Environmental Research Journal 5 (2): 38-41, 2011 ISSN; 1994-5396 © Medwell Journals, 2011 Effects of Environmental Pollution (Auto-Exhaust) on the Micro-Morphology of Some Ornamental Plants from Sudan Abdulmoniem M.A. Saadabi and Al-Nur El-Amin Department of Microbiology and Microbial Technology. Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan Abstract: Tea cmamental plants belonging to different families from five sites ia Khartoum the eapital eity of ‘Sudan with equivalent environmental pollution were selected to determine the effect of auto-exhaust pollution oon their micro morphological traits. The parameters utilized were numbers of stomata/unit area, numbers of epidermal cells‘unit area, length and width of stomata, stomata calculated area, L/B ratio of stomata and stomatal indices from upper and lower surface of the fixed leaf which were found distinctive for each locality. Key words: Auto-exhmst, pollution, omamental plants, Khartoum city, Sudan INTRODUCTION This well known that environmental conditions affect plant micro moxphology (Halloy and Mark, 1996, Orshan, 1986; Meincer and Mansfield, 1968; Fahn, 1967), The impact of environmental pollstion on plants ix well documented (Solberg and Adams, 1956; Heggestnd, 1968; Feder, 1970; Heok etal, 1973; Mukamamal, 1976, Guderian, 1977), For most plants leaves usually perform basic fimetions such as capture of light energy’ and carbon molecules (Halley and Mark, 1996) “These functions can best be fulfilled by flat, thin leaf surface fll of ehlorophyll (Cooper et a, 1993) Leaf micro morphology tas often been interpreted 0 0 sensitive indicator of environmental pollution. Although, there 8 paueity of information on the fleet of environmental pollution onthe epidermal features of the plant leaves (Bondada ef a., 2006), the research inthis fields probably recent or its still mpablished. However, Singh el. (1995), Sharma and Tyree (1973), Sharma and Butter (1975), Garg and Varshney (1980), Weyers and Travis (1981) reported a decrease inthe size of stomatal opening and an inerease in the frequeney of epidermal cells and stomata in response to environmental polation jn some plant taxa, Interest in growing, orsamental ix increasing as a profitable business ‘They have many desirable qualities such as color, texture, shapes and planting patterns. The cut flowers and flowering plants in general are boing used widely for family and outdoor gardens a3 well a8 for decoration purposes. Because many of these plants ae grovin along the roadsides snd highways and the absence of strict isease control as well ax exhatst pollution may affect these plants, most people do not look upon omamentals as being of economie importance. Thesefore, the present research was designed for the frst time to evaluate the effect of auto-exhaust pollution which constitutes 50-60% fof the air pollution in urban environment on morphological and leaf epidermal features of some formamental plants from Khastoum, the capital city of Sudan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ‘The research was conducted in the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Seience and Technology, Al Neelain University, Sudan during 2007-2008, Maxum attention was given forthe collection, of omamentals which were clover to the traffic pathway getting direct contact to auto-exhaust. Fresh collections were made fiom five sites in the industrial area of Khartoum city where the aufo-exhaust air pollution is| present, For comparison, collections were done also from a relatively clean area of Khartoum such as Al-Mogran ‘garden which was considered as control on the same day at fixed time, A single leaf proved to be the fully developed youngest leaf per plant species was fixed using EAA (Formaldehyde 5%, Acetic acid 5% and Ethanol alcoho! 