Escolar Documentos
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K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY
RSM NAGAR, PUDUVOYAL-601206
QUESTION BANK
PREPARED BY
R.ASHOK KUMAR M.E (CAD)
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 2
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CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 3
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.50) Define the term pressure. What are its units? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
1.51) Give the dimensions of the following physical quantities
[AU, April / May - 2003]
a) Pressure b) surface tension
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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.144) If a liquid has a viscosity of 0.051 poise and kinematic viscosity of 0.14 stokes,
calculate its specific gravity. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.145) Calculate the mass density and specific volume of one litre of a liquid which
weighs 7 N. [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.146) A soap bubble is formed when the inside pressure is 5 N/m2above the
atmospheric pressure. If surface tension in the soap bubble is 0.0125 N/m, find the
diameter of the bubble formed. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.147) Determine the gauge pressure inside a soap bubble of diameter 0.25 cm and 6
cm at 22C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.148) The converging pipe with inlet and outlet diameters of 200 mm and 150 mm
carries the oil whose specific gravity is 0.8. The velocity of oil at the entry is 2.5
m/s, find the velocity at the exit of the pipe and oil flow rate in kg/sec.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
1.149) Find the height through which the water rises by the capillary action in a 2mm
bore if the surface tension at the prevailing temperature is0.075 g/cm.
[AU, April / May - 2003]
1.150) Find the height of a mountain where the atmospheric pressure is 730mm of Hg
at normal conditions. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.151) Suppose the small air bubbles in a glass of tap water may be on the order of50
m in diameter. What is the pressure inside these bubbles? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.152) An open tank contains water up to depth of 2.85m and above it an oil of specific
gravity 0.92 for the depth of 2.1m. Calculate the pressures at the interface of two
liquids and at the bottom of the tank. [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.153) Two horizontal plates are placed 12.5mm apart, the space between them is being
filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise. Calculate the shear stress in the oil if the upper
plate is moved with the velocity of 2.5m/s. Define specific weight.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.154) Calculate the height of capillary rise for water in a glass tube of diameter 1mm.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
PART - B
1.155) What are the various classification of fluids? Discuss [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.156) State and prove Pascal's law. [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
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R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
Capillarity
Surface tension
Compressibility
Kinematic viscosity [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.172) Derive the energy equation and state the assumptions made while deriving the
equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.173) Derive Euler's equation of motion. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.174) Derive from the first principles, the Eulers equation of motion for a steady flow
along a stream line. Hence derive Bernoulli equation. State the various assumptions
involved in the above derivation. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.175) Derive from basic principle the Eulers equation of motion in 2D flow in X-Y
coordinate system and reduce the equation to get Bernoullis equation for
unidirectional stream lined flow. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.176) State Eulers equation of motion, in the differential form. Derive Bernoullis
equation from the above for the cases of an ideal fluid flow.
[AU, May / June - 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.177) State the law of conservation of man and derive the equation of continuity in
Cartesian coordinates for an incompressible fluid. Would it alter if the flow were
unsteady, highly viscous and compressible? [AU, April / May - 2011]
1.178) Derive the equation of continuity for one dimensional flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
1.179) Derive the continuity equation for 3 dimensional flow in Cartesian coordinates.
[AU, May / June - 2006]
1.180) Derive the general form of continuity equation in Cartesian coordinates.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.181) Derive the continuity equation of differential form. Discuss weathers equation is
valid for a steady flow or unsteady flow, viscous or in viscid flow, compressible or
incompressible flow. [AU, April / May - 2003]
1.182) Derive continuity equation from basic principles. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.183) Derive Bernoullis equation along with assumptions made.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
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PROBLEMS
1.198) A soap bubble is 60mm in diameter. If the surface tension of the soap film is
0.012 N/m. Find the excess pressure inside the bubble and also derive the expression
used in this problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.199) A spherical water droplet of 5 mm in diameter splits up in the air into 16 smaller
droplets of equal size. Find the work involved in splitting up the droplet. The surface
tension of water may be assumed as 0.072 N/m [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.200) A liquid weighs 7.25N per litre. Calculate the specific weight, density and
specific gravity of the liquid.
1.201) One litre of crude oil weighs 9.6N. Calculate its specific weight, density and
specific gravity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.202) Determine the viscosity of a liquid having a kinematic viscosity 6 stokes and
specific gravity 1.9. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
1.203) Determine the mass density; specific volume and specific weight of liquid whose
specific gravity 0.85. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.204) If the volume of a balloon is to reach a sphere of 8m diameter at an altitude where
the pressure is 0.2 bar and temperature -40C. Determine the mass hydrogen to be
charged into the balloon and volume and diameter at ground level. Where the
pressure is 1bar and temperature is 25C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.205) A pipe of 30 cm diameter carrying 0.25 m3/s water. The pipe is bent by 135
from the horizontal anti-clockwise. The pressure of water flowing through the pipe
is 400 kN. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the bend.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.206) A liquid has a specific gravity of 0.72. Find its density and specific weight. Find
also the weight per litre of the liquid.
1.207) A 1.9mm diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density is
960kg/m3, and it is observed that the liquid raise 5mm in the tube, making a contact
angle of 15. Determine the surface tension of the liquid. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.208) A hollow cylinder of 150 mm OD with its weight equal to the buoyant forces is
to be kept floating vertically in a liquid with a surface tension of 0.45 N/m2. The
contact angle is 60. Determine the additional force required due to surface tension.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
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1.209) A 0.3m diameter pipe carrying oil at 1.5m/s velocity suddenly expands to 0.6m
diameter pipe. Determine the discharge and velocity in 0.6m diameter pipe.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1.210) Explain surface tension. Water at 20C ( = 0.0.73N/m, = 9.8kN/m3 and angle
of contact = 0) rises through a tube due to capillary action. Find the tube diameter
requires, if the capillary rise is less than 1mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.211) A Newtonian fluid is filled in the clearance between a shaft and a concentric
sleeve. The sleeve attains a speed of 50cm/s, when a force of 40N is applied to the
sleeve parallel to the shaft. Determine the speed of the shaft, if a force of 200N is
applied. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
1.212) An oil film thickness 10mm is used for lubrication between the square parallel
plate of size 0.9 m * 0.9 m, in which the upper plate moves at 2m/s requires a force
of 100 N to maintain this speed. Determine the
Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and
Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. [AU, Nov / Dec 2003]
1.213) The space between two square flat parallel plates is filled with oil. Each side of
the plate is 60cm. The thickness of the oil film is 12.5mm. The upper plate, which
moves at 2.5 meter per sec, requires a force of 98.1N to maintain the speed.
Determine the
Dynamic viscosity of the oil in poise and
Kinematic viscosity of the oil in stokes.
The specific gravity of the oil is 0.95. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.214) What is the bulk modulus of elasticity of a liquid which is compressed in a
cylinder from a volume of 0.0125m3 at 80N/cm2 pressure to a volume of 0.0124m3
at pressure 150N/cm2 [AU, Nov / Dec - 2004]
1.215) Determine the bulk modulus of elasticity of elasticity of a liquid, if the pressure
of the liquid is increased from 7MN/m2 to 13MN/m2, the volume of liquid decreases
by 0.15%. [AU, May / June - 2009]
1.216) The measuring instruments fitted inside an airplane indicate the pressure 1.032
*105Pa, temperature T0 = 288 K and density 0 = 1.285 kg/m3 at takeoff. If a standard
temperature lapse rate of 0.0065 K/m is assumed, at what elevation is the plane
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velocity between the plates and the walls, determine the force exerted by the liquid
on the plate. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.223) A jet issuing at a velocity of 25 m/s is directed at 35 to the horizontal. Calculate
the height cleared by the jet at 28 m from the discharge location? Also determine the
maximum height the jet will clear and the corresponding horizontal location.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.224) Determine the velocity of a jet directed at 35 to the horizontal to clear 8 m height
at a distance of 22 m. Also determine the maximum height this jet will clear and the
total horizontal travel. What will be the horizontal distance at which the jet will be
again at 8 m height? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.225) A flat plate of area 0.125m2 is pulled at 0.25 m/sec with respect to another
parallel plate 1mm distant from it, the space between the plates containing water of
viscosity 0.001Ns/ m2. Find the force necessary to maintain this velocity. Find also
the power required.
1.226) The velocity distribution for flow over a plate is given by u = 2y y2 where u is
the velocity in m/sec at a distance y meters above the plate. Determine the velocity
gradient and shear stress at the boundary and 0.15m from it. Dynamic viscosity of
the fluid is 0.9Ns/m2 [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.227) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by u = (3/4) * y y2 where u is
velocity in m/s and at depth y in m above the plate. Determine the shear stress at a
distance of 0.3m from the top of plate. Assume dynamic viscosity of the fluid is taken
as 0.95 Ns/m2 [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.228) The velocity distribution over a plate is given by a relation,
2
= ( )
3
1.229) Where y is the vertical distance above the plate in meters. Assuming a
viscosity of 0.9Pa.s, find the shear stress at y = 0 and y = 0.15m.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.230) If the velocity distribution of a fluid over a plate is given by = 2 + +
with the vertex 0.2m from the plate, where the velocity is 1.2 m/s. calculate the
velocity gradients and shear stresses at a distance of 0m, 0.1m and 0.2m from the
plate, if the viscosity of the fluid is 0.85Ns/m2. [AU, April / May - 2015]
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1.247) A cylinder of radius 0.65 m filled partially with a fluid and axially rotated at 18
rad/s is empty up to 0.3 m radius. The pressure at the extreme edge at the bottom was
0.3 bar gauge. Determine the density of the fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.248) A liquid is compressed in a cylinder having a volume of 0.012 m3 at a pressure
of 690 N/cm2. What should be the new pressure in order to make its volume 0.0119
m3? Assume bulk modulus of elasticity (K) for the liquid = 6.9 x 104 N/cm2.
[AU, May / June - 2013]
1.249) Calculate the capillary rise in glass tube of 3 mm diameter when immersed in
mercury; take the surface tension and the angle of contact of mercury as 0.52 N/m
and 130 respectively. Also determine the minimum size of the glass tube, if it is
immersed in water, given that the surface tension of water is 0.0725 N/m and
capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 0.5mm. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
1.250) The capillary rise in a glass tube is not to exceed 0.2mm of water. Determine its
minimum size, given that the surface tension for water in contact with air =
0.0725N/m. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, May / June - 2012]
1.251) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4mm diameter
when immersed in(i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20C
and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20 C in contact with air
are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0 and
for mercury u = 130. Take specific weight of water at 20C as equal to 9780 N/m3.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.252) Derive an expression for the capillary rise at a liquid in a capillary tube of radius
r having surface tension and contact angle . If the plates are of glass, what will
be the capillary rise of water having = 0.073 N/m, = 0? Take r = 1mm.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.253) A pipe containing water at 180kN/m2 pressure is connected to differential gauge
to another pipe 1.6m lower than the first pipe and containing water at high pressure.
If the difference in height of 2 mercury columns of the gauge is equal to 90mm, what
is the pressure in the lower pipe? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
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1.254) Determine the minimum size of glass tubing that can be used to measure water
level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface tension
of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m. [AU, Nov / Dec 2004, 2012]
1.255) Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 4 mm diameter,
when immersed in (i) water and (ii) mercury. The temperature of the liquid is 20C
and the values of surface tension of water and mercury at 20 C in contact with air
are 0.0735 N/m and 0.51 N/m respectively. The contact angle for water u = 0 and
for mercury u = 130. Take specific weight of water at 20C as equal to 9790N/ m3.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2007]
1.256) A Capillary tube having inside diameter 6 mm is dipped in CCl4at 20o C. Find
the rise of CCl4 in the tube if surface tension is 2.67 N/m and Specific gravity is
1.594 and contact angle u is 60 and specific weight of water at 20 C is 9981 N/m3.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.257) Two pipes A & B are connected to a U tube manometer containing mercury of
density 13,600kg/m3. Pipe A carries a liquid of density 1250kg/m3 and a liquid of
density 800kg/m3 flows through a pipe B, The center of pipe A is 80mm above the
pipe B. The difference of mercury level manometer is 200mm and the mercury
surface on pipe A side is 100mm below the center. Find the difference of pressure
between the two connected points of the pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.258) A crude oil of viscosity 0.9 poise and relative density 0.9 is flowing through a
horizontal circular pipe of diameter 120 mm and length 12 m. Calculate the
difference of pressure at the two ends of the pipe, if 785 N of the oils collected in a
tank in 25 seconds. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1.259) A simple U tube manometer containing mercury is connected to a pipe in which
a fluid of specific gravity 0.8 and having vacuum pressure is flowing. The other end
of the manometer is open to atmosphere. Find the vacuum pressure in the pipe, if the
difference of mercury level in the two limbs is 40cm and the height of the fluid in
the left from the center pipe is 15cm below. Draw the sketch for the above problem.
[AU, April / May - 2011, May / June - 2012]
1.260) A U-tube is made of two capillaries of diameter 1.0 mm and 1.5 mm respectively.
