be considered.
Case 1
0<
Using vectors,
OP = cos xi + sin xj and |OP| = 1
OQ = cos yi + sin yj and |OQ| = 1
Case 2 y
< 2
1
In the diagram opposite: Q
OP.OQ = cos(2 )
O
= cos() x
1 1
= cos P
in all cases:
1
OP.OQ = cos
Now OP.OQ = cos x cos y + sin x sin y (using dot product)
Example 6
5 5
a Use = + to evaluate sin . b Use = to evaluate cos .
12 6 4 12 12 3 4 12
Solution
5
a sin = sin +
12 6 4
= sin cos + cos sin
6 4 6 4
1 2 3 2
= +
2 2 2 2
2
= (1 + 3)
4
b cos = cos
12 3 4
= cos cos + sin sin
3 4 3 4
1 2 3 2
= +
2 2 2 2
2
= (1 + 3)
4
Example 7
3
sin x = 0.2, x 0, and cos y = 0.4, y , . Find sin(x + y).
2 2
Solution
sin x = 0.2
cos x = 1 0.22 = 0.96
2 6
As x 0, , cos x = 0.96 =
2 5
cos y = 0.4 sin y = 1 (0.4)2 = 0.84
3 21
As y , , sin y = 0.84 =
2 5
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
2 6 21
= 0.2 0.4 +
5 5
2
= 0.08 3 14
25
2
= [1 + 3 14]
25
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These formulas can be derived from the compound angle formulas by substituting y for x:
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y
cos(x + x) = cos x cos x sin x sin x
cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x
The two other equivalent forms of cos 2x can be obtained by applying the Pythagorean identity
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
Example 8
If sin = 0.6, , , find sin 2.
2
Solution
sin = 0.6 cos = 1 0.62
= 0.8
As , , cos = 0.8
2
sin 2 = 2 sin cos
= 2 0.6 0.8
= 0.96
Example 9
3
If cos = 0.7, , 2 , find sin .
2 2
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Solution
cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x
2
cos = 1 2 sin
2
2 sin 2
= 1 0.7
2
= 0.3
sin = 0.15
2
3 3
, 2 , ,
2 2 4
sin is positive
2
15
sin = 0.15 =
2 10
Exercise 3B
1 Use the compound angle formulas to expand each of the following:
a sin(2x 5y) b cos(x2 + y) c tan(x + (y + z))
5 Use the compound angle formulas and appropriate angles to find the exact value of each
of the following:
5 7
a sin b tan c cos d tan
12 12 12 12
6 Let sin x = 0.6, x , and tan y = 2.4, y 0, . Find the exact value of each
2 2
of the following:
a cos x b sec y c cos y
d sin y e tan x f cos(x y)
g sin(x y) h tan(x + y) i tan(x + 2y)
3
7 Let cos x = 0.7, x , and sin y = 0.4, y 0, . Find the value of each
2 2
of the following, correct to two decimal places:
a sin x b cos y c tan(x y) d cos(x + y)
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G 5m A
3 3 5
points of the graph (e.g. , or , ) could have been used for the domain, but
2 2 2 2
, is the standard convention.
2 2
The inverse of the restricted sine function is denoted by sin1 and is defined by:
sin1 : [1, 1] R, sin1 x = y where sin y = x, y ,
2 2
Note: The domain of sin1 = range of the restricted sine function = [1, 1].
The range of sin1 = domain of the restricted sine function = , .
2 2
By the property of inverse functions, sin(sin1 x) = x and, for x , ,
2 2
1
sin (sin x) = x.
The graph of y = sin1 (x) is obtained from the graph of y = sin (x), x , , through
2 2
a reflection in the line y = x.
y y
y
1
2 y = sin x y = sin1 x
2
y = sin x y=x
1 1
y = sin x
0 0 0
x x x
1
1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1
1
2 2
The graph of the restricted cosine function, its reflection in the line y = x to produce
y = cos1 x, and the graph of y = cos1 x are shown in the three figures below.
y y y
y=x
y = cos1 x
2
y = cos1 x
1 y = cos x 1
y = cos x
0 0 0
x x x
1 1 1
1 2 1 2
Note: The domain of cos1 x is [1, 1] and the range is [0, ].
Also, cos(cos1 x) = x and, for x [0, ], cos1 (cos x) = x.
cos1 is also denoted by arcos or acos.
y = tan x y = tan x
y=x
2 2 y=
2
y = tan1 x y = tan1 x
0 0 0
x x x
2 2 2 2 2
y=
2
2
Note: The domain of tan1 x is R and its range is , .
