Lei de Hooke e A Teoria Da Elasticidade Aplicada Aos Materiais Compositos

UT TENSIO, SIC VIS
THE EXTENSION IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE FORCE

Max y = W L3/ 3 E I
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
DENSITY KG/M3
FIBERGLASS 1.800
CARBON FIBER 1.500
ALUMINIUM 2.700
STEEL 7.500
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY
MPA
PSI
FIBERGLASS 7.000 1 E
06
FIBERGLASS INFUSION 35.000 5 E
06
CARBON FIBER 150.000 22 E
06
ALUMINIUM 70.000 10 E 06
STEEL 200.000 30 E 06
WEIGHT x VOLUME FRACTION
LAMINATE THICKNESS
FIBRE WEIGHT CONTENT X MANUFACTURING PROCESS
100%
30%
35%
80% 40% 40%
60%
60%
40%
70%
65%
60% 60%
20% 40%
0%
HAND LAYUP VACUUM BAG INFUSO PR PREG AUTOCLAVE
Fibra
FIBRE Resina
RESIN
HOW MUCH REINFORCEMENT?
WEIGHT FRACTION
Used in manufacture and refer to fibre or resin weight
percentages.
Manufacturers will specify a glass content of (e.g.) 25 wt%
a prepreg supplier might give a resin content (e.g) of 34
wt%.
VOLUME FRACTION
Used in structural design to calculate composite properties
and almost always refers to fibre volume content.
WEIGHT FRACTION
X
VOLUME FRACTION CONVERSION
For the special case of a two-component composite (fibre and
matrix)
VOLUME FRACTION X WEIGHT FRACTION CONVERSION
(EPOXY RESIN MATRIX)
GLASS HS CARBON ARAMID
1,00
0,90
0,80
FIBRE VOLUME FRACTION
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00
FIBRE WEIGHT FRACTION

1,00
0,90
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00

1,00
0,90
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
0,30
0,20
0,10
0,00
0,00 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20 0,25 0,30 0,35 0,40 0,45 0,50 0,55 0,60 0,65 0,70 0,75 0,80 0,85 0,90 0,95 1,00

MAXIMUM FIBRE VOLUME FRACTION
A composite cannot contain 100% fibre. Maximum volume fraction could be

achieved only if unidirectional fibres are hexagonally close packed. The
triangular unit cell has area R2 3
The unit cell contains an area of fibre (three 60o segments) equal to R2 / 2
R 3
3R
2R
In a unidirectional fibre composite the fibre area fraction is

the same as the fibre volume fraction:
For other forms of reinforcement, maximum volume fraction also

depends on the detailed arrangement of the fibres.
Unidirectional 0.70 0.72

Stitched non-crimp 0.60 0.65
Woven Fabric 0.40 - 0.55
Chopped Strand Mat 0.15 - 0.25
Commercial reinforcements are characterised by their areal

weight (Aw). This is simply the weight (usually given in
grams of 1 m2 of the reinforcement (gr/m2).
Aw depends on many factors - fibre density, tow or bundle

size, weave style, etc. Aw may range from 50 g/m2 or less (for
lightweight surfacing tissues), up to more than 2000 g/m2 for
some heavyweight non-crimp fabrics.
LAMINATE THICKNESS
The thickness of a composite laminate depends on the amount of
reinforcement and the relative amount of resin which has been
included. For a given quantity of reinforcement, a laminate
with a high fibre volume fraction will be thinner than one
with a lower fibre volume fraction, since it will contain less
resin.
LAMINATE THICKNESS
resin.
FIBRE
MATRIX
HIGH MATRIX CONTENT=LOW FIBRE CONTENT =THICK

LAMINATE
LAMINATE THICKNESS
resin.
FIBRE
MATRIX
HIGH MATRIX CONTENT=LOW FIBRE CONTENT =THICK LOW MATRIX CONTENT = HIGH FIBRE CONTENT = THIN
LAMINATE LAMINATE
COMPRESSIBILIDADE DAS FIBRAS FRAO EM VOLUME
Mat Vidro
100
WR Vidro
Biax Vidro
80
FRAO EM VOLUME (%)
WR Carbono
Uni Carbono
60
40
20
0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2
PRESSO DE MOLDAGEM (ATM)1/2

LAMINATE THICKNESS
Fibre volume fraction is inversely proportional to

laminate thickness.
If the fibre content and laminate If the fibre content and volume
thickness are defined, we can fraction are defined, we can
calculate the fibre volume calculate the laminate thickness:
fraction:
PLY THICKNESS X FIBRE VOLUME FRACTION (HS CARBON)
100 g/m2 150 g/m2 200 g/m2 300 g/m2 500 g/m2
1,6
1,4
1,2
PLY THICKNESS (MM)
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8

100 g/m2 150 g/m2 200 g/m2 300 g/m2 500 g/m2
1,6
1,4
1,2
PLY THICKNESS (MM)
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8

100 g/m2 150 g/m2 200 g/m2 300 g/m2 500 g/m2
1,6
1,4
1,2
PLY THICKNESS (MM)
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8

100 g/m2 150 g/m2 200 g/m2 300 g/m2 500 g/m2
1,6
1,4
1,2
PLY THICKNESS (MM)
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8

100 g/m2 150 g/m2 200 g/m2 300 g/m2 500 g/m2
1,6
1,4
1,2
PLY THICKNESS (MM)
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45 0,5 0,55 0,6 0,65 0,7 0,75 0,8