The tube is kept vertically and partially filled with water of surface tension 0.0736
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N/m and zero contact angles. Calculate the difference in the levels of the mercury
caused by the capillary. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.261) Define the terms gauge pressure and absolute pressure. A U tube containing
mercury has its right limb open to atmosphere. The left limb is full of water and is
connected to a pipe containing water under pressure, the centre of which is in the
level with the free surface of mercury. If the difference in the levels of mercury in
the limbs id 5.1cm, calculate the water pressure in the pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.262) The barometric pressure at sea level is 760 mm of mercury while that on a
mountain top is 735 mm. If the density of air is assumed constant at 1.2 kg/m3,
what is the elevation of the mountain top? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.263) The barometric pressure at the top and bottom of a mountain are 734mm and
760mm of mercury respectively. Assuming that the average density of air =
1.15kg/m3, calculate the height of the mountain. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
1.264) The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy person is about 120
mmHg. If a vertical tube open to the atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm
of the person, determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density
of the blood to be 1050 kg/ m3. [AU, April / May - 2008]
1.265) When a pressure of 20.7 MN/m2 is applied to 100 litres of a liquid, its volume
decreases by one litre. Find the bulk modulus of the liquid and identify this liquid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.266) The water level in a tank is 20 m above the ground. A hose is connected to the
bottom of the tank, and the nozzle at the end of the hose is pointed straight up. The
tank is at sea level, and the water surface is open to the atmosphere. In the line leading
from the tank to the nozzle is a pump, which increases the pressure of water. If the
water jet rises to a height of 27 m from the ground, determine the minimum pressure
rise supplied by the pump to the water line. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.267) Determine the minimum size of the glass tubing that can be used to measure
water level. If the capillary rise in the tube is not to exceed 2.5mm. Assume surface
tension of water in contact with air as 0.0746 N/m [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.268) A cylinder of 0.6m3 in volume contains air at 50oC and 0.3N/mm2 absolute
pressure. The air is compressed to 0.3m3. Find the (i) pressure inside the cylinder
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assuming isothermal process and (ii) pressure and temperature assuming adiabatic
process. Take k = 1.4.
1.269) A 30cm diameter pipe, conveying water, branches into two pipes of diameters
20cm and 15cm respectively. If the average velocity in the 30cm diameter pipe is
2.5m/sec, find the discharge in this pipe. Also determine the velocity in the 15cm
diameter pipe if the average velocity in the 20cm diameter pipe is 2m/sec.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
1.270) Water flows through a pipe AB 1.2m diameter at 3m/second then passes through
a pipe BC 1.5m diameter. At C, the pipe branches. Branch CD is 0.8m in diameter
and carries one - third of the flow in AB. The flow velocity in branch CE is 2.5m/sec.
Find the volume rate of flow in AB, the velocity in BC, the velocity in CD and the
diameter of CE.
1.271) Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 20cm and 10cm at sections 1
and 2 respectively. The rate of flow, through the pipe is 35litre/sec. The section 1 is
6m above datum and section 2 is 4m above datum. If the pressure at section 1 is
39.24N/cm2, find the intensity of pressure at section 2. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
1.272) A pipe 200m long slopes down at 1 in 100 and tapers from 600mm diameter at
the higher end to 300mm diameter at the lower end and carries 100 litres/sec of oil
having specific gravity 0.8. If the pressure gauge at the higher end reads 60kN/m2,
determine the velocities at the two ends and also the pressure at the lower end.
Neglect all losses [AU, April / May - 2015]
1.273) Water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100m having diameters 600mm
at the upper end and 300mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/ sec. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher
level is 19.62 N/cm2.
1.274) Water flows at the rate of 200 litres per second upwards through a tapered
vertical pipe. The diameter at the bottom is 240 mm and at the top 200 mm and the
length is 5 m. The pressure at the bottom is 8 bar, and the pressure at the topside is
7.3 bar. Determine the head loss through the pipe. Express it as a function of exit
velocity head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.275) A pipe of diameter 400mm carries water at a velocity of 25m/sec. The pressures
at the points A and B are given as 29.43N/cm2 and 22.563 N/cm2 respectively, while
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the datum head at A and B are 28m and 30m. Find the loss of head between A and
B.
1.276) A drainage pipe is tapered in a section running with full of water. The pipe
diameters at the inlet and exit are 1000 mm and 50 mm respectively. The water
surface is 2 m above the center of the inlet and exit is 3 m above the free surface of
the water. The pressure at the exit is250 mm of Hg vacuum. The friction loss
between the inlet and exit of the pipe is 1/10 of the velocity head at the exit.
Determine the discharge through the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2010]
1.277) A pipeline 60 cm in diameter bifurcates at a Y-junction into two branches 40 cm
and 30 cm in diameter. If the rate of flow in the main pipe is 1.5 m3/s, and the mean
velocity of flow in the 30 cm pipe is 7.5 m/s, determine the rate of flow in the 40 cm
pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
1.278) A pipeline of 175 mm diameter branches into two pipes which delivers the water
at atmospheric pressure. The diameter of the branch 1 which is at 35 counter-
clockwise to the pipe axis is 75mm. and the velocity at outlet is 15 m/s. The branch
2 is at 15 with the pipe center line in the clockwise direction has a diameter of 100
mm. The outlet velocity is 15 m/s. The pipes lie in a horizontal plane. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the forces on the pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.279) A pipeline conveys 10 lit/s of water from an overhead tank to a building. The
pipe is 2km long and 15cm diameter, the friction factor is 0.03. It is planned to
increase the discharge by 30% by installing another pipeline in parallel with this over
half the length. Find the suitable diameter of pipe to be installed. Is there any upper
limit on discharge augmentation by this arrangement? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.280) The water is flowing through a taper pipe of length 100 m having diameters 600
mm at the upper end and 300 mm at the lower end, at the rate of 50 litres/s. The pipe
has a slope of 1 in 30. Find the pressure at the lower end if the pressure at the higher
level is 19.62 N/cm2. [AU, May / June - 2013]
1.281) A 45 reducing bend is connected in a pipe line, the diameters at the inlet and
outlet of the bend being 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the force exerted by
water on the bend if the intensity of pressure at the inlet to the bend is 8.829N/cm2
and rate of flow of water is600 litre / sec.
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1.282) Gasoline (specific gravity = 0.8) is flowing upwards through a vertical pipe line
which tapers from300mm to 150mm diameter. A gasoline mercury differential
manometer is connected between 300 mm and 150 mm pipe sections to measure the
rate of flow. The distance between the manometer tappings is 1meter and the gauge
heading is 500 mm of mercury. Find the(i) differential gauge reading in terms of
gasoline head (ii) rate of flow. Assume frictional and other losses are negligible.
[AU, May / June 2007, 2014, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.283) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the
downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/s and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge) and
the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 30 cm and 20 cm respectively,
calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe.
[AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1.284) A horizontal pipe has an abrupt expansion from 10 cm to 16 cm. The water
velocity in the smaller section is 12 m/s, and the flow is turbulent. The pressure in
the smaller section is 300 kPa. Determine the downstream pressure, and estimate the
error that would have occurred if Bernoullis equation had been used.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
1.285) Air flows through a pipe at a rate of 20 L/s. The pipe consists of two sections of
diameters20 cm and 10 cm with a smooth reducing section that connects them. The
pressure difference between the two pipe sections is measured by a water
manometer. Neglecting frictional effects, determine the differential height of water
between the two pipe sections. Take the air density to be 1.20 kg/m3.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
air
200 L/s 20 cm
1.286) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet diameter 200 mm and throat diameter 100
mm is employed to measure the flow of water. The reading of the differential
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 23
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pressure gauges the entrance and the throat of the venturimeter are connected to the
limbs of a U tube mercury manometer. [AU, April / May - 2004]
1.293) A horizontal venturimeter with inlet and throat diameter 300mm and 100mm
respectively is used to measure the flow of water. The pressure intensity at inlet is
130 kN/m2 while the vacuum pressure head at throat is 350 mm of mercury.
Assuming 3% head lost between the inlet and throat. Find the value of coefficient of
discharge for venturimeter and also determine the rate of flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2004, 2005, April / May - 2010]
1.294) A vertical venturimeter carries a liquid of relative density 0.8 and has inlet throat
diameters of 150mm and 75mm. The pressure connection at the throat is 150mm
above the inlet. If the actual rate of flow is 40litres/sec and C d = 0.96, find the
pressure difference between inlet and throat in N/m2. [AU, May / June - 2006]
1.295) A 300 mm x 150 mm venturimeter is provided in a vertical pipeline carrying oil
of relative density 0.9, the flow being upwards. The differential U tube mercury
manometer shows a gauge deflection of 250 mm. Calculate the discharge of oil, if
the co-efficient of meter is 0.98. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
1.296) In a vertical pipe conveying oil of specific gravity 0.8, two pressure gauges have
been installed at A and B, where the diameters are 160mm a 80mm respectively. A
is 2m above B. The pressure gauge readings have shown that the pressure at B is
greater than at A by 0.981 N/cm2. Neglecting all losses, calculate the flow rate. If the
gauges at A and B are replaced by tubes filled with the same liquid and connected to
a U tube containing mercury, calculate the difference in the level of mercury in the
two limbs of the U tube. [AU, May / June - 2012]
1.297) Determine the flow rate of oil of S = 0.9 through an orifice meter of size 15 cm
diameter fitted in a pipe of 30 cm diameter. The mercury deflection of U tube
differential manometer connected on the two sides of the orifice is 50 cm. Assume
Cd of orifice meter as 0.64.
1.298) A submarine moves horizontally in sea and has its axis 15 m below the surface
of water. A pitot static tube properly placed just in front of the submarine along its
axis and is connected to the two limbs of a U - tube containing mercury. The
difference of mercury level is found to be170 mm. Find the speed of submarine
knowing that the sp. gr of sea water is 1.026.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 25
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.299) A submarine fitted with a Pitot tube move horizontally in sea. Its axis is 20m
below surface of water. The Pitot tube placed in front of the submarine along its axis
is connected to a differential mercury manometer showing the deflection of 20cm.
Determine the speed of the submarine. [AU, April / May - 2005]
1.300) A pitot-static probe is used to measure the velocity of an aircraft flying at 3000
m. If the differential pressure reading is 3 kPa, determine the velocity of the aircraft.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
1.301) A 15 cm diameter vertical pipe is connected to 10 cm diameter vertical pipe
with a reducing socket. The pipe carries a flow of 1001/s. At point 1 in 15 cm pipe
gauge pressure is 250 kPa. At point 2 in the 10 cm pipe located 1.0 m below point 1
the gauge pressure is 175 kPa.
Find whether the flow is upwards / downwards.
Head loss between the two points.
1.302) Water enters a reducing pipe horizontally and comes out vertically in the
downward direction. If the inlet velocity is 5 m/sec and pressure is 80 kPa (gauge)
and the diameters at the entrance and exit sections are 300 mm and 200 mm
respectively. Calculate the components of the reaction acting on the pipe.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 26
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
PART - A
2.1) How are fluid flows classified? [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.2) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
2.3) Write down Hagen Poiseuilles equation for viscous flow through a pipe.
2.4) Write down Hagen Poiseuilles equation for laminar flow.
[AU, April / May - 2005, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.5) Write the Hagen Poiseuilles Equation and enumerate its importance.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
2.6) State Hagen Poiseuilles formula for flow through circular tubes.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.7) Write down the Darcy - Weisbachs equation for friction loss through a pipe
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2011]
2.8) What is the relationship between Darcy Friction factor, Fanning Friction Factor
and Friction coefficient? [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.9) Mention the types of minor losses. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.10) List the minor losses in flow through pipe.
[AU, April / May - 2005, May / June - 2007]
2.11) What are minor losses? Under what circumstances will they be negligible?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.12) Distinguish between the major loss and minor losses with reference to flow
through pipes. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.13) List the causes of minor energy losses in flow through pipes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.14) What are the losses experienced by a fluid when it is passing through a pipe?
2.15) What is a minor loss in pipe flows? Under what conditions does a minor loss
become a major loss?
2.16) What do you understand by minor energy losses in pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.17) List out the various minor losses in a pipeline
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 27
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
2.18) What are major and minor losses of flow through pipes?
[AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2007, 2012, April / May - 2010]
2.19) List the minor and major losses during the flow of liquid through a pipe.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
2.20) Enlist the various minor losses involved in a pipe flow system.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.21) Write the expression for calculating the loss due to sudden expansion of the pipe.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.22) What factors account in energy loss in laminar flow. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.23) Differentiate between pipes in series and pipes in parallel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
2.24) What is Darcy's equation? Identify various terms in the equation.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
2.25) What is the relation between Dracy friction factor, Fanning friction factor and
friction coefficient? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.26) When is the pipe termed to be hydraulically rough? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.27) What is the physical significance of Reynold's number?
[AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.28) Define Reynolds Number. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.29) Write the Navier's Stoke equations for unsteady 3 - dimensional, viscous,
incompressible and irrotational flow. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.30) Define Moodys diagram
2.31) What are the uses of Moodys diagram? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, 2012]
2.32) Mention the use of Moody diagram. [AU, April / May - 2015]
2.33) State the importance of Moody's chart. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.34) Write down the formulae for loss of head due to
(i) sudden enlargement in pipe diameter
(ii) sudden contraction in pipe diameter and
(iii) Pipe fittings.
2.35) Define (i) relative roughness and (ii) absolute roughness of a pipe inner surface.
2.36) How does surface roughness affect the pressure drop in a pipe if the flow is
turbulent? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 28
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
2.37) A piping system involves two pipes of different diameters (but of identical length,
material, and roughness) connected in parallel. How would you compare the flow
rates and pressure drops in these two pipes? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.38) What do you mean by flow through parallel pipes? [AU, May / June - 2013]
2.39) What is equivalent pipe?
2.40) What is the use of Dupuits equations?
2.41) What is the condition for maximum power transmission through a pipe line?
2.42) Give the expression for power transmission through pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.43) Write down the formula for friction factor of pipe having viscous flow.
