Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ARCHITECTURAL ACOUSTICS
CAN BE DEFINED AS THE GENERATION, PROPAGATION AND TRANSMISSION OF
SOUND IN ROOMS, DWELLINGS AND OTHER BUILDINGS.
1. S O U N D
Page 1 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
1.2 BEHAVIOR OF SOUND IN AN ENCLOSED SPACE
AN ENCLOSED SPACE IS A ROOM OR AREA BONDED ON EVERY OF ITS SIDES. THE
MATERIALS FOR ENCLOSURE MAY BE INTO TWO:
REFLECTION
ABSORPTION
REFRACTION
DIFFUSION
DIFRACTION
TRANSMISSION
REFLECTION
THIS OCCURS WHEN THE WAVELENGTH OF A SOUND WAVE IS SMALLER THAN THE
SURFACE OF THE OBSTACLE. IN THE CASE OF AN ENCLOSED SPACE, THE SOUND
WAVES HIT EVERY SIDE OF THE ENCLOSURE CONTINUOUSLY UNTIL THE SOUND
ENERGY REDUCES TO ZERO. THE AMOUNT OF WAVES REFLECTED DEPENDS ON THE
SMOOTHNESS, SIZE, AND SOFTNESS OF THE MATERIALS OF ENCLOSURE.
Page 2 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
ABSORPTION
WHEN SOUND WAVES HIT THE SURFACE OF AN OBSTACLE, SOME OF ITS ENERGY IS
REFLECTED, WHILE SOME ARE LOST THROUGH ITS TRANSFER THROUGH TO THE
MOLECULES OF THE BARRIER. THE LOST SOUND ENERGY IS SAID TO HAVE BEEN
ABSORBED BY THE BARRIER. THE THIKNESS AND NATURE OF THE MATERIAL AS
REGARDS IT SOFTNESS AND HARDNESS, INFLUENCES THE AMOUNT OF SOUND
ENERGY ABSORBED.
REFRACTION
THIS IS THE BENDING OF SOUND WHEN IT TRAVELS FROM ONE MEDIUM INTO
ANOTHER MEDIUM. THE DIFFERENCE IN THE COMPOSITION OF THE TWO DIFFERENT
MEDIA BENDS THE SOUND.
Page 3 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
DIFFUSION
THIS IS THE SCATTERING OF WAVES FROM A SURFACE. IT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF
THE TEXTURE AND HARDNESS OF THE OBSTACLES IS COMPARABLE TO THE
WAVELENGTH OF THE SOUND. THE DIRECTION OF THE INCIDENT RAY CHANGES
WHEN IT STRIKES THE OBJECT OF THE OBSTACLE.
DIFFRACTION
WHEN THE WAVELENGTH OF A SOUNDWAVE IS SMALLER OR EQUAL TO THE SIZE
OF THE OBSTACLE, THE SOUND RAYS TEND TO BEND ROUND THE EDGE OF THE
OBSTACLE, THEREBY TURNING THE EDGE INTO A SOUND SOURCE.
Page 4 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
TRANSMISSION
IN THIS PHENOMENON, SOUND WAVE IS CARRIED BY MOLECULES OF THE
OBSTACLE THROUGH VIBRATION, AND RE-EMITTED AT THE OTHER SIDE
IRRESPECTIVE OF THE MEDIUM.
I = PV [W/M2]
THE BAR IN EQ. 1.3 INDICATES AVERAGING IN TIME. IN THE VICINITY OF SOUND
SOURCES OR REFLECTORS THERE IS
USUALLY A PHASE SHIFT BETWEEN P AND V. IN EXTREME CASES THIS CAN LEAD
TO LOW INTENSITY VALUES ALTHOUGH
SOUND PRESSURE AND SOUND PARTICLE VELOCITY HAVE BOTH HIGH
AMPLITUDES. THE PHYSICAL INTERPRETATION IS
Page 5 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
THAT AIR MOVES BACK AND FORTH WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT COMPRESSION. IN
OTHER WORDS THERE IS A LOT OF REACTIVE
POWER BUT ONLY LITTLE EFFECTIVE POWER.
Page 6 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
DISPERSION OF THE SIDES OF AN ENCLOSURE- REFLECTIONS CAN BE
CONTROLLED BY MAKING ONE SURFACE DISPERSIVE.
2. A CO U S T I C A L M AT E R I A L S
TYPES OF MATERIALS:
SOUND ABSORBERS
SOUND DIFFUSERS
NOISE BARRIERS
SOUND REFLECTORS
Page 7 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
2.1 SOUND ABSORBERS
These sound absorbing acoustical panels and soundproofing materials are used to eliminate
sound reflections to improve speech intelligibility, reduce standing waves and prevent comb
filtering.
Typical materials are open cell polyurethane foam, cellular melamine, fiberglass, fluffy fabrics
and other porous materials. A wide variety of materials can be applied to walls and ceilings
depending on your application and environment.
These materials vary in thickness and in shape to achieve different absorption ratings
depending on the specific sound requirements.
