1. Radio waves can propagate via ground waves or sky waves. Ground waves travel along the Earth's surface and include direct, ground-reflected, and surface waves. Sky waves travel to the ionosphere and are refracted back to Earth.
2. The characteristics of wave propagation depend on frequency band and atmospheric conditions. The troposphere, stratosphere, and ionosphere can refract radio signals of different frequencies. Terrain such as mountains, jungles, and bodies of water affect signal strength.
3. Propagation mechanisms like reflection, refraction, and diffraction cause radio waves to bend as they encounter different mediums. Understanding wave propagation is essential for selecting frequencies and antennas for effective long-distance
1. Radio waves can propagate via ground waves or sky waves. Ground waves travel along the Earth's surface and include direct, ground-reflected, and surface waves. Sky waves travel to the ion…