2.44) Define boundary layer and boundary layer thickness.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2012]
2.45) Define boundary layer thickness. [AU, May / June - 2006, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.46) What is boundary layer? Give its sketch of a boundary layer region over a flat
plate. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.47) What is boundary layer? Why is it significant? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.48) Define boundary layer and give its significance. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.49) What is boundary layer and write its types of thickness?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2006]
2.50) What do you understand by the term boundary layer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.51) Define the following (i) laminar boundary layer (ii) turbulent boundary layer
(iii) laminar sub layer.
2.52) What is a laminar sub layer? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.53) Define momentum thickness and energy thickness.
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
2.54) Define the term boundary layer. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.55) Define the terms boundary layer, boundary thickness. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.56) What is boundary layer separation? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.57) Give the classification of boundary layer flow based on the Reynolds number.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.58) Define the following:
(i) Displacement thickness (ii) Momentum thickness
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 29
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(iii)Energy thickness.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 30
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2.81) A circular and a square pipe are of equal sectional area. For the same flow rate,
determine which section will lead to a higher value of Reynolds number.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.82) A 20cm diameter pipe 30km long transport oil from a tanker to the shore at
0.01m3/s. Find the Reynolds number to classify the flow. Take the viscosity = 0.1
Nm/s2 and density = 900 kg/m3 for oil. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.83) Find the loss of head when a pipe of diameter 200 mm is suddenly enlarged to a
diameter 0f 400 mm. Rate of flow of water through the pipe is 250 litres/s.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
PART - B
2.84) What are the various types of fluid flows? Discuss [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.85) Define minor losses. How they are different from major losses?
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.86) Discuss on various minor losses in pipe flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.87) Discuss on minor losses in pipe flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.88) Which has a greater minor loss co-efficient during pipe flow: gradual expansion
or gradual contraction? Why? [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.89) Derive Chezys formula for loss of head due to friction in pipes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.90) What is the hydraulic gradient line? How does it differ from the total energy line?
Under what conditions do both lines coincide with the free surface of a liquid?
[AU, April / May - 2008]
2.91) Write notes on the following:
Concept of boundary layer.
Hydraulic gradient
Moody diagram.
2.92) Briefly explain Moodys diagram regarding pipe friction
[AU, May / June - 2014]
2.93) Describe the Moody's chart. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.94) For a flow of viscous fluid flowing through a circular pipe under laminar flow
conditions, show that the velocity distribution is a parabola. And also show that the
average velocity is half of the maximum velocity. [AU, May / June - 2013]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 31
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2.95) For flow of viscous fluids through an annulus derive the following expressions:
Discharge through the annulus.
Shear stress distribution. [AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
2.96) For a laminar flow through a pipe line, show that the average velocity is half of
the maximum velocity.
2.97) Prove that the Hagen-Poiseuilles equation for the pressure difference between
two sections 1 and 2 in a pipe is given by with usual notations.
2.98) Derive Hagen Poiseuilles equation and state its assumptions made.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.99) Derive Hagen Poiseuilles equation [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.100) Obtain the expression for Hagen Poiseuilles flow. Deduce the condition of
maximum velocity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.101) Give a proof a Hagen Poiseuilles equation for a fully developed laminar
flow in a pipe and hence show that Darcy friction coefficient is equal to 16/R e, where
Re is Reynolds number. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.102) Derive an expression for head loss through pipes due to friction.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
2.103) Explain Reynolds experiment to demonstrate the difference between laminar
flow and turbulent flow through a pipe line.
2.104) Derive Darcy - Weisbach formula for calculating loss of head due to friction in
a pipe. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.105) Derive Darcy - Weisbach formula for head loss due to friction in flow through
pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.106) Obtain expression for Darcy Weisbach friction factor f for flow in pipe.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.107) Explain the losses of energy in flow through pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.108) Derive an expression for Darcy Weisbach formula to determine the head loss
due to friction. Give an expression for relation between friction factor f and
Reynoldss number Re for laminar and turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.109) Prove that the head lost due to friction is equal to one third of the total head at
inlet for maximum power transmission through pipes. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
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2.110) Show that for laminar flow, the frictional loss of head is given by
hf= 8 fLQ2/g2D5 [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.111) Derive Eulers equation of motion for flow along a stream line. What are the
assumptions involved. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.112) A uniform circular tube of bore radius R1 has a fixed co axial cylindrical solid
core of radius R2. An incompressible viscous fluid flows through the annular passage
under a pressure gradient (-p/x). Determine the radius at which shear stress in the
stream is zero, given that the flow is laminar and under steady state condition.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.113) If the diameter of the pipe is doubled, what effect does this have on the flow rate
for a given head loss for laminar flow and turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.114) Derive an expression for the variation of jet radius r with distance y downwards
for a jet directed downwards. The initial radius is R and the head of fluid is H.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.115) Distinguish between pipes connected in series and parallel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.116) Discuss on hydraulic and energy gradient. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.117) Determine the equivalent pipe corresponding to 3 pipes in series with lengths
and diameters l1, l2, l3, d1, d2, d3 respectively. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.118) For sudden expansion in a pipe flow, work out the optimum ratio between the
diameter of before expansion and the diameter of the pipe after expansion so that the
pressure rise is maximum. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.119) Obtain the condition for maximum power transmission through a pipe line.
2.120) Explain stream lines, path lines and flow net. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.121) What are the uses and limitations of flow net? [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.122) Briefly explain about boundary layer separation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.123) Explain on boundary layer separation and its control.
2.124) Considering a flow over a flat plate, explain briefly the development of
hydrodynamic boundary layer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.125) Discuss in detail about boundary layer thickness and separation of boundary
layer. [AU, April / May - 2011]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 33
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2.128) In a water reservoir flow is through a circular hole of diameter D at the side wall
at a vertical distance H from the free surface. The flow rate through an actual hole
with a sharp-edged entrance (kL = 0.5) will be considerably less than the flow rate
calculated assuming frictionless flow. Obtain a relation for the equivalent diameter
of the sharp-edged hole for use in frictionless flow relations.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.129) Define : Boundary layer thickness(); Displacement thickness( *); Momentum
thickness() and energy thickness(**). [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.130) Briefly explain the following terms
Displacement thickness
Momentum thickness
Energy thickness [AU, May / June - 2014]
2.131) Find the displacement thickness momentum thickness and energy thickness for
the velocity distribution in the boundary layer given by (u/v) = (y/), where uis the
velocity at a distance y from the plate and u=U at y=, where = boundary layer
thickness. Also calculate (*/). [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2010]
2.132) Explain the concept of boundary layer in pipes for both laminar and turbulent
flows with neat sketches. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.133) What is hydraulic gradient line? How does it differ from the total energy line?
Under what conditions do both lines coincide with surface of the liquid?
[AU, April / May - 2008]
2.134) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a
circular pipe. [AU, May / June - 2007]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 34
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2.135) Write a brief note on velocity potential function and stream function.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.136) Derive an expression for the velocity distribution for viscous flow through a
circular pipe. Also sketch the distribution of velocity cross a section of the pipe.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
PROBLEMS
2.137) A 20 cm diameter pipe 30 km long transports oil from a tanker to the shore at
0.01m3/s. Find the Reynolds number to classify the flow. Take viscosity and
density for oil.
2.138) A pipe line 20cm in diameter, 70m long, conveys oil of specific gravity 0.95 and
viscosity 0.23 N.s/m2. If the velocity of oil is 1.38m/s, find the difference in pressure
between the two ends of the pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.139) Oil of absolute viscosity 1.5 poise and density 848.3kg/m3 flows through a
300mm pipe. If the head loss in 3000 m, the length of pipe is 200m, assuming
laminar flow, find
(i) the average velocity,
(ii) Reynoldss number and
(iii) Friction factor. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.140) An oil of specific gravity 0.7 is flowing through the pipe diameter 30cm at the
rate of 500litres/sec. Find the head lost due to friction and power required to maintain
the flow for a length of 1000m. Take = 0.29 stokes.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June - 2009]
2.141) A pipe line 10km, long delivers a power of 50kW at its outlet ends. The pressure
at inlet is 5000kN/m2 and pressure drop per km of pipeline is 50kN/m2. Find the size
of the pipe and efficiency of transmission. Take 4f = 0.02.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.142) A lubricating oil flows in a 10 cm diameter pipe at 1 m/s. Determine whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent.
2.143) An oil of specific gravity 0.80 and kinematic viscosity 15 x 10 6m2/s flows in a
smooth pipe of 12 cm diameter at a rate of 150 lit/min. Determine whether the flow
is laminar or turbulent. Also, calculate the velocity at the centre line and the velocity
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 35
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at a radius of 4 cm. What is head loss for a length of 10 m? What will be the entry
length? Also determine the wall shear. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.144) For the lubricating oil 2 = 0.1Ns /m and = 930 kg/m3. Calculate also transition
and turbulent velocities. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.145) Oil of ,mass density 800kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity 0.02 poise flows through
50mm diameter pipe of length 500m at the rate of 0.19 liters/ sec. Determine
Reynolds number of flow
Center line of velocity
Pressure gradient
Loss of pressure in 500m length
Wall shear stress
Power required to maintain the flow. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.146) In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at R/2 (midway
between the wall surface and the center line) is measured to be 6m/s. Determine the
velocity at the center of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.147) A pipe 85m long conveys a discharge of 25litres per second. If the loss of head
is 10.5m. Find the diameter of the pipe take friction factor as 0.0075.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.148) A smooth pipe carries 0.30m3/s of water discharge with a head loss of 3m per
100m length of pipe. If the water temperature is 20C, determine diameter of the
pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012]
2.149) Water is flowing through a pipe of 250 mm diameter and 60 m long at a rate of
0.3 m3/sec. Find the head loss due to friction. Assume kinematic viscosity of water
0.012 stokes.
2.150) Consider turbulent flow (f = 0.184 Re-0.2) of a fluid through a square channel
with smooth surfaces. Now the mean velocity of the fluid is doubled. Determine the
change in the head loss of the fluid. Assume the flow regime remains unchanged.
What will be the head loss for fully turbulent flow in a rough pipe?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
2.151) A pipe of 12cm diameter is carrying an oil ( = 2.2 Pa.s and = 1250 kg/m3)
with a velocity of 4.5 m/s. Determine the shear stress at the wall surface of the pipe,
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 36
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head loss if the length of the pipe is 25 m and the power lost.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.152) Find the head loss due to friction in a pipe of diameter 30cm and length 50cm,
through which water is flowing at a velocity of 3m/s using Darcys formula.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.153) For a turbulent flow in a pipe of diameter 300 mm, find the discharge when the
center-line velocity is 2.0 m/s and the velocity at a point 100 mm from the center as
measured by pitot-tube is 1.6 m/s. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.154) A laminar flow is taking place in a pipe of diameter 20cm. The maximum
velocity is 1.5m/s. Find the mean velocity and radius at which this occurs. Also
calculate the velocity at 4cm from the wall pipe. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.155) Water is flowing through a rough pipe of diameter 60 cm at the rate of
600litres/second. The wall roughness is 3 mm. Find the power loss for 1 km length
of pipe.
2.156) Water flows in a 150 mm diameter pipe and at a sudden enlargement, the loss of
head is found to be one-half of the velocity head in 150 mm diameter pipe. Determine
the diameter of the enlarged portion.
2.157) A 150mm diameter pipe reduces in diameter abruptly to 100mm diameter. If the
pipe carries water at 30 liters per second, calculate the pressure loss across the
contraction. The coefficient of contraction as 0.6. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.158) A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.85, changes in diameter from
350mm at position 1 to 550mm diameter to a position 2, which is at 6m at a higher
level. If the pressure at position 1 and 2 are taken as 20N/cm2 and 15N/cm2
respectively and discharge through the pipe is 0.2m3/s. Determine the loss of head.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
2.159) A pipe line carrying oil of specific gravity 0.87, changes in diameter from
200mm at position A to 500mm diameter to a position B, which is at 4m at a higher
level. If the pressure at position A and B are taken as 9.81N/cm2 and 5.886N/cm2
respectively and discharge through the pipe is 200 litres/s. Determine the loss of head
and direction of flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.160) A 30cm diameter pipe of length 30cm is connected in series to a 20 cm diameter
pipe of length 20cm to convey discharge. Determine the equivalent length of pipe
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 37
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
diameter 25cm, assuming that the friction factor remains the same and the minor
losses are negligible. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.161) A pipe of 0.6m diameter is 1.5 km long. In order of augment the discharge,
another line of the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half
of the length. Neglecting minor losses. Find the increase in discharge, if friction
factor f= 0.04. The head at inlet is 40m. [AU, Nov / Dec 2004, 2005, 2012]
2.162) A pipe of 10 cm in diameter and 1000 m long is used to pump oil of viscosity
8.5 poise and specific gravity 0.92 at the rate of1200 lit./min. The first 30 m of the
pipe is laid along the ground sloping upwards at 10 to the horizontal and remaining
pipe is laid on the ground sloping upwards 15 to the horizontal. State whether the
flow is laminar or turbulent? Determine the pressure required to be developed by the
pump and the power required for the driving motor if the pump efficiency is 60%.
Assume suitable data for friction factor, if required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.163) Oil with a density of 900 kg/m3and kinematic viscosity of 6.2 10-4m2/s is being
discharged by a 6 mm diameter, 40 m long horizontal pipe from a storage tank open
to the atmosphere. The height of the liquid level above the center of the pipe is 3 m.