TYPES:
ACOUSTICAL FOAM PANELS
WHITE PAINTABLE ACOUSTICAL WALL PANELS
FABRIC WRAPPED PANELS
ACOUSTICAL WALL COVERINGS
CEILING TILES
BAFFLES AND BANNERS
STACKABLE FOAM
DESIGN ENABLES YOU TO
INCREASE THICKNESS
QUICKLY BY NESTING LAYERS
Page 8 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
FIRE RATED FOAM
ABSORBERS ARE LIGHTWEIGHT OPEN CELL FOAMS
USED WHEN A CLASS 1 FIRE RATED FOAM IS
REQUIRED. STANDARD PATTERNS INCLUDE
WEDGE, PYRAMID, MAX WEDGE, CEILING BAFFLES
AND MORE. THESE CAN EASILY MOUNT TO WALLS
OR CEILINGS
Page 9 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
FABRIC WRAPPED PANELS
ACOUSTICAL SOUND PANELS UTILIZE 6-7 PCF GLASS FIBER MATERIAL FOR
MAXIMUM ABSORPTION. AVAILABLE AS WALL PANELS, CEILING
TILES, HANGING BAFFLES, ACOUSTICAL CLOUDS AND BASS TRAPS, WITH
MORE THAN 50 STANDARD COLORS TO CHOOSE FROM, THESE MATERIALS
WILL LOOK AS GOOD AS THEY SOUND. THE STANDARD SIZES AND
CONFIGURATIONS BEST MAXIMIZE RAW MATERIALS, HOWEVER, MANY OF
THESE PRODUCTS CAN BE CUSTOMIZED TO MEET SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
SHOULD YOU NEED MATERIAL SIZED TO FIT OR OTHER FINISHES OR
COVERINGS.
WALL PANELS
USED TO REDUCE ECHO AND REVERBERATION IN
APPLICATIONS, SMALL AND LARGE. THESE PANELS ARE
MANUFACTURED FROM A RIGID HIGH DENSITY (6-7 PCF)
GLASS FIBER ACOUSTICAL BOARD AND COVERED WITH
AN ACOUSTICALLY TRANSPARENT FABRIC.
CEILING TILES
CEILING TILES ARE AN EXCELLENT CHOICE FOR MANY
CEILING GRID APPLICATIONS REQUIRING HIGH
ABSORPTION.
WALL COVERINGS
Page 10 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
CEILING TILES
BAFFLES
Baffles are an economical way to reduce sound
pressure levels and lower reverberation times in large
spaces such as gymnasiums, theaters, restaurants,
health and fitness clubs, etc. Reverberation times can
be lowered from a RT60 of 4 - 9 seconds down to a
RT60 of 0.5 - 2 seconds. Speech intelligibility is
greatly improved and sound intensity levels can
be simultaneously reduced by 3 to 12 decibels.
Page 11 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
BANNERS
Speech intelligibility is greatly improved and
sound intensity levels can be simultaneously
reduced by 3 to 12 decibels.
Banners are suspended from ceilings, bar joists
or pre-engineered suspension systems. They
are designed to hang in a horizontal or in a
catenary fashion using edge stiffeners or deck
mounted flat with washer plates
Page 12 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
PYRAMIDAL DIFFUSER
THESE POLYCYLINDRICAL
DIFFUSERS DO TWICE THE WORK.
THEY SCATTER SOUND AND
FUNCTION AS A BASS TRAP.
QUADRATIC DIFFUSER
A TRUE QUADRATIC RESIDUE
DIFFUSER DESIGNED FOR
UNIFORM BROADBAND
SCATTERING AND REDUCING
HIGH-Q REFLECTIONS.
BARRIERS
SOUND BARRIER MATERIALS ARE USED TO REDUCE THE TRANSMISSION OF
AIRBORNE SOUND. THE BLOCKAID SERIES OF PRODUCTS INCLUDE THE
STANDARD ONE POUND PER SQUARE FOOT NON REINFORCED BARRIER,
TRANSPARENT MATERIAL WHEN OBSERVATION OR SUPERVISION IS
REQUIRED, REINFORCED VINYL TO CREATE A HANGING BARRIER PARTITION.
Page 13 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF
COMPOSITES
COMPOSITE MATERIALS ARE MANUFACTURED FROM COMBINATIONS OF
VARIOUS MATERIALS FROM OPEN AND CLOSED CELLED FOAMS TO QUILTED
FIBERGLASS AND BARRIER. THESE PRODUCTS ARE USED TO BLOCK AND
ABSORB SOUND FOR MACHINE ENCLOSURES AS WELL AS BLOCKING
AIRBORNE SOUND AND IMPACT NOISE. SOME OF THESE PRODUCTS INCLUDE
COMPOSITE FOAMS, STRATIQUILT BLANKETS AND FLOOR UNDERLAYMENT.
VIBRATION CONTROL
VIBRATION CONTROL PRODUCTS ARE USED TO ABSORB VIBRATION ENERGY
AND PREVENT STRUCTURAL NOISE TRANSMISSION. THESE INCLUDE
VIBRATION DAMPING COMPOUNDS AND VIBRATION PADS, ISOLATION
HANGERS, AND RESILIENT CLIPS. THEY IMPROVE SOUND TRANSMISSION
LOSS.
Page 14 of 14
AR 418B BUILDING UTILITIES 4
PRINCIPLES OF ACOUSTICS MJBF