2 2
Also tan(tan1 x) = x and, for x , , tan1 (tan x) = x.
2 2
tan1 is also denoted by artan, arctan or atan.
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Example 10
Sketch the graph of each of the following for their maximal domain:
a y = cos1 (2 3x) b y = tan1 (x + 2) +
2
Solution y
a For the function to be defined (1, )
1 2 3x 1
3 3x 1
1
3
x 1
i.e. the implied domain is 13 , 1 x
0 1 1
Note: y = cos1 3 x 23 3
y=
2,
2
x
0
Example 11
3
a Evaluate sin1
2
b Simplify:
5
1
i sin1 sin ii sin sin
6 6
2
iii sin1 cos iv sin cos1
3 2
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Solution
1 3 3
a Evaluating sin is equivalent to solving the equation sin x =
2 2
3
sin =
3 2
3
sin =
3 2
1 3
sin =
2 3
b i Since , , by definition sin1 sin =
6 2 2 6 6
5 5
ii sin1 sin = sin1 sin
6 6
1
= sin sin
6
=
6
1
iii sin cos = sin1 sin
3 2 3
1
= sin sin
6
=
6
2
iv sin cos1 = sin
2 4
2
=
2
Example 12
Solution
a For sin1 (2x 1) to be defined b For 3 cos1 (2 2x) to be defined
1 2x 1 1 1 2 2x 1
3 2x 1
0 2x 2 1 3
x
0x 1 2 2
1 3
the implied domain is [0, 1] the implied domain is ,
2 2
The range is , . The range is [0, 3].
2 2
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Example 13
Find the implied domain and range of y = cos(sin1 x), where cos has restricted
domain [0, ].
Solution
Let y = cos u, u [0, ] where u = sin1 x
u
y
2
1
u x
0 1 0 1
1 2
2
From the graphs it can be seen that the range of u = , , but for the composite
2 2
function to exist the values of u must be a subset of [0, ], the domain of cos u. Hence
the values of u for this composite function to exist, and hence the domain of cos,
must lie in the interval 0, .
2
i.e. 0u
2
0 sin1 x since u = sin1 x
2
sin1 x 0
2
1 x 0
Exercise 3C
1 Sketch the graphs of each of the following, stating clearly the implied domain and range
each time:
a y = tan1 (x
1) b y = cos1 (x + 1)
1
c y = 2 sin1 x + d y = 2 tan1 (x) +
2 2
e y = cos1 (2x) f y= 1
2
1
sin (3x) +
4
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d tan sin1 40 41
e tan cos1 12 f sin cos1 32
g sin(tan1 (2)) h cos sin1 37 i sin(tan1 0.7)
7 Let sin = 35 and sin = 13
5
, 0, and 0,
2 2
a Find: i cos ii cos
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Example 14
Example 15
Solution
y
The period of cot x is . In the interval [0, ]
3
the solution of cot x = 1 is x =
4
the solutions of the equation are
3
x= + n, n Z 3
4
4
x
0
1 2
Example 16
2 3
Find x, such that cosec 2x = , for x [0, 2].
3 3
Solution
2 3
cosec 2x =
3 3
3 3
implies sin 2x = =
3 2 3 2
11
Let = 2x where ,
3 3 3
3
then sin() =
2
4 5 10 11
= , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3
4 5 10 11
2x = , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
5 11
2x = 0, , 2, , 4
3 3
5 11
x = 0, , , , 2
6 6
Example 17
sin(2x) = 0 or 2 cos(2x) 1 = 0
cos(2x) = 1
2
5 7 11
2x = 0, , 2, 3, 4 or 2x = , , ,
3 3 3 3
3 5 7 11
x = 0, , , , 2 or x = , , ,
2 2 6 6 6 6
5 7 3 11
i.e. x = 0, , , , , , , , 2
6 2 6 6 2 6
x
b cos x = sin
2
2 x x x
1 2 sin = sin where [0, ]
2 2 2
2 x x
2 sin + sin 1 = 0
2 2
x
Let a = sin
2
2a + a 1 = 0
2
(2a 1)(a + 1) = 0
2a 1 = 0 or a + 1 = 0
a= 1
2
or a = 1
a = 12 since a [0, 1]
x
sin = 12
2
x 5
= ,
2 6 6
5
x= ,
3 3
Example 18
x
3 0 3
2 2 2 2
1
y=
(sin (2x) + 1)2 + 1
b Note that sin2 (2x) + 2 sin(2x) + 2 0 for all x. Thus its reciprocal also has this
property.