Neglecting the minor losses, determine the flow rate of oil through the pipe.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
2.164) Oil at 27C ( = 900 kg/m3 and = 40 centi poise) is flowing steadily in a
1.25cm diameter 40m long During the flow, the pressure at the pipe inlet and exit is
measured to be 8.25 bar and 0.95 bar, respectively. Determine the flow rate of oil
through the pipe assuming the pipe is [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Horizontal,
Inclined 20 upward, and
Inclined 20 downward.
2.165) The velocity of water in a pipe 200mm diameter is 5m/s. The length of the pipe
is 500m. Find the loss of head due to friction, if f = 0.008. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
2.166) A 200mm diameter (f = 0.032) 175m long discharges a 65mm diameter water jet
into the atmosphere at a point which is 75m below the water surface at intake. The
entrance to the pipe is reentrant with ke = 0.92 and the nozzle loss coefficient is 0.06.
Find the flow rate and the pressure head at the base of the nozzle.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
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2.167) A pipe line 2000m long is used for power transmission 110kW is to be
transmitted through a pipe in which water is having a pressure of 5000kN/m2 at inlet
is flowing. If the pressure drop over a length of a pipe is 1000kN/m2 and coefficient
of friction is 0.0065, find the diameter of the pipe and efficiency of transmission.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
2.168) A horizontal pipe of 400 mm diameter is suddenly contracted to a diameter of
200 mm. The pressure intensities in the large and small pipe are given as 15 N/cm2
and 10 N/cm2 respectively. Find the loss of head due to contraction, if C c = 0.62,
determine also the rate of flow of water.
2.169) A horizontal pipe line 40 m long is connected to a water tank at one end and
discharges freely into the atmosphere at the other end. For the first 25 m of its length
from the tank, the pipe is 150 mm diameter and its diameter is suddenly enlarged to
300 mm. The height of water level in the tank is 8 m above the centre of the pipe.
Considering all losses of head which occur, determine the rate of flow. Take f = 0.01
for both sections of the pipe. [AU, May / June - 2013]
2.170) A 15cm diameter vertical pipe is connected to 10cm diameter vertical pipe with
a reducing socket. The pipe carries a flow of 100 l/s. At a point 1 in 15cm pipe gauge
pressure is 250kPa. At point 2 in the 10cm pipe located 1m below point 1 the gauge
pressure is 175kPa.
Find weather the flow is upwards /downwards
Head loss between the two points [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.171) The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25 m3/sec. The diameter
of the pipe, which is 20 cm, is suddenly enlarged to 40 cm. The pressure intensity
in the smaller pipe is 11.7 N/cm2. Determine the loss of head due to sudden
enlargement and pressure intensity in the larger pipe, power loss due to enlargement.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.172) In a city water supply systems, water is flowing through a pipe line 30cm in
diameter. The pipe diameter is suddenly reduced to 20cm. estimate the discharge
through the pipe if the difference across the sudden contraction is 5kPa.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.173) A 45 reducing bend is connected to a pipe line. The inlet and outlet diameters
of the bend being 600mm and 300mm respectively. Find the force exerted by water
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 39
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on the bend, if the intensity of pressure at inlet to bend is 8.829N/cm2 and the rate of
flow of water is 600 liters/s. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.174) Horizontal pipe carrying water is gradually tapering. At one section the diameter
is 150mm and the flow velocity is 1.5m/s. If the drop pressure is 1.104bar is reduced
section, determine the diameter of that section. If the drop is 5kN/m2, what will be
the diameter Neglect the losses? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.175) The rate of flow of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.3m3/sec. The diameter
of the pipe, which is 25cm, is suddenly enlarged to 50 cm. The pressure intensity in
the smaller pipe is 14N/cm2. Determine the loss of head due to sudden enlargement,
pressure intensity in the larger pipe power lost due to enlargement.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
2.176) Water at 15C ( =999.1 kg/m3and = 1.138 x 10-3kg/m. s) is flowing steadily
in a30-m-long and 4 cm diameter horizontal pipe made of stainless steel at a rate of
8 L/s. Determine (i) the pressure drop, (ii) the head loss, and (iii) the pumping power
requirement to overcome this pressure drop. Assume friction factor for the pipe as
0.015. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.177) The discharge of water through a horizontal pipe is 0.25m3/s. The diameter of
above pipe which is 200mm suddenly enlarges to 400mm at a point. If the pressure
of water in the smaller diameter of pipe is 120kN/m2, determine loss of head due to
sudden enlargement; pressure of water in the larger pipe and the power lost due to
sudden enlargement. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.178) A pipe of varying sections has a sectional area of 3000, 6000 and 1250 mm2 at
point A, B and C situated 16 m, 10 m and 2 m above the datum. If the beginning of
the pipe is connected to a tank which is filled with water to a height of 26 m above
the datum, find the discharge, velocity and pressure head at A, B and C. Neglect all
losses. Take atmospheric pressure as 10 m of water.
2.179) An existing 300mm diameter pipeline of 3200m length connects two reservoirs
having 13m difference in their water levels. Calculate the discharge Q1. If a parallel
pipe 300mm in diameter is attached to the last 1600m length of the above existing
pipe line, find the new discharge Q2. What is the change in discharge? Express it as
a % of Q1. Assume friction factor f = 0.14 in Darcy Weisbach formula.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
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minor losses are negligible. Also find the discharge if minor losses are included.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.186) A compound piping system consists of 1800 m of 0.5 m, 1200 m of 0.4 m and
600 m of 0.3 m new cast-iron pipes connected in series. Convert the system to (i) an
equivalent length of0.4 m diameter pipe and (ii) an equivalent size of pipe of 3600
m length. [AU, April / May - 2003]
2.187) A 100m long pipe line of 300mm in diameter contains two 90 elbows and two
gate valves (wide open). Calculate the equivalent pipe length and total loss of head
when the flow rate is 0.5m3/s, f = 0.005, and the pipe has a sharp entry and exit.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.188) A pipe line of 600 mm diameter is 1.5 km long. To increase the discharge,
another line of the same diameter is introduced parallel to the first in the second half
of the length. If f = 0.01 and head at inlet is 30 m, calculate the increase in discharge.
2.189) A pipe line of 0.6m diameter is 1.5Km long. To increase the discharge, another
line of same diameter is introduced in parallel to the first in second half of the length.
Neglecting the minor losses, find the increase in discharge if 4f = 0.04. The head at
inlet is 30cm. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.190) A pipe line of 0.6m diameter is 1.5Km long. To increase the discharge, another
line of same diameter is introduced in parallel to the first in second half of the length.
Neglecting the minor losses, find the increase in discharge if Darcys friction factor
0.04. The head at inlet is 300mm. [AU, April / May - 2015]
2.191) Two pipes of 15cm and 30cm diameters are laid in parallel to pass a total
discharge of 100 litres per second. Each pipe is 250m long. Determine discharge
through each pipe. Now these pipes are connected in series to connect two tanks
500m apart, to carry same total discharge. Determine water level difference between
the tanks. Neglect the minor losses in both cases, f=0.02 fn both pipes.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
2.192) Two pipes of diameter 40 cm and 20 cm are each 300 m long. When the pipes
are connected in series and discharge through the pipe line is0.10 m3/sec, find the
loss of head incurred. What would be the loss of head in the system to pass the same
total discharge when the pipes are connected in parallel? Take f = 0.0075 for each
pipe. [AU, May / June 2007, 2012, Nov / Dec - 2010]
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2.193) A main pipe divides into two parallel pipes, which again forms one pipe. The
length and diameter for the first parallel pipe are 2000m and 1m respectively, while
the length and diameter of second parallel pipe are 200m and 0.8m respectively. Find
the rate of flow in each parallel pipe, if total flow in the main is 3m3/s. The coefficient
of friction for each parallel pipe is same and equal to 0.005.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
2.194) The main pipe is divided into two parallel pipes which again forms one pipe, the
first parallel pipe has length of 1000 m and diameter of 0.8 m. The second parallel
pipe has length of 1000 m and diameter of 0.6 m. The coefficient friction for each
parallel pipe is 0.005. If the total rate of flow in the main pipe is 2 m3 /sec, find the
rate of flow in each parallel pipe. [AU, May / June - 2014]
2.195) For a town water supply, a main pipe line of diameter 0.4 m is required. As pipes
more than 0.35m diameter are not readily available, two parallel pipes of same
diameter are used for water supply. If the total discharge in the parallel pipes is same
as in the single main pipe, find the diameter of parallel pipe. Assume co-efficient of
discharge to be the same for all the pipes. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.196) Two pipes of identical length and material are connected in parallel. The
diameter of pipe A is twice the diameter of pipe B. Assuming the friction factor to
be the same in both cases and disregarding minor losses, determine the ratio of the
flow rates in the two pipes. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.197) A pipe line 30cm in diameter and 3.2m long is used to pump up 50Kg per second
of oil whose density is 950 Kg/m3 and whose kinematic viscosity is 2.1 strokes, the
center of the pipe line at the upper end is 40m above than the lower end. The
discharge at the upper end is atmospheric. Find the pressure at the lower end and
draw the hydraulic gradient and total energy line. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.198) Two water reservoirs A and B are connected to each other through a 50 m long,
2.5 cm diameter cast iron pipe with a sharp-edged entrance. The pipe also involves
a swing check valve and a fully open gate valve. The water level in both reservoirs
is the same, but reservoir A is pressurized by compressed air while reservoir B is
open to the atmosphere. If the initial flow rate through the pipe is 1.5 l/s, determine
the absolute air pressure on top of reservoir A. Take the water temperature to be
25C. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
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2.199) When water is being pumped is a pumping plant through a 600mm diameter
main, the friction head was observed as 27m. In order to reduce the power
consumption, it is proposed to lay another main of appropriate diameter along the
side of existing one, so that the two pipes will work in parallel for the entire length
and reduce the friction head to 9.6m only. Find the diameter of the new main if with
the exception of diameter; it is similar to the existing one in all aspects.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.200) Kerosene (SG = 0.810) at a temperature of 22C flows in a 75-mm diameter
smooth brass pipeline at a rate of 0.90 lit/s. Find the friction head loss per meter, For
the same head loss, what would be the flow rate if the temperature of the kerosene
were raised to 40C? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.201) Determine the
Pressure gradient
The shear stress at the two horizontal parallel plates and
Discharge per meter width for the laminar flow of oil with maximum
velocity 2m/s between two horizontal parallel fixed plates which are
10cm apart. Given = 2.4525 Ns/m2 [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.202) In fully developed laminar flow in a circular pipe, the velocity at R/2 (midway
between the wall surface and the centerline) is measured to be 6 m/s. Determine the
velocity at the center of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008]
2.203) A smooth two dimensional flat plate is exposed to a wind velocity of 100 km/h.
If laminar boundary layer exists up to a value of Rexequal to 3 x 105, find the
maximum distance up to which laminar boundary layer exists and find its maximum
thickness. Assume kinematic viscosity of air as 1.49 x 10-5m2/sec.
[AU, April / May - 2003]
2.204) Air is flowing over a flat plate with a velocity of 5 m/s. The length of the plate
is 2.5 m and width 1 m. The kinematic viscosity of air is given as 0.15 x 10 -4m2/s.
Find the
(i) boundary layer thickness at the end of plate
(ii) shear stress at 20 cm from the leading edge
(iii) shear stress at 175 cm from the leading edge
(iv) Drag force on one side of the plate.
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3 1 3
(v) Take the velocity profile = ( ) ( ) over a plate as and the
2 2
density of air1.24 kg/m3.
2.205) A plate of 600mm length and 400mm wide is immersed in a fluid of specific
gravity 0.9 and kinematic viscosity of = 10-4 m2/s. The fluid is moving with velocity
of 6m/s. Determine
Boundary layer thickness
Shear stress at the end of the plate
Drag force on one side of the plate. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.206) Water at 20 C enters a pipe with a uniform velocity (U) of 3m/s. What is the
distance at which the transition (x) occurs from a laminar to a turbulent boundary
layer? If the thickness of this initial laminar boundary layer is given by 4.91(vx/U)
what is its thickness at the point of transition?(v kinematic viscosity).
[AU, April / May - 2011]
2.207) A flat plate 1.5 m x 1.5 m moves at 50 km/h in stationary air of density 1.15
kg/m3. If the co-efficient of drag and lift are 0.15 and 0.75 respectively, determine
the
(i) Lift force
(iv) The power required to set the plate in motion. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2.208) A jet plane which weighs 29430 N and has the wing area of 20m2 flies at the
velocity of 250km/hr. When the engine delivers 7357.5kW. 65% of power is used to
overcome the drag resistance of the wing. Calculate the coefficient of lift and
coefficient of drag for the wing. Take density of air = 1.21 kg/m3
[AU, May / June - 2009]
2.209) For the velocity profile in laminar boundary layer as u/U = 3/2 (y/)-1/2(y/)3.