90%. ‘The ornamental plants investigated were: Argyreia nervosa Bojer (Convolvulaceae), Aristolochia elegans Mast. (Aristolochiaceae), Barleria’ cafophyila Lindau (Acanthacene), Bauhinia candida Set. (Caesalpiniaceae), Begonia elatlor Hort. (Begoniaceae), Caladium hortulanum Birdsey (Araceae), Canna indica L. (Cannacese), Eulophia quartiniana A. Rich, (Orchidaceae), Euphorbia trigona Haw (Euphorbiaceae) and Nerimoleander L. (Apoeynaceas). The fixed leat (Sth leaf) was taken and washed in ditilled water carefully. The upper and lower peatings were carefully Corresponding Author: Albdulmoniem M.A, Soadati, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Al-Neslain University, PO, Box 12702, Khartoum, Sudan 38Environ, Res. J, 5 (2): 38-41, 2011 taken with extra care mounted in lactophenol-ection blue and examined under compound microscope using 10x ceular an 40x objective, CuSO, treatment and nal polish Impression methods were also performed (Dickison, 2000) Where pealing removal was hardly possible and. ten observations were made per parameter, For measuring the length and breadth of stomata ocular micrometer of 10 yan least count was used and for counting the mmber of stomata andl epidermal cells a diaphragm eyepiece of nit rea (3600 um’) was taken or sometimes ahemocytometer (1*1 mm grid) (Meinder and Mansfield, 1968) was also used. Stomatal index was determined by Salisbury (1927) equation: where, SI. is Stomatal Index; $ is Number of stomata/unit area and E isNNumber of epidermal cells/unit area. Data analyses: Data obtained were pooled and the means were used in analysis for significant differences using appropriate procedure (SAS Institute Ine,, Cary, NC, USA). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ‘The auto-exhaust-polluted omamentals. grown on the roadside at Khartoum city showed unthrifiness with erea, severe retardation and obvious chloroses, These observations show how much the auto-exhaust pollution gi - S100 atthe city affects plants at different percentages on each, SHE of the parameters of micro morphology (Table 1-4), “Tible: ies of toe poli at Khao cy onthe micemeploy of soe eamenalsinthe upper sic ofthe le (Yah ae meanesSD of 10 oaeratinsaramett Pramas ‘Nusba 'sonaiaiait Namib of epdemal cal ‘Sonata (Baal iy) Locsin ea 0 je) ni ea (5600 sues Arareianerosa Be Conta 12250310 S270 9.203 IT (Clnellaceoe) Polite Zona 53529) Toons ts Altolec hacen Mas. Conta Tanso40 Sanna masacr ‘Arstoketisceso) Poles Teenage Saisn99 ioat=696, Bovlera clea Lia, Conta Taso dann: fea (Acanacen) Pollged T3006 6363.0" 3ers9 ‘alacant At Contra Vases Ssrmnoo Bloor (Coslpinaceae) Polited Tsseost ons. ssi Begortaclar Hat Conta 11ss0.320 erst 09 {e427 (eens) Pole Tsien." Seri, lesrst30 (Cala hrtalani ide Conta Tiss sabe Bisse (ame) Pollet Tssin 79 sss goe sist ama mea. Conta Tanoar Janene Blew (amacene) Polged 1ess0.390" Sansa musi udopla ioe A.Rich Centra Taqso1as Sst sea (evehiaces) Poles Tareas Sia sienna Hipherbiabigora Has. Contra tarsi te0 S370" 302887 [Bipharbaceas) Pole Te 16-299 ara ‘Seni lc Conta Tanenan earls Shien (Agorvmcea Poles 2insagier S800 36s 90 gfe pO Se Teel, = Sgro tp 05% Tove Sige at p=0 OPS er “Tuble2: ie of etoebmt pina Katoum cy co the mimeploy of woe emamentasinthe upper fice ofthe let (Vales ar memnssSD SERGREERD SGU rr 077 MR a See eS EEE iat ical fan) Locsin Lagi of snail) Gam) Breath of anata youn) Lib ain Caled we ota Areprewanerosa Bj Conol 288128 215029 ease OL 396178 (Cenccllaee) Polited 0.120006 2iwatess 45 1811.80 Altec een Mas. Const 2361230 hauoas istatslens (arisokechisees Pofbted 27388342008 Bons "91a 36 Si Tiel Borleriacdopna Lin Cont 18388165, 41039 Soot os Spsesi501 (Acanbacea) Pallted ——‘L.ges0 3400" Bees S208 pr gsens0) Banhinacanida ct Cont 22188280, Sabo Sono ranasels.9 (Costpnneee) Palted ——-20.001375, Stings $apu0.74" Mneensi637 Begordaclar Hat Const Laaiess Aas Sas esesie6 (Beanie) Polite 15954850, Sominstess — gazsnooee arssetoat Calin horton Birsey Cons) —=—‘20.lnd 260 Senuhs0 Soule 1143511600 (amen Pallued —3tetiseer one200 asaLis .61220.00 Ca oa Cont 35918288 4586129 Sossron 12701600 {Camacene) Polite oto 77448 SSeingm = Sans 6538212.00 Fidophapertinona A.Rich Carol 14778074 450098 Sigs ‘asset (Orehiaces) Potted ‘Le ge Samar 3068175 te82 500 Baperba tric Ha: Cons 1887S sisi 2S ys09.22 (Bipherbacen) Polinal 1073188 Bandas Saeco 31856080 emma. Const ——«S0.8325 4x00 2m 37 re saet4e6 Bolted __2624:222 peuaiges 35:28) rsbs1637 Siguicas a poOUSeolevl y= Silica ap OI leeEnviron. Res. J, ‘Teble3: Met of atoethast polation Kha cy cathe mem 3 (2): 38-41, 2011 Joey of cre omarnntl the ler sce ofthe et (Value re mnSD of 10 sbervaionsparamete Tower rice No ofomattunt No of epidermal elvnit, Pht epcis eta fai) Area we 3600 yr) sren(360 yo) Stometal nder agsria nero Ber Cato Tssaah aaags os {Cantcllaces) Polted aecwnage 300% 25.0060 itches eee etl e032 Guar Btesses (avidoleciaeeae) Polted Lesage 33090" aseraso Bevlera clea Lia, Catt ina ‘soosage iets (Acanhacex) Polkted rasa. 700829900" pszias.400 Baallinacantda At Catt Casas prerd di aescee (Cxspnaceae) Pofted pinsa2r raster ‘8150.30 Bepordaelaor Hat Cet ten. 939081.90 meee (Beamiaese) Pofted can sor 1og0.80 2nnies0 (Calas horton iy Catt beta 7 00808 ass tameea Potted 2 s0a01.01 ‘0080 a5" Shiss60 aa na Catt istea.t 00098 aui6en {Camacen) Polted Sutsig9e Suersian Fulop ucts A.Rich Catal Aazost Wet (orehiacea) Polted srss0 7900 aris. Hugherbia vigor Ha. Cental 6000.72 Mann [Bopherbacene) Potetes Uson07 giss20 nss7 ‘Neti lc Catt etwas 7408137 ans (Aporacese) Poteet ato eee ins. 1506 232056950 ian int poo evel = Spina pO 0ST Toble Het of atoethant plaice Kero cate mien pica at 001% led oy af scene acento sfce ofthe et (aes emennesSD of 1 sbervationsparanele Piamapcie Tovah ofanaia Brea fanaa Caleta (Boca iy) Locsin un) me LB rao stomata Gu) Argreianerasa Bae Contra 2734s 290 “40037 sis 122. 20418 08 {Contctaeee) Poles igust s3na99* SsseL00 SO21313.%5 Avstlocia lees Mas. Conta 40 8212.500 4630.60 s1=120 18899218. (Aritolechsees) Potted ooesor Soowalees 468272 "REIS 39 Bovleriacadoia Lint Conta 12151560 s820.46 rms essesi4.m (Acanaceo) Potted o3mogiee Soownaseee 3386s se7rs8 50) Deana Ak Conta 215722780 6282075 34076 139453 (Cospmnceae) Potted 19 2522.60 {6901.09 2aHO6S 13108 ‘egontaclaor Hon. Conta is3450 5382071 2a 51662 (Bezmiccoe) Poliged Voss a1 savages 4s WESEIGAS Calton hritaman sey Conta 193538260, ane 32 args 35621201 (ameea) Polluted 4903556 SmaLse 2ess156 TTTsN6 Coma ica. conta aissia so S208 re3s naesrs18.0 {Camacene) Poked reaieo7seee cinoma udopa puree Rich outa rane Sinan 2088 (Orhiacea) Pollted S81 56" asides DSS 89 3s2u1 70) Mupherbis vigor a. Coutra 1600 fe 2onos0 Sisssi9.0 (Bophertiacee) Polted gon217 Szuodo 248.075 257684610 ‘Neri lc nea sian sina Senooe 1811681600 (Agorymee Polted 2s 190s Ssauoageee 744195 8 a1 10 * Sigua pO Molen, = Sipiiean a p-O0Svle += Signficat a pDOPG lee Length, breadth and calculated area of stomata exhibited different percentages of inhibition whereas number of stomata, epidermal cells and stomatal index showed stimulation Tt is obvious that Aristolochia elegans Mast. (Aristolochiaceae) showed more number of parameters inhibited in maxinwum percentage and was considered a good indicator of auto-exhaust pollution aad the most semitive one while Nerium oleander L, (Apocynaceae) was the most resistant plant. Similar observations were made by Salgare and Lyer (1991), Salgare and Rawal (1990) and Darall (1989), Since ornamental plants were found polluted severly area, it would therefore suggest that emphasis must be given for the control of auto-exhaust pollution in the area CONCLUSION Several differences were recorded and showed significan inhibition due to the auto-exhiaust pollution. In polluted sites, leaves became smaller with reduced length, 40Environ, Res. J, 5 (2): 38-41, 2011 and width and stomatal index per leaves area. 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