RULES OF MIXTURE AND
ELASTIC PROPERTIES
RULES OF MIXTURE AND ELASTIC PROPERTIES
'Rules of Mixtures' are mathematical expressions which give

some property of the composite in terms of the properties,
quantity and arrangement of its constituents.
They may be based on a number of simplifying assumptions, and

their use in design should tempered with extreme caution!
DENSITY
RULE OF MIXTURES DENSITY FOR GLASS/EPOXY COMPOSITES
300 0
2500
rf
20 00
KG/ M3
150 0
rm
100 0
50 0
0
0 0 ,2 0 ,4 0 ,6 0 ,8 1
FIBRE VOLUME FRA CTION

GENERALISED RULE OF MIXTURES FOR TENSILE MODULUS
is a length correction factor ( 1 for fibres longer

than about 10 mm)
corrects for non-unidirectional reinforcement:
UNIDIRECIONAL 1.000
BIAXIAL 0/90 0.500
BIAXIAL 45/-45 0.250
RANDOM 0.375
RULE OF MIXTURES TENSILE MODULUS
(GLASS FIBRE/POLYESTER)
UD BIAXIAL CSM
60
50
TENSILE MODULUS ( GPA )
40
30
20
10
0
0 ,0 00 00 1 0 ,0 5 0 ,1 0 ,15 0 ,2 0 ,25 0 ,3 0 ,35 0 ,4 0 ,45 0 ,5 0 ,55 0 ,6 0 ,65 0 ,7 0 ,75
FIBRE V OLUME FRA CTION

UD BIAXIAL CSM
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 ,0 00 00 1 0 ,0 5 0 ,1 0 ,15 0 ,2 0 ,25 0 ,3 0 ,35 0 ,4 0 ,45 0 ,5 0 ,55 0 ,6 0 ,65 0 ,7 0 ,75

UD BIAXIAL CSM
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 ,0 00 00 1 0 ,0 5 0 ,1 0 ,15 0 ,2 0 ,25 0 ,3 0 ,35 0 ,4 0 ,45 0 ,5 0 ,55 0 ,6 0 ,65 0 ,7 0 ,75

(T300 CARBON FIBRE)
UD BIA XIA L QUA SI-ISOTROPIC
20 0
180
160
TEN SILE MOD ULUS ( GPA )
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 ,0 00 00 1 0 ,1 0 ,2 0 ,3 0 ,4 0 ,5 0 ,6 0 ,7

(T300 CARBON FIBRE)
20 0
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 ,0 00 00 1 0 ,1 0 ,2 0 ,3 0 ,4 0 ,5 0 ,6 0 ,7

(T300 CARBON FIBRE)
20 0
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 ,0 00 00 1 0 ,1 0 ,2 0 ,3 0 ,4 0 ,5 0 ,6 0 ,7

RULE OF MIXTURES ELASTIC MODULUS
HS CARBON / EPOXY RESIN
UD BIA XIA L UD QUA SI-ISOTROPIC UD PLA IN W OVEN
180
160
140
120
100
GPa
80
60
40
20
0
0 ,15 0 ,2 0 ,25 0 ,3 0 ,35 0 ,4 0 ,45 0 ,5 0 ,55 0 ,6 0 ,65 0 ,7

180
160
140
120
100
GPa
80
60
40
20
0
0 ,15 0 ,2 0 ,25 0 ,3 0 ,35 0 ,4 0 ,45 0 ,5 0 ,55 0 ,6 0 ,65 0 ,7

180
160
140
120
100
GPa
80
60
40
20
0
0 ,15 0 ,2 0 ,25 0 ,3 0 ,35 0 ,4 0 ,45 0 ,5 0 ,55 0 ,6 0 ,65 0 ,7

Lei de Hooke e A Teoria Da Elasticidade Aplicada Aos Materiais Compositos

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UT TENSIO, SIC VIS

THE EXTENSION IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE FORCE

GLASS HS CARBON ARAMID

FIBRE WEIGHT FRACTION

GLASS HS CARBON ARAMID

FIBRE WEIGHT FRACTION

GLASS HS CARBON ARAMID

FIBRE WEIGHT FRACTION

A composite cannot contain 100% fibre. Maximum volume fraction could be

In a unidirectional fibre composite the fibre area fraction is

For other forms of reinforcement, maximum volume fraction also

Unidirectional 0.70 0.72

Commercial reinforcements are characterised by their areal

Aw depends on many factors - fibre density, tow or bundle

HIGH MATRIX CONTENT=LOW FIBRE CONTENT =THICK

PRESSO DE MOLDAGEM (ATM)1/2

Fibre volume fraction is inversely proportional to

FIBRE VOLUME FRACTION

FIBRE VOLUME FRACTION

FIBRE VOLUME FRACTION

FIBRE VOLUME FRACTION

FIBRE VOLUME FRACTION

'Rules of Mixtures' are mathematical expressions which give

They may be based on a number of simplifying assumptions, and

FIBRE VOLUME FRA CTION

is a length correction factor ( 1 for fibres longer

corrects for non-unidirectional reinforcement:

FIBRE V OLUME FRA CTION

FIBRE V OLUME FRA CTION

FIBRE V OLUME FRA CTION

UD BIA XIA L QUA SI-ISOTROPIC

FIBRE VOLUME FRA CTION

UD BIA XIA L QUA SI-ISOTROPIC

FIBRE VOLUME FRA CTION

UD BIA XIA L QUA SI-ISOTROPIC

FIBRE VOLUME FRA CTION

UD BIA XIA L UD QUA SI-ISOTROPIC UD PLA IN W OVEN

FIBRE VOLUME FRA CTION

UD BIA XIA L UD QUA SI-ISOTROPIC UD PLA IN W OVEN

FIBRE VOLUME FRA CTION

UD BIA XIA L UD QUA SI-ISOTROPIC UD PLA IN W OVEN

FIBRE VOLUME FRA CTION

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