Find the thickness of the boundary layer and shear stress, 1.8m from the leading edge
of a plate. The plate is 2.5 m long and 1.5 m wide is placed in water, which is moving
with a velocity of 15 cm/sec. Find the drag on one side of the plate if the viscosity
of water is 0.01 poise. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
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2.210) Consider flow of oil through a pipe of 0.3m diameter. The velocity distribution
is parabolic with maximum velocity of 3 m/s at the pipe centre. Estimate the shear
stress at the pipe wall and within the fluid 50mm from the pipe wall. The viscosity
of the oil is 1.7Pa.s. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
2.211) The velocity distribution in the boundary layer is given by u/U = y/, where u is
the velocity at the distance y from the plate u = U at y = , being boundary layer
thickness. Find the displacement thickness, momentum thickness and energy
thickness. [AU, April / May - 2010]
2.212) If the velocity distribution in a laminar boundary layer over a flat plate is given
by / = sin(/2 /), calculate the value of , , and shear stress.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
2.213) Water at 20C flow through a 160mm diameter pipe with roughness of 0.016
mm. If the mean velocity is 6 m/s, what is the nominal thickness of the viscous sub-
layer? What will be the viscous sub -layer if the velocity is increased to 7.2 m/s?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
2.214) The flow rate in a 260mm diameter pipe is 220 litres/sec. The flow is turbulent,
and the centerline velocity is 4.85m/s. Plot the velocity profile, and determine the
head loss per meter of pipe. [AU, April / May - 2011]
2.215) An oil of viscosity 0.9Pa.s and density 900kg/m3 flows through a pipe of 100mm
diameter. The rate of pressure drop for every meter length of pipe is 25kPa. Find the
oil flow arte, drag force per meter length, pumping power required to maintain the
flow over a distance of 1km, velocity and shear stress at 15, from the pipe wall.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
2.216) Consider the flow of a fluid with viscosity m through a circular pipe. The
velocity profile in the pipe is given as where is the maximum flow velocity, which
occurs at the centerline; r is the radial distance from the centerline; is the flow
velocity at any position r; and R is the Reynold's number. Develop a relation for the
drag force exerted on the pipe wall by the fluid in the flow direction per unit length
of the pipe. [AU, April / May - 2008]
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u(r) = umax(1-rn / Rn )
R
r
o
umax
2.217) Velocity components in flow are given by U = 4x, V = -4y. Determine the stream
and potential functions. Plot these functions for 60, 120, 180, and 240 and 0, 60,
120, 180, +60, +120, +180. Check for continuity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
2.218) A fluid of specific gravity 0.9 flows along a surface with a velocity profile given
by v = 4y - 8y3m/s, where y is in m. What is the velocity gradient at the boundary?
If the kinematic viscosity is 0.36S, what is the shear stress at the boundary?
[A.U. Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.219) In a two dimensional incompressible flow the fluid velocities are given by u = x
ay and v = - y 4x. Show that the velocity potential exists and determine its form.
Find also the stream function. [AU, May / June - 2009]
2.220) A smooth flat plate with a sharp leading edge is placed along a free stream of
water flowing at 3m/s. Calculate the distance from the leading edge and the boundary
thickness where the transition from laminar to turbulent- flow may commence.
Assume the density of water as 1000 kg/m3 and viscosity as 1centipoise.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
2.221) A smooth two dimensional flat plate is exposed to a wind velocity of 100 km/hr.
If laminar boundary layer exists up to a value of RN = 3 x105, find the maximum
distance up to which laminar boundary layer persists and find its maximum
thickness. Assume kinematic viscosity of air as 1.49x10-5 m2/s.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
2.222) A power transmission pipe 10 cm diameter and 500 m long is fitted with a nozzle
at the exit, the inlet is from a river with water level 60 m above the discharge nozzle.
Assume f = 0.02, calculate the maximum power which can be transmitted and the
diameter of nozzle required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
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PART - A
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3.20) The excess pressure p inside a bubble is known to be a function of the surface
tension and the radius. By dimensional reasoning determine how the excess pressure.
Will vary if we double the surface tension and the radius.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.21) Distinguish between Rayleigh's method and Buckingham's - theorem.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
3.22) Under what circumstances, will Buckinghams theorem yield incorrect number
of dimensionless group?
3.23) State a few applications / usefulness of dimensional analysis.
3.24) Define Euler's number. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.25) List out any four rules to select repeating variable.
3.26) Define similitude.
3.27) Give the three types of similarities.
3.28) What are the types of similarities? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
3.29) Define geometric similarity.
3.30) Define kinematic similarity.
3.31) What is meant by kinematic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.32) Define dynamic similarity.
3.33) What is meant by dynamic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
3.34) What is dynamic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.35) What is similarity in model study? [AU, April / May - 2005]
3.36) What is scale effect in physical model study?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2006, May / June 2012]
3.37) If two systems (model and prototype) are dynamically similar, is it implied that
they are also kinematically and geometrically similar? [AU, May / June - 2012]
3.38) Distinguish between a control and differential control volume.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
3.39) Mention the circumstances which necessitate the use of distorted models.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
3.40) Give the types of forces in a moving fluid.
3.41) Give the dimensions of power and specific weight. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.42) Define inertia force.
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3.80) Define the following dimensionless numbers and state their significance for fluid
flow problems. [AU, May / June - 2014]
Reynolds number
Mach number
3.81) Explain the Reynolds model law and state its applications.
3.82) Use dimensionless analysis to arrange the following groups into dimensionless
parameters; p, V, , g and f, , L, V use MLT system. [AU, April / May - 2011]
3.83) Use dimensional analysis and the MLT system to arrange the following into a
dimensionless number: L, , and a. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.84) Consider force F acting on the propeller of an aircraft, which depends upon the
variable U, , , D and N. Derive the non dimensional functional form F/(U2D2)
= f ((UD/),(ND/U)) [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
3.85) The frictional torque T of a disc diameter D rotating at a speed N in a fluid of
viscosity and density in a turbulent flow is given by
T = D5 N2 [/D2N]. Prove this by Buckinghams theorem.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
3.86) Resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body is given by R =
v2l2(VL/), where and are the mass density and kinematic viscosity of the fluid;
v velocity of flow; l length of the body. If the resistance of a one eighth scale
air - ship model when tested in water at 12m/s is 22N, what will be the resistance of
the air ship at the corresponding aped, in air? Assume kinematic viscosity of air is
13times that of water and density of water is 810 times of air.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2010]
3.87) The resisting force R to a supersonic plane during flight can be considered as
dependent upon the length of the aircraft l, velocity V, air viscosity m, air density
and bulk modulus of air K. Express the functional relationship between these
variables and the resisting force.
3.88) The resisting force F of a plane during flight can be considered as dependent upon
the length of aircraft (l), velocity (v), air viscosity (), air density () and bulk
modulus of air (K). Express the functional relationship between these variables using
dimensional analysis. Explain the physical significance of the dimensionless groups
arrived. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
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3.89) Derive an expression for the shear stress at the pipe wall when an incompressible
fluid flows through a pipe under pressure. Use dimensional analysis with the
following significant parameters: pipe diameter D, flow velocity V, and viscosity
and density of the fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.90) The resistance R, to the motion of a completely submerged body depends upon
the length of the body (L), velocity of flow (V), mass density of fluid (), kinematic
viscosity (). Prove by dimensional analysis that
R = V2L2(VL/) [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.91) Obtain a relation using dimensional analysis, for the resistance to uniform motion
of a partially submerged body in a viscous compressible fluid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.92) Using Buckingham method of dimensional analysis obtain an expression for the
drag force R on a partially submerged body moving with a relative velocity V in a
fluid; the other variables being the linear dimension L, height of surface roughness
K, Fluid density and the gravitational acceleration g. [AU, April / May - 2015]
3.93) The power developed by hydraulic machines is found to depend on the head h,
flow rate Q, density , speed N, runner diameter D, and acceleration due to gravity
g. Obtain suitable dimensionless parameters to correlate experimental results.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2011, 2014]
3.94) Show that the power P developed in a water turbine can be expressed as:
3.95) The capillary rise h is found to be influenced by the tube diameter D, density ,
gravitational acceleration g and surface tension . Determine the dimensionless
parameters for the correlation of experimental results. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
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3.96) Using dimensional analysis, obtain a correlation for the frictional torque due to
rotation of a disc in a viscous fluid. The parameters influencing the torque can be
identified as the diameter, rotational speed, viscosity and density of the fluid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.97) The drag force on a smooth sphere is found to be affected by the velocity of flow,
u, the diameter D of the sphere and the fluid properties density and viscosity .
Find the dimensionless groups to correlate the parameters. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
3.98) State Buckingham's - theorem. What do you mean by repeating variables? How
are the repeating variables selected in dimensional analysis?
3.99) State Buckingham's - theorem. What are the considerations in the choice of
repeating variables? [AU, April / May - 2010]
3.100) Express efficiency in terms of dimensionless parameters using density,
viscosity, angular velocity, diameter of rotor and discharge using Buckingham
theorem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.101) State the Buckingham theorem. What are the criteria for selecting repeating
variable in this dimensional analysis? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
3.102) State Buckingham theorem. Mention the important principle for selecting
the repeating variables. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.103) State and prove Buckingham theorem.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2009, April / May - 2010]
3.104) Using Buckinghams - theorem show that the velocity through a circular orifice
is given by V = (2gH) [(D/H), (/VH)
Where H is the head causing the flow
D is the diameter of the orifice
is the coefficient of viscosity
is the mass density
g is the acceleration due to gravity [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, April / May - 2010]
3.105) Using Buckingham's - theorem, show that the pressure difference P in a pipe
of diameter D and length l due to turbulent flow depends on the velocity V, viscosity
, density and roughness k.
3.106) The efficiency () of a fan depends on (density), (viscosity) of the fluid,
(angular velocity), d(diameter of rotor) and Q(discharge). Express in terms of non-
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as a variable, and find the resulting non dimensional relation between the parameters
in this problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.112) Oil is moved up in a lubricating system by a rope dipping in the sump containing
oil and moving up. The quantity of oil pumped Q, depends on the speed u of the
rope, the layer thickness 6, the density and viscosity of the oil and acceleration due
to gravity. Obtain the dimensionless parameters to correlate the flow.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.113) When fluid in a pipe is accelerated linearly from rest, it begins as laminar flow
and then undergoes transition to turbulence at a time t, which depends upon the pipe
diameter D, fluid acceleration a, density and viscosity . Arrange this into a
dimensionless relation between t and D. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
3.114) What are the similarities between model and prototype? Mention the
applications of model testing. [AU, May / June - 2013]
PROBLEMS
3.115) Find the discharge through a weir model by knowing the discharge over the
actual (proto type) weir is measured as 1.5m3/s. The horizontal dimension of the
model = 1/50 of the horizontal dimensions of the proto type and the vertical
dimension of the model = 1/10 of the vertical dimension of the proto type. (Hint:
Apply Froude model law) [AU, April / May - 2004]
3.116) Model of an air duct operating with water produces a pressure drop of 10 kN/m2
over 10 m length. If the scale ratio is 1/50. Density of water is 1000 kg/m3 and density
of air is 1.2 kg/m3. Viscosity of water is 01.001 Ns/m2 and viscosity of air 0.00002
Ns/m2. Estimate corresponding drop in a 20m long air duct.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2004, 2005, April / May - 2010]
3.117) A model of a hydroelectric power station tail race is proposed to build by
selecting vertical scale 1 in 50 and horizontal scale 1 in 100. If the design pipe has
flow rate of 600m3/s and allow the discharge of 800m3/s. Calculate the corresponding
flow rates for the model testing. [AU, April / May - 2005]
3.118) A pipe of diameter 1.5 m is required to transport an oil of specific gravity 0.90
and viscosity 3 * 10-2 poise at the rate 3000 litre / sec. Test where conducted on a
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15cm diameter pipe using water at 20 C. Find the velocity and the rate of flow in
model. Viscosity of water at 20C = 0.01poise. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
3.119) In order to predict the pressure in a large air duct model is constructed with linear
dimensions (1/10)th that of the prototype and the water was used as the testing fluid.
If water is 1000 times denser than that of air and has 100 times the viscosity of air,
determine the pressure drop in the prototype, for the conditions corresponding to a
pressure drop of 70kPa, in the model. [AU, May / June - 2009]
3.120) In an aero plane model of size 1/10 of its prototype, the pressure drop is
7.5kN/m2. The model is tested in water; find the corresponding drop in prototype.
Assume density of air = 1.24kg/m3; density of water = 1000kg/m3; viscosity of air =
0.00018 poise; viscosity of water = 0.01 poise. [AU, May / June - 2007]
3.121) A geometrically similar model of an air duct is built to 1/25 scale and tested with
water which is 50 times more viscous and 800 times denser than air. When tested
under dynamically similar conditions, the pressure drop is 200 kN/m2 in the model.
Find the corresponding pressure drop in the full scale prototype and express in cm
of water. [AU, Nov / Dec 2010, May / June - 2014]
3.122) Model tests have conducted to study the energy losses in a pipe line of 1m
diameter required to transport kerosene of specific gravity 0.80 and dynamic
viscosity 0.02 poise at the rate of 2000 litre/sec. Tests were conducted on a 10cm
diameter pipe using water at 20C. What is the flow rate in the model? If the energy
head loss in 30m length of the model is measured as 44cm of water, what will be the
corresponding head loss in the prototype? What will be the friction factor for the
prototype pipe. [AU, May / June - 2012]
3.123) In a geometrically similar model of spillway the discharge per meter length is
0.2m3/sec. if the scale of the model is 1/36, find the discharge per meter run of the
prototype. [AU, May / June - 2014]
1
3.124) A spillway model is to be built to a geometrically similar scale of - across a
50
flume of 600 mm width. The prototype is 15 m high and maximum head on it is
expected to be 1.5 m.
What height of model and what head on the model should be used?
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If the flow over the model at a particular head is 12 litres per second, what
flow per metre length of the prototype is expected?
If the negative pressure in the model is 200 mm, what is the negative
pressure in prototype? Is it practicable? [AU, May / June - 2013]
3.125) The characteristics of the spillway are to be studied by means of a geometrically
similar modal constructed to the scale ratio of 1:10.
If the maximum rate of flow in the prototype is 28.3m3, what will be the
corresponding flow in model?