The local maximum for the original function yields a local minimum for the
reciprocal.
The local minimum for the original function yields a local maximum for the
reciprocal.
maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is 15
There are many equations involving circular functions which are not solvable by analytic
techniques. A CAS calculator can be used for the solution of such equations.
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Example 19
Find the solution of the equation 2 sin(3x) = x correct to three decimal places.
Solution y
The graphs of y = 2 sin(3x) and y=x
y = x are plotted with a graphics 2
calculator. The solutions are
(0.8929..., 0.8929...)
x = 0, x 0.893 and x 0.893
x
0
2
y = 2 sin (3x)
(0.8929..., 0.8929...)
Exercise 3D
1 Solve each of the following equations for x [0, 2]:
a cosec x = 2 b cosec x = 2
4
c 3 sec x = 2 3 d cosec(2x) + 1 = 2
e cot x = 3 f cot 2x = 1
3
2 Solve each of the following equations, giving solutions in the interval [0, 2]:
3
a sin x = 0.5 b cos x = c tan x = 3
2
d cot x = 1 e sec x = 2 f cosec x = 2
7 Using a CAS calculator, find the coordinates of the points of intersection for the graphs of
the following pairs of functions. (Give values correct to two decimal places.)
a y = 2x y = 3 sin(2x) b y=x y = 2 sin(2x)
c y=3x y = cos x d y=x y = tan x x [0, 2]
8 Let cos x = a, a = 1, x [0, 2]. If q is one of the solutions, find, in terms of q, the
second solution.
9 Let sin = a where 0, . Find, in terms of , two values of x in the range [0, 2]
2
which satisfy each of the following equations:
a sin x = a b cos x = a
10 Let sec = b where , . Find, in terms of , two values of x in the range
2
[, ] which satisfy each of the following equations:
a sec x = b b cosec x = b
3
11 Let tan = c where , . Find in terms of , two values of x in the range
2
[0, 2] which satisfy each of the following equations:
a tan x = c b cot x = c
12 Solve, correct to two decimal places, the equation sin2 = for [0, ].
13 Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places, such that tan1 x = 4x 5.
14 A curve on a light rail track is an arc of a circle of length 300 m and the straight line
joining the two ends of the curve is 270 m long.
a Show that, if the arc subtends an angle of 2 at the centre of the circle, is a solution
of the equation sin = .
200
b Solve, correct to two decimal places, the equation for .
1
15 Solve, correct to two decimal places, the equation tan x = for x [0, ].
x
16 The area of a segment of a circle is given by the equation A = 12 r 2 ( sin ), where is
the angle subtended at the centre of the circle.
If the radius of the circle is 6 cm and the area of the segment is 18 cm2 , find the value
of correct to two decimal places.
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18 Two particles A and B move in a straight line. At time t their positions relative to a point O
are given by
xA = 0.5 sin t and xB = 0.25t2 + 0.05t
Find the times at which their positions are the same, and give this position (distances are
measured in cm and time in seconds).
19 A string is wound around a disc and a horizontal length of the string AB is 20 cm long.
The radius of the disc is 10 cm. The string is then moved so that the end of the string, B ,
is moved to a point at the same level as O, the centre of the circle. BP is a tangent to the
circle.
O O B'
10 cm
P
A 20 cm B A B
a Show that satisfies the equation + tan = 2.
2
b Find the value of , correct to two decimal places, which satisfies this equation.