If the measured velocity in the model at a point on the spillway is 2.4m/s,
what will be the corresponding velocity in prototype?
If the hydraulic jump at the foot of the model is 50mm high, what will be
the height of jump in prototype?
If the energy dissipated per second in the model is 3.5Nm, what energy is
dissipated per second in the prototype? [AU, April / May - 2015]
3.126) Vortex shedding at the rear of a structure of a given section can create harmful
periodic vibration. To predict the shedding frequency, a smaller model is to be tested
in a water tunnel. The air speed is expected to be about 75 kmph. If the geometric
scale is 1 : 6.5 and the water temperature is 25C determine the speed to be used in
the tunnel. Consider air temperature as 38C. If the shedding frequency of the model
was 60 Hz, determine the shedding frequency of the prototype. The dimensions of
the structure are diameter 0.12 m and height 0.36 m. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
3.127) An agitator of diameter D rotates at a speed N in a liquid of density and
viscosity . Show that the power required to mix the liquid is expressed by a
functional form [AU, April / May - 2011]
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UNIT IV PUMPS
PART - A
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4.24) What are the advantages of centrifugal pump over reciprocating pumps?
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.25) Tabulate the causes and remedies for a centrifugal pump, when pump fails to
pump the fluid. [AU, April / May - 2015]
4.26) What is a delivery pipe?
4.27) Define manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal pump.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
4.28) What is the maximum theoretical suction head possible for a centrifugal pump?
[AU, April / May - 2008]
4.29) Define suction head and manometric head of a centrifugal pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.30) Define - manometric head and write its mathematical equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.31) Define Net Positive Suction Head [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.32) What do you mean by Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)?
[AU, May / June - 2014]
4.33) What is meant by NPSH? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.34) How does the specific speed of a centrifugal pump differ from that of a turbine?
4.35) Write the equation for specific speed for pumps and also for turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
4.36) Define specific speed as applied to pumps. [AU, May / June - 2009]
4.37) Define specific speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.38) What is specific speed of a pump? How are pumps classified based on this
number? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.39) Give examples of machines handling gases with high pressure rise.
4.40) What do you mean by manometric efficiency and mechanical efficiency of a
centrifugal pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.41) Define pump.
4.42) What is the principle of pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.43) Give the classification of pumps.
4.44) What is a positive displacement pump?
4.45) Define non - positive displacement pump (or) roto dynamic pump.
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PART - B
4.106) Draw typical velocity triangles for fluid motion along a series of moving curve
vanes and derive Eulers equation of energy transfer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.107) Explain the construction and working of a centrifugal pump with a neat sketch.
4.108) Explain the operation of centrifugal pump with the help of a neat sketch. Write
short notes on different types of casing used in centrifugal pumps.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
4.109) What is the role of volute chamber of a centrifugal pump? Define manometric
head. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
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4.110) Sketch and briefly describe the volute diffusion type pumps. What function is
served by volute chamber in a centrifugal pump? [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.111) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of centrifugal, submersible and jet
pumps. [AU, April / May - 2008]
4.112) What is priming in a centrifugal pump? Why is it necessary?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
4.113) Obtain the expression for work done by impeller of a centrifugal pump on water
per second per unit weight of water. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June - 2009]
4.114) Describe multi-stage pump with impeller in series and impellers in parallel.
[AU, May / June - 2014]
4.115) Define the manometric efficiency of a centrifugal pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
4.116) Define cavitation and discuss its causes, effects and prevention.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
4.117) Define cavitation. What are the effects of cavitation? Give the necessary
precaution against cavitation. [AU, May / June 2009, 2014]
4.118) Define cavitation and explain the various effects of cavitation.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
4.119) Draw the velocity triangle for a centrifugal pump and obtain the expression for
the work done. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.120) What is specific speed of pump?
[AU, April / May 2004, May / June - 2009]
4.121) Define speed of a centrifugal pump. How does it differ from that of turbine?
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
4.122) State the expression for the specific speed of a pump. What is its use?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2012]
4.123) What do you understand by characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump? Explain
them with neat sketches. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.124) Explain in detail about the performance curves for pumps and turbines.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
4.125) Determine the minimum speed for starting a centrifugal pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
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4.126) Explain briefly the following efficiencies of a centrifugal pump (i) Manometric
efficiency (ii) Volumetric efficiency [AU, May / June - 2014]
4.127) Discuss - characteristics of centrifugal pump at constant speed.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.128) Explain the characteristics curves of a centrifugal pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.129) Discuss on the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.130) Explain about the performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.131) Define specific speed of a centrifugal pump. Derive expression for the same in
the terms of head H, discharge Q and speed N [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.132) Enumerate the losses that occur during the operation of the centrifugal pump.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.133) Distinguish between roto dynamic pump and positive displacement pump with
simple sketch. [AU, April / May - 2005]
4.134) How rotary pumps are classified. Explain the working principles of any one type
of rotary pump with the aid of a neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June 2012]
4.135) Discuss the working of rotary positive displacement pumps.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
4.136) Discuss in detail about rotary positive displacement pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.137) With neat sketches, discuss about the rotary positive displacement pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.138) With an example, explain in detail the working principle and construction of
rotary pumps with neat diagram. [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.139) Classify pumps. Explain the working of double acting reciprocating pump with
a neat diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2010]
4.140) Discuss on the cascade theory. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.141) Describe the working and principles of a reciprocating pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, April / May - 2011]
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4.156) Show that the work done by a reciprocating pump is equal to the area of the
indicator diagram. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2010]
4.157) Write briefly on the following.
Rotary pumps and their classifications.
Indicator diagram for reciprocating pump. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.158) Define slip, percentage slip and negative slip of a reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.159) Define: slope, % of slip and negative slop with respect to reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
4.160) Define % of slip and indicator diagram, with respect to reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
4.161) What is % of slip in reciprocating pump? [AU, April / May - 2010]
4.162) What is an air vessel? Describe the function of the air vessel for reciprocating
pumps.
4.163) What is an air vessel? What are the uses/advantages of fitting air vessel in a
reciprocating pump? [AU, May / June - 2007]
4.164) What is air vessel and write the expression for work done by reciprocating pump
fitted with air vessel. [AU, April / May - 2005]
4.165) What is an air vessel? Derive the expression for the percentage work saved by
using an air vessel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.166) What is an air vessel? What are the advantages of fitting air vessel in a
reciprocating pump? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
4.167) Calculate the work saved by fitting an air vessel for a double acting single
cylinder reciprocating pump. [AU, April / May 2008, May / June - 2013]
4.168) Describe the function of the air vessel.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June 2012]
4.169) What are the functions of air vessel in a positive displacement pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.170) Explain in detail about the concept of pressure vessels with its characteristics.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
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4.171) Determine the % of work saved in one cycle when air vessel is provided on the
delivery side of a single cylinder single acting reciprocating pump.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.172) Explain the various types of rotary pumps with its construction details and its
applications. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.173) Explain the working principle of Gear pump with neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
4.174) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a gear pump.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.175) Explain the construction and working of the following rotary pumps with neat
sketches. (a) Gear pump (b) Vane pump
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, May / June - 2014]
4.176) Explain in detail the working principle and construction of rotary pumps with
neat sketch. [AU, May / June - 2013]
4.177) Explain the working of the following pumps with the help of neat sketches and
mention two applications of each.
(i) External gear pump (ii) Lobe pump (iii) Vane pump (iv) Screw pump.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
4.178) Write a short note on following types of rotary pumps:
4.179) Discuss the working of Lobe and vane pumps. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
4.180) Explain in detail the working of a gear pump with a neat sketch.
[AU, April / May, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.181) Explain the working of vane pump with neat diagram.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.182) Discuss briefly the working principle of vane pump with a schematic diagram.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
4.183) Explain the working principle of screw pump and gear pump with neat diagram
in detail. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.184) Draw and explain the indicator diagram for a reciprocating pump including the
effect of friction and acceleration.
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4.185) Derive an expression for the percentage work saved by using an air vessel with
(i) single acting and (ii) double acting reciprocating pump.
PROBLEMS
4.186) A centrifugal pump is provided at a height of 5m above the sump water level and
the outlet of the delivery pipe is 10m above the sump. The vane angle at outlet is
50. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant at 1.6m/s. Find :
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
The pressure head at inlet to the wheel
The pressure head at outlet of the wheel. Assume that the velocity of water
in the pipes is equal to the velocity of flow through the impeller. Ignore
losses
4.187) The following observations are made while conducting a performance test on
centrifugal pump. Determine the overall efficiency of the pump. Discharge of water
is 1.8m3/s. Diameter of suction and delivery pipe are 15cm and 10cm respectively.
The suction and delivery gauge readings are 25cm of mercury and 175 kN/m2
respectively. The height of delivery gauge over suction gauge is 0.5m. The output
of driving motor is 9.555kW. [AU, April / May - 2005]
4.188) The head discharge characteristics of a centrifugal pump is given below.
The pump delivers fresh water through a 500 m long, 15 cm diameter pipe line having
friction coefficient of f = 0.025. The static lift is 15 m. Neglecting minor losses in
the pipe flow, find (i) the discharge of the pump under the above conditions (ii)
driving power of the pump motor. Assume a pump efficiency of 72%.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.189) The internal and external diameters of the impeller of a centrifugal pump are
200mm and 400mm respectively. The pump is running at 1200 rpm. The vane angles
of the impeller at inlet and outlet are 20and 30 respectively. The water enters the
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impeller radically and the velocity of flow is constant. Determine the work done by
the impeller per unit weight of water. [AU, Nov / Dec 2008, 2012]
4.190) The internal and external diameter of an impeller of a centrifugal pump which is
running at 1000 r.p.m, are 200 mm and 400 mm respectively. The discharge through
pump is 0.04 m3/s and velocity of flow is constant and equal to 2.0 d s . The
diameters of the suction and delivery pipes are 150mm and 100mm respectively and
suction and delivery heads are 6 m (abs.) and 30 m (abs.) of water respectively. If
the outlet vane angle is 45 and power required to drive the pump is 16.186 kW,
determine:
4.191) A centrifugal pump with backward-curved blades has the following measured
performance when tested with water at 20C :
Estimate the best efficiency point and the maximum efficiency. Also, estimate the most
efficient flow rate, and the resulting head and brake power, if the diameter is doubled
and the rotation speed is increased by 50%. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.192) The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 300mm outside diameter and 150mm
inside diameter. The impeller vane angles are 30 and 25 at the inner and outer
peripheries respectively and the speed is 1450rpm. The velocity of the flow through
the impeller is constant. Find the work done by the impeller per N of water.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
4.193) A centrifugal pump running at 800rpm is working against a total head of 20.2m.
The external diameter of impeller is 480mm and the outlet width is 60mm. If the
vane angle at outlet is 40 and manometric efficiency is 70%, determine
Flow velocity at outlet
Absolute velocity of water leaving the vane
Angle made by the absolute velocity at outlet with direction of motion
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4.200) A pump has to supply water which is at 70C water at 90 m3/min and 1800 rpm.
Find the type of pump needed, the power required, and the impeller diameter if the
required pressure rise for one stage is 200 kPa; and 1250 kPa.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.201) A centrifugal pump with an impeller diameter of 0.4 m runs at 1450 rpm. The
angle at outlet of the backward curved vane is 25 with tangent. The flow velocity
remains constant at 3 m/s. If the manometric efficiency is 84% determine the
fraction of the kinetic energy at outlet recovered as static head.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
4.202) The impeller of a centrifugal pump is 300mm in diameter and having a width of
50mm at the periphery. It has blades whose tip angles are inclined backwards at 60
from the radius. The pump delivers 17m3/min of water and the impeller rotates at
1000rpm. Assuming that the pump is designed to admit liquid radially, calculate
Speed and direction of water as it leaves impeller
Torque exerted by the impeller on water
Shaft power required
Lift of the pump
Assume the mechanical efficiency = 95% and the hydraulic efficiency = 75%
[AU, May / June 2007, 2012]
4.203) A centrifugal pump discharges 2000 l/s of water per second developing a head
of 20m when running at 300rpm. The impeller diameter at the outlet ant the outflow
velocity is 1.5m and 3m/s respectively. It vanes are set back at an angle of 30 at the
outlet, determine
Manometric efficiency
Power required by the pump
If inner diameter is 750mm, find the minimum speed to start the pump.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
4.204) The impeller of a centrifugal pump has an external diameter of 450mm and
internal diameter of 200mm and it runs at 1440rpm. Assuming a constant radial flow
through the impeller at 2.5m/s and the vanes at exit are set back at an angle of 25.
Determine
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4.226) A single acting reciprocating pump has a diameter (piston) of 150mm and stroke
length 350 mm. The center of the pump is 3.5 m above the water surface in the sump
and 22 m below the delivery water level. Both the suction and delivery pipes have
the same diameter of 100 mm and are 5 m and 30 m long respectively. If the pump
is working at 30 rpm determine the pressure heads on the piston at the beginning,
middle and end of both suction and delivery strokes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.227) Calculate the rate of flow in and out of the air vessel on the delivery side in a
single acting reciprocating pump of 220 mm bore and 330 mm stroke running at 50
rpm. Also find the angle of crank rotation at which there is no flow into or out of the
air vessel. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.228) In a single acting reciprocating pump the bore and stroke are 100 and 150 mm.
respectively. The static head requirements are 4 m suction and 18 m delivery. If the
pressure at the end of delivery is atmospheric calculate the operating speed. The
diameter of the delivery pipe is 75 mm and the length of the delivery pipe is 24 m.