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Review
Chapter summary
The reciprocal circular functions cosec x, sec x and cot x are defined as follows:
1
cosec x = sin x = 0
sin x
1
sec x = cos x = 0
cos x
cos x
cot x = sin x = 0
sin x
Useful symmetry properties for the reciprocal circular functions are:
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
cot2 x + 1 = cosec2 x
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
The compound angle formulas express circular functions of sums and differences of two
angles (variables) in terms of circular functions of each of the angles:
The double angle formulas are derived from the compound angle formulas:
y = sin1 x y = cos1 x
2
x
_1 0 1
x
_ _1 0 1
2
tan1 : R R, tan1 x = y
where tan y = x, y ,
2 2
y
y = tan1 x
2
0 x
_
2
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Review
Multiple-choice questions
A y B y C y
1
x 2
0
2 2
1 x x
1 0 1 1 0 1
D y E y
x
2 0
2
x 1
1 0 1
2
2 If cos x = 3
and 2 < x < 3 then the exact value of sin x is:
5
A 2 + 3
5
B 2 3
5
C 3
5
D 3
E 5
9
3 Given that cos(x) = 1 and x , , the value of cot(x) is:
10
2
A 31011 B 3 11 C 3 11 D 3311 E 3311
4 The graph of the function y = 2 + sec(3x), for x 6 , 7
6
, has stationary points at:
5
A x = 3, B x = 6, 2, 6 C x = 2
D x = 0, 3 , 2
3
, E x = 0, 2 3
5 If sin x = 13 , the possible values of cos x are:
2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 2 1 1
A 3
, 3
B ,
3 3
C ,
9 9
D 3
, 3
2
E ,
2 2
6 The maximum domain of cos1 (1 5x) is given by:
2
A 0, 25 B 1 5
, 15 C [1, 1] D 0, 5 E 15 , 15
7 (1 + tan x)2 + (1 tan x)2 is equal to:
A 2 + tan x + 2 tan(2x) B 2 C 4 tan x D 2 + tan(2x) E 2 sec2 x
8 The number of solutions of cos2 (3x) = 14 , given that 0 x , is:
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 6 E 9
tan(2)
9 equals:
1 + sec(2)
A tan(2) B tan(2) + 1 C tan + 1 D sin(2) E tan
10 For < A < and 0 < B < 2 with sin A = t and cos B = t, cos(B + A) is equal to:
2
A 0 B 1 t2 C 2t 2 1 D 1 2t 2 E 2t 1 t 2
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4 Find the
exact
value of each of the following:
5 5
a sin b cosec
3 3
7 5
c sec d cosec
3 6
3
e cot f cot
4 6
5 Given that tan = p, where is an acute angle, find each of the following in terms of p:
a tan() b tan( )
3
c tan d tan +
2 2
e tan(2 )
6 Find:
3 1 1
a sin1 b cos cos
2 2
2 4
c cos1 cos d cos1 cos
3 3
1 1
e cos sin f cos[tan1 (1)]
2
7 Sketch the graph of each of the following, stating the maximal domain and range each
time:
a y = 2 tan1 x b y = sin1 (3 x)
c y = 3 cos1 (2x + 1) d y = cos1 (2 x)
1
e y = 2 tan (1 x)
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Review
Extended-response questions
b ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. F G
GAC = , CAD = ,
2
AC = 10 E H
B C
i Show that the volume, V, of the cuboid 2
is given by V = 1000 cos sin tan . A
2 D
ii Find the values of a and b such that
V = a sin2 + b sin4 .
2 2
2
iii Let p = sin , and express V as a quadratic in p.
2
iv Find the possible values of p for 0 < < .
2
v Sketch the graphs of V against and V against p with the help of a CAS calculator.
vi Find the maximum volume of the cuboid and the values of p and for which this
occurs. (Determine the maximum through the quadratic found in b iii.)
c If for the cuboid CAD = and GAC = :
i find V in terms of
ii sketch the graph of V against
iii discuss the relationship between V and using the graph of c ii.
3
ii Show that is a solution to the equation and that it is the only real solution.
2
iii Find the value of for which p = 3.
iv Find the radius of the circle.
d Using a CAS calculator sketch the graph of p against for 0, .
4
e If A = E, find the value of .
f i If AE = 1, show that 8x3 4x 1
= 0.
1
ii Hence show ( 5 + 1) = cos .
4 5
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Review
5 a i Prove that tan x + cot x = 2 cosec(2x) for sin 2x = 0.
ii Solve the equation tan x = cot x for x.
iii On the one set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = tan x, y = cot x and
y = 2 cosec(2x) for x (0, 2).
b i Prove that cot(2x) + tan x = cosec(2x) for sin(2x) = 0.
ii Solve the equation cot(2x) = tan x.
iii On the one set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = cot(2x), y = tan x and
y = cosec(2x) for x [0, 2].
cos[(m n)x]
c i Prove that cot(mx) + tan(nx) = m, n Z .
sin(mx) cos(nx)
ii Hence show that cot(6x) + tan(3x) = cosec(6x).
6 Triangle ABE is isosceles with AB = BE and triangle ACE is B
isosceles with AC = AE.
AE = 1 36
a i Find the magnitude of BAE, AEC and ACE.
ii Hence find the magnitude of BAC. C
b Show that BD = 1 + sin 18 .
1 + sin 18
c Use triangle ABD to prove that cos 36 = . D
1 + 2 sin 18
d Hence show that 4 sin2 18 + 2 sin 18 1 = 0.
e Find sin 18 in exact form. A E