Determine the acceleration head at = 33 from the start of delivery.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
4.229) A double - acting reciprocating pump, running at 40rpm is discharging 1m3 of
water per minute. The pump has a stroke of 400mm. The diameter of the piston is
200mm. The delivery and suction heads are 20m and 5m respectively. Find the slip
of the pump and the power required to drive the pump.
4.230) The cylinder bore diameter of a single acting reciprocating pump is150mm and
its stroke length is 300mm. The pump runs at 50 rpm and lifts water through a height
of 25m. The delivery pipe is 22m long and 100mm in diameter. Find the theoretical
discharge and the theoretical power required to run the pump. If the actual discharge
is 4.2 litres/s. Find the percentage of slip.
[AU, April / May - 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, 2012]
4.231) The diameter and stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 120 mm and
300 mm respectively. The water is lifted by a pump through a total head of 25 m.
The diameter and length of delivery pipe are 100 mm and 20 m. respectively. find
out:
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(i) Theoretical discharge and theoretical power required to run the pump
if its speed is60 rpm.
(iii) The acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the delivery stroke.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
4.232) The length and diameter of a suction pipe of a single acting reciprocating pump
are 5 m and 10 cm respectively. The pump has a plunger of diameter 150 mm and
a stroke length of 300 mm. The center of the pump is 4 m above the water surface
in the sump. The atmospheric pressure head is 10.3m of water and the pump runs
at 40 rpm. Determine the
i) Pressure head due to acceleration at the beginning of the suction stroke.
ii) Maximum pressure head due to acceleration.
iii) Pressure head in the cylinder at the beginning and at the end of the stroke.
4.233) Consider a double acting reciprocating pump running at 40rpm. The pump
delivers 1m3/min of water. The piston diameter is 20cm and the stroke length is
40cm. The delivery and the suctions heads are 20m and 5m respectively. Calculate
the % slip and the power required to drive the pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
4.234) The diameter and the stroke of a single acting reciprocating pump are 200mm
and 400mm respectively, the pump runs at 60 rpm and lifts 12 litres of water per
second through a height of 25m. The delivery pipe is 20m long and 150mm in
diameter. Find (i) theoretical power required to run the pump (ii) % of slip and (iii)
acceleration head at the beginning and middle of the delivery stroke.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
4.235) The diameter and stroke length of a single acting reciprocating pump are 75 mm
and 150 mm respectively. Supply of water to the pump is from a sump 3 m below
the pump through a pipe of 5 m long and 40 mm in diameter. The pump delivers
water to a tank located at 12 m above the pump through a pipe 30 mm in diameter
and 15 m long. Assuming that a separation of flow occurs at 75 kN/m2 (below the
atmospheric pressure), find the maximum speed at which the pump may be operated
without any separation. [AU, May / June - 2007]
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vessel of sufficient volume is added at a distance of 2.5m from the pump. Determine
the acceleration head with and without air vessel. [AU, April / May - 2011]
4.246) A single cylinder double acting reciprocating pump has a piston diameter of
300mm and stroke length of 400mm. When the pump runs at 45rpm, it discharges
0.039m3/s under a total head of 15m. What will be the volumetric efficiency, work
done per second and power required if the mechanical efficiency of the pump is
75%. [AU, May / June - 2012]
4.247) The indicator diagram of a single acting reciprocating pump gives effective
delivery head of 5m and 23m with crank at inner and outer dead center respectively.
What is the static delivery head of reciprocating pump? [AU, April / May - 2005]
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UNIT V TURBINES
PART - A
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5.62) Describe briefly the function of the various main components of a Pelton wheel
turbine with neat sketches.
5.63) Describe briefly the functions of various components of Pelton turbine with neat
sketches. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.64) Explain the component parts and working of a Pelton wheel turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
5.65) Define and derive an expression for specific speed of a turbine.
5.66) Explain the terms unit power, unit speed and unit discharge with reference to a
turbine.
5.67) Explain the hydraulic efficiency of a turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.68) Sketch the velocity triangles at inlet and outlet of a Pelton wheel.
5.69) Draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a Pelton turbine and indicate the
direction of various velocity components. Also obtain the expression for the work
done per second by water on the runner of the Pelton wheel. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.70) What is breaking jet in Pelton wheel turbine?
[AU, April / May 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June 2012]
5.71) Differentiate Pelton wheel turbine with Francis turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2005]
5.72) Distinguish between reaction turbine and impulse turbine.
[AU, May / June - 2013]
5.73) Give the comparison between impulse and reaction turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.74) With the help of neat diagram explain the construction and working of a Pelton
wheel turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
5.75) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Pelton wheel.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
5.76) With a neat sketch, explain the working of a Pelton wheel. Also obtain the
expression of the work done. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.77) Obtain an expression for power developed in a reaction turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.78) What is the condition for hydraulic efficiency of a Pelton wheel to be maximum?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
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5.79) Explain the construction and working of the following turbines with neat
sketches.
(i) Pelton wheel turbine (ii) Francis turbine (iii) Kaplan turbine
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5.91) Show that the hydraulic efficiency for a Francis turbine having velocity flow
through runner as constant given by relation. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.92) An inward flow reaction turbine discharges radially and the velocity of flow is
constant, show that the hydraulic efficiency can be expressed by
Where and are the guide and vane angles at inlet. [AU, May / June - 2012]
5.93) Write a short note on Governing of Turbines. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.94) Classify hydraulic machines and give one example for each.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.95) Explain the working principle of Kaplan turbine and derive the working
proportion of its design. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.96) Draw a neat sketch of Kaplan turbine, name the parts and briefly explain the
working. [AU, May / June - 2007]
5.97) Draw a schematic diagram of a Kaplan turbine and explain its construction and
Working. [AU, May / June - 2014]
5.98) Explain with help of a diagram, the essential features of Kaplan turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.99) Draw a schematic diagram of a Kaplan turbine and explain briefly its construction
and working. Obtain an expression for work done by the runner.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.100) Discuss about construction details of Kaplan turbine with a neat sketch.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.101) What is function draft tube in Francis turbine?
[AU, April / May 2003, 2010]
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5.102) Discuss about draft tube and its types. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.103) Derive an expression for the efficiency of draft tube. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
5.104) Derive an expression for specific speed. What is the significance of specific
speed of turbine? [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.105) How is a specific speed of the turbine, defined? [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.106) Write a note on performance curves of turbine. [AU, April / May - 2010]
5.107) Show that the overall efficiency of a hydraulic turbine is the product of
volumetric, hydraulic and mechanical efficiencies. [AU, May / June - 2007]
5.108) Define: Hydraulic efficiency and overall efficiency with respect to turbines.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.109) Explain the different types of the efficiency of a turbine.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.110) Explain the load efficiency characteristics of hydraulic turbines with a diagram.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
5.111) Mention three to four most striking characteristics of Pelton wheel, Francis
turbine and Kaplan turbine. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.112) Discuss the performance characteristics of reaction turbine in detail.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
5.113) Discuss briefly the characteristics curves of hydraulic turbines.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
PROBLEMS
5.114) A turbine develops 9000kW when running at speed of 140rpm and under a head
of 30m. Determine the specific speed of the turbine. Derive the expression used in
above problem. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.115) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications :
a. Shaft power =11,772 KW ; head = 380 metres; speed = 750 rpm,
b. Overall efficiency=86%. Jet diameter is not to exceed one-sixth of the wheel
diameter. Determine the
i) Wheel diameter ii) Number of jets required
iii) Diameter of the jet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
5.116) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for a head of 60m when running at 200 rpm.
The Pelton wheel develops 95.6475 kW shaft power. The velocity of the buckets is
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equal to 0.45 times the velocity of the jet. Overall efficiency = 0.85 and co-efficient
of velocity is equal to 0.98.
5.117) A Pelton wheel has to be designed for the following data. Power to be developed
= 6000kW; Net head available = 300m; Speed = 550rpm; Ratio of jet diameter to
wheel diameter = 1/10 and overall efficiency = 85%. Find the no of jets, diameter of
jet, diameter of wheel and quantity of water required. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
5.118) A Pelton wheel is to be designed for the following specifications:
Shaft power = 11,772 kW
Head (H) = 380m
Speed = 750rpm
Overall efficiency (0) = 86%
Jet diameter > 1/6 wheel diameter.
Determine: The wheel diameter, the number of jets required and diameter of the
jet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.119) A single jet Pelton wheel runs at 300 rpm under a head of 510 m. The jet
diameter is 200 mm and its deflection inside the bucket is 165. Assuming that its
relative velocity is reduced by 15% due to friction, determine (i) water power (ii)
resultant force on bucket and (iii) overall efficiency.
[AU, May / June - 2007, 2012]
5.120) Determine the rpm, work done per second, power and overall efficiency of a
Pelton wheel from the following data. Head = 150m, Wheel diameter = 0.75m, Jet
diameter =4cm, Deflection angle of buckets = 172, Cv of nozzle = 0.98, Speed ratio
= 0.42 and surface roughness factor of vanes = 0.97. [AU, April / May - 2015]
5.121) A Pelton wheel supplied water from reservoir under a gross head of 112m and
the friction losses in pen stock amounts to 20m of head. The water from pen stock is
discharged through a single nozzle of diameter of 100mm at the rate of 0.30m 3/s.
Mechanical losses due to friction amounts to 4.3kW of power and the shaft power
available is 208kW. Determine velocity of jet, water power at inlet to runner, power
losses in nozzles, power lost in runner due to hydraulic resistance.
[AU, May / June - 2007]
5.122) A Pelton wheel is having a mean bucket diameter of 1 m and is running at 1000
rpm. The net head on the Pelton wheel is 700 m. If the side clearance angle is 15and
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the discharge through the nozzle is 0.1m3/sec, find the i) power available at the
nozzle and ii) hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Take CV=1.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
5.123) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12 m/s and supplied with water at
the rate of 0.7 m3/s under a head of 300 m. If the buckets deflect the jet through an
angle of 160, find the power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
5.124) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 10m/s with a jet of water flowing at
the rate of0.7 m3/s under a head of 30m. The buckets deflect the jet through an angle
of 160. Calculate the power given by the water to the runner and the hydraulic
efficiency of the turbine. Assuming the coefficient of velocity as 0.98
[AU, April / May - 2004, Nov / Dec - 2005, 2010, 2012, May / June - 2009]
5.125) A Pelton wheel which is receiving water from a penstock with a gross head of
510m. One - third of Gross head is lost in the penstock. The rate of flow through the
nozzle fitted at the end of the penstock is 2.2 m3/sec. The angle of deflection of the
jet is 165. Determine (1) The power given by the water to the runner (2) Hydraulic
efficiency of the Pelton wheel. Take Cv=1 and speed ratio =0.45
[AU, May / June - 2014]
5.126) A Pelton turbine is required to develop 9000 kW when working under a head of
300m the impeller may rotate at 500 rpm. Assuming a jet ratio of 10 and overall
efficiency of 85% calculate [AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
(i) Quantity of water required
(ii) Diameter of the wheel
(iii) Number of jets
(iv) Number and size of the bucket vanes on the runner
5.127) The nozzle of a Pelton wheel gives a jet of 9cm diameter and velocity 75m/s.
Coefficient of velocity is 0.978. The pitch circle diameter is 1.5m and the deflection
angle of the buckets is 170. The wheel velocity is 0.46 times the jet velocity.
Estimate the speed of the Pelton wheel turbine in rpm, theoretical power developed
and also the efficiency of the turbine. [AU, April / May - 2005, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.128) A Pelton turbine having 1.6m bucket diameter develops a power of 3600kW at
400rpm, under a net head of 275m. If the overall efficiency is 88%, and the
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coefficient of velocity is 0.97, find speed ratio, discharge, diameter of the nozzle and
specific speed. [AU, May / June - 2007]
5.129) A Pelton wheel has a mean bucket speed of 12m/s and supplied with water at
the rate of 0.7m3/s under a head of 300m. If the buckets deflect the jet through an
angle of 160 find the power developed and hydraulic efficiency of the turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
5.130) A Pelton turbine is to produce 18MW under a head of 450 m when running at
480 rpm. If D/d ratio is 10, determine the number of jets required.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.131) Consider an impulse wheel with a pitch diameter of 2.75m and a bucket angle
of 170. If the velocity is 58m/s, the jet diameter is 100mm, and the rotational speed
is 320rpm, find the force on the buckets, the torque on the runner, and the power
transferred to the runner. Assume v2 = 0.9v1. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.132) A gas turbine operates between 1000k and 650 k temperature limits taking in air
20 kg/s at 125 m/s and discharging at 300 m3/s. Estimate the power developed by
the turbine. Given Cp=995 J / Kg.K. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.133) A reaction turbine at 450rpm, head 120m, diameter at inlet 120cm flow area
0.4m2 has angles made by absolute and relative velocities at inlet 20 and 60
respectively. Find volume flow rate, H.P and efficiency. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.134) An inward flow reaction turbine has internal and external diameter as 0.85m and
1m respectively. The hydraulic efficiency of turbine is 0.92 under a head of 60m.
The velocity of flow at outlet is 3m/s and discharge at outlet is radial. The vane angle
at the outlet is 18 and width of the wheel is 75mm. Calculate the guide blade angle,
turbine speed, vane angle at inlet and power developed by the turbine.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
5.135) An inward flow reaction turbine has external and internal diameters as 0.9m and
0.45m respectively. The turbine is running at 200 rpm and width of the turbine at
inlet is 200mm. The velocity of flow through the runner is constant and is equal to
1.8m/sec. The guide blades make an angle of 10 to the tangent of the wheel and the
discharge at the outlet of the turbine is radial. Determine the
i) Absolute velocity of water at inlet of runner
ii) Velocity of whirl at inlet
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angle at entrance and exit. Also determine work done on vanes per second N of water
supplied by the jet. [AU, April / May - 2005]
5.141) In an inward radial flow turbine, water enters at an angle of 22 to the wheel
tangent to the outer rim and leaves at 3 m/s. The flow velocity is constant through
the runner. The inner and outer diameters are 300 mm and 600 mm respectively.
The speed of the runner is 300 rpm. The discharge through the runner is radial. Find
the
(ii) Taking inlet width as 150 mm and neglecting the thickness of the blades,
find the power developed by the turbine. [AU, April / May - 2010]
5.142) The velocity of the whirl at the inlet to the runner of an inward flow reaction
turbine is 3.15H m/s and the velocity of flow at inlet is 1.05H m/s. The velocity
of whirl at exist is 0.22H m/s in the same direction as at inlet and the flow at exist
is 0.83H m/s, where H is head of water 30m. The inner diameter of the runner is
0.6 times the outer diameter. Assuming hydraulic efficiency of 80%. Compute angles
of the runner vanes at inlet and exist. [AU, April / May 2003, 2010]
5.143) Design a Francis Turbine runner with the following data: Net head = 70m speed
N = 800 rpm. Output power 400 Kw Hydraulic efficiency = 95% Overall efficiency
= 85% Flow ratio = 0.2 Breadth ratio = 0.1 Inner diameter is 1/3 outer diameter.
Assume 6% circumferential area of the runner to be occupied by the thickness of the
vanes. The flow is radial at exit and remains constant throughout.
[AU Nov / Dec - 2008]
5.144) A Francis turbine developing 16120 kW under a head of 260 m runs at 600 rpm.
The runner outside diameter is 1500 mm and the width is 135 mm. The flow rate is
7 m3/s. The exit velocity at the draft tube outlet is 16 m/s. Assuming zero whirl
velocity at exit and neglecting blade thickness determine the overall and hydraulic
efficiency and rotor blade angle at inlet. Also find the guide vane outlet angle.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.145) Calculate guide blade angles, vane angles, runner diameters at inlet and outlet
and width of the wheel at outlet for a Francis turbine with the following data: Net
head: 70 m; Speed: 720 rpm; Shaft Power: 310 kW; Overall efficiency: 0.85;
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Hydraulic efficiency: 0.9; Flow ratio: 0.2; Breadth ratio: 0.1; OD/ID ratio: 1.8; The
thickness of vanes occupy 7.5% of circumferential area of runner velocity of flow is
Constant and discharge is radial at outlet. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
5.146) The following data is given for a Francis Turbine Net head = 60m speed N =
700 rpm. Shaft power 294.3 kW Hydraulic efficiency = 93% Overall efficiency =
84% Flow ratio = 0.2 Breadth ratio = 0.1 Inner diameter is 1/2 outer diameter.
Assume 5% circumferential area of the runner to be occupied by the thickness of the
vanes. Velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet and discharge is radial outlet.
Determine [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Guide blade angle
Runner vane angle at inlet and outlet
Diameter of the runner at inlet and outlet
Width of the wheel at inlet
5.147) The inner and outer diameters of an inward flow reaction turbine are 50 cm and
100 cm respectively. The vanes are radial at inlet and discharge is also radial. The
inlet guide vanes angle is 10. Assuming the velocity of flow as constant and equal
to 3 m/s, find the speed of the runner and the vane angle at the outlet.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
5.148) A reaction turbine works at 450rpm under a head of 120metres. Its diameter at
inlet is 120cm and the flow area is 0.4m2. The angles made by absolute and relative
velocities at inlet are 20 and 60 respectively with the tangential velocity.
Determine the
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is 0.68, and the overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is 1/3 rd of the
diameter of the runner, its specific speed. [AU, May / June - 2009]
5.157) A Kaplan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 7360kW. The net available
head is 5.5m. Assuming the speed ratio is 2.09 and the flow ratio is 0.68 and the
overall efficiency is 60%. The diameter of the boss is one third of the diameter of the
runner. Find the diameter of the runner, its speed and its specific speed.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
5.158) A Kaplan turbine working under a head of 20 m develops 15 MV brake power.
The hub diameter and runner diameter of the turbine are 1.5 m and 4 m respectively.
The guide blade angle at the inlet is 30. The discharge is radial. Find the runner
vane angles and turbine speed. Take hydraulic and overall efficiency as 90% and 80
% [AU, April / May - 2010, Nov / Dec - 2011]
5.159) A Kaplan turbine is to be designed to develop 9100kW. The net available head
is 5.6m/ If the speed ratio is 2 and flow ratio is 0.68, overall efficiency 86% and the
diameter of the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the runner,
its speed and specific speed of turbine. [AU, April / May - 2011]
5.160) A Kaplan turbine delivers 10 MW under a head of 25 m. The hub and tip
diameters are 1.2 m and 3 m. Hydraulic and overall efficiencies are 0.90 and 0.85. If
both velocity triangles are right angled triangles, determine the speed, guide blade-
outlet angle and blade outlet angle. [AU, Nov / Dec 2013, 2014]
5.161) The hub diameter of a Kaplan turbine working under a head of 12m, is 0.35
times the diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100 rpm. If the vane angle
of the extreme edge of the runner at outlet is 15 and the flow ratio is 0.6, find the
diameter of the runner, diameter of the boss and the discharge through the runner.
The velocity at the whirl at outlet is given as zero. [AU, April / May - 2015]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 96
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ANNA UNIVERSITY
2 MARKS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
PREPARED BY
R.ASHOK KUMAR M.E (CAD)
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.4) Differentiate between solids and liquids. [AU, May / June - 2007]
Solid Liquid
Solids have their own shape Fluids not have their own shape
Solids are compressible Fluids are incompressible
They offer resistance to change They do not offer resistance to
in shape change in shape
1.5) Discuss the importance of ideal fluid. [AU, April / May - 2011]
Ideal fluid: a fluid with no friction
Also referred to as an inviscid (zero viscosity) fluid
Internal forces at any section within are normal (pressure forces)
Practical applications: many flows approximate frictionless flow away from
solid boundaries.
Do not confuse ideal fluid with a perfect (ideal) gas.
1.6) What is a real fluid? [AU, April / May - 2003]
The fluid which posses viscosity is known as real fluid
1.7) Define Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is directly proportional to the rate of
shear strain (or velocity), is known as Newtonian fluid
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 2
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear
strain (or velocity gradient), is known as Non Newtonian fluid
1.8) What are Non Newtonian fluids? Give example. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
A real fluid, in which the shear stress is not proportional to the rate of shear
strain (or velocity gradient), is known as Non Newtonian fluid
Examples Paint, Toothpaste and Printers Ink
1.9) Differentiate between Newtonian and Non Newtonian fluids.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
Newtonian fluid Non Newtonian fluid
A real fluid, in which the shear
A real fluid, in which the shear
stress is not proportional to the
stress is directly proportional to
rate of shear strain (or velocity
the rate of shear strain (or
gradient)
velocity gradient)
Examples Paint, Toothpaste
Examples Water & Kerosene
and Printers Ink
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 3
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.15) Define the term specific volume and express its units.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
Specific volume is defined as the volume of a fluid occupied by a unit mass
or volume per unit mass of the fluid. The unit of specific volume is m3/kg.
1.16) Define specific weight and density. [AU, May / June - 2012]
Density of the fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume.
Specific Weight of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its
volume
1.17) Define density and specific gravity of a fluid. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Density of the fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to its volume.
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density of a fluid to the
weight density of the standard fluid.
1.18) What is specific weight and specific gravity of a fluid?
[AU, April / May - 2010]
Specific Weight of a fluid is the ratio between the weight of a fluid to its
volume
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density of a fluid to the
weight density of the standard fluid.
1.19) What is specific gravity? How is it related to density?
[AU, April / May - 2008]
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density of a fluid to the
weight density of the standard fluid.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 4
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.21) Define Viscosity and give its unit. [AU, Nov / Dec 2003]
Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the
movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid. Unit for
viscosity is
1.22) Define Newtons law of viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
The shear force acting between two layers of fluid is proportional to the
difference in their velocities and the area is inversely proportional to the distance
between two plates.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 5
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid. Unit for
viscosity is
1.26) Define coefficient of viscosity. [AU, April / May - 2005]
The Newtons law of viscosity states theta the shear stress on a fluid element
layer is directly proportional to the rate of the shear strain. The constant of
proportionality is called the coefficient of viscosity
=
1.27) Define coefficient of volume of expansion. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Coefficient of volume of expansion is defined as the amount of expansion
(or contraction) per unit length of a material resulting from one degree change in
temperature
1.28) Define relative or specific viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2013]
It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity of fluid to dynamic viscosity of water at
20 C.
1.29) Define kinematic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The kinematic viscosity is defined ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of the fluid.
1.30) Define kinematic and dynamic viscosity. [AU, May / June - 2006]
The Kinematic Viscosity is defined ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of the fluid.
The Dynamic Viscosity is defined as the shear stress required to produce
unit rate of shear deformation.
1.31) Define dynamic viscosity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008, May / June - 2012]
The Dynamic Viscosity is defined as the shear stress required to produce
unit rate of shear deformation.
1.32) What is kinematic viscosity? State its units? [AU, May / June - 2014]
The Kinematic Viscosity is defined ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of the fluid. The unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/sec and also known as
stoke.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 6
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.33) Define the terms kinematic viscosity and give its dimensions.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
The Kinematic Viscosity is defined ratio between the dynamic viscosity and
density of the fluid. The unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/sec and also known as
stoke.
1.34) Differentiate between kinematic viscosity of liquids and gases with respect to
pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
For liquids, the kinematic viscosity is practically independent of pressure.
For gases, the kinematic viscosity is inversely proportional to density and thus
pressure since the density of a gas is proportional to its pressure.
1.35) What is the importance of kinematic viscosity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Kinematic viscosity is the only fluid property will relate density and absolute
viscosity. As the Gases are compressible, viscosity of gases should be specified
through kinematic viscosity rather than Absolute viscosity. Also the kinematic
viscosity value of any fluid will be for a standard temperature & pressure (STP) not
like absolute viscosity. Hence Kinematic viscosity is an important property of any
fluid
1.36) Write the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
The unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/sec and also known as stoke.
The Unit for dynamic viscosity is
1.37) What are the units and dimensions for kinematic and dynamic viscosity of a
fluid? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006, 2012]
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 7
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.39) How does the dynamic viscosity of liquids and gases vary with temperature?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007, April / May - 2008]
Dynamic Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers
resistance to the movement of one layer of fluid over another adjacent layer of the
fluid.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 8
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.42) Define the term pressure. What are its units? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
Pressure is an expression of force exerted on a surface per unit area. The
standard unit of pressure is the Pascal.
1.43) Define eddy viscosity. How it differs from molecular viscosity?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Eddy viscosity is defined as the turbulent transfer of momentum by eddies
giving rise to an internal fluid friction with respect to the action of molecular
viscosity in laminar flow much large scale.
But molecular viscosity is transfer of mass motion momentum alone by
random motion of individual molecules.
1.44) Define surface tension. [AU, May / June - 2006]
Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid
in contact with gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the
contact surface behaves like a membrane under tension.
1.45) Define surface tension and expression its unit. [AU, April / May - 2011]
Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid
in contact with gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the
contact surface behaves like a membrane under tension. The unit is N/m.
1.46) Define capillarity. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005, May / June - 2006]
Capillarity is defined as phenomenon of rise or fall of a liquid surface in the
small tube relative to the adjacent general level of liquid when the tube is held
vertically in the liquid.
1.47) What is meant by vapour pressure of a fluid? [AU, April / May - 2010]
The vapour molecules get accumulated in the space between the free liquid
surface and top of the vessel. These accumulated vapour exerts a pressure on the
liquid surface. This pressure is known as vapour pressure.
1.48) Brief on the significance of vapour pressure. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Vapour pressure is the only property of a liquid responsible for cavitation
phenomena. For any temperature there should be a vapour pressure, so, during the
fluid motion at ambient temperature, if any obstructions are there results to sudden
increase in pressure. This leads to achieve the vapour pressure and convert the
portion of liquid into high intensity gas bubbles causes to cavitation.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 9
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 10
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.57) When is the flow regarded as unsteady? Give an example for unsteady flow.
[AU, April / May - 2003]
Unsteady flow is defined as that type of flow which the fluid characteristics
like velocity, pressure, density at a point changes with respect to time. Water flowing
from dam.
1.58) Differentiate between steady flow and uniform flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
Steady flow Uniform flow
Steady flow is defined as that type
Uniform flow is defined as that
of flow which the fluid
type of flow which velocity at
characteristics like velocity,
any given time does not change
pressure, density at a point do not
with respect to space.
change with time.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 11
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
1.60) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
Laminar flow Turbulent flow
Laminar flow is defined as that Turbulent flow is defines as that
type of flow in which the fluid type of flow in which the fluid
particles move along well particles move in a zig zag way.
denied path or stream line.
The stream lines are straight and The stream lines are not straight
parallel to each other to each other
1.61) State the criteria for laminar flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move
along well denied path or stream line. The stream lines are straight and parallel to
each other.
1.62) State the characteristics of laminar flow. [AU, April / May - 2010]
Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move
along well denied path or stream line. The stream lines are straight and parallel to
each other. The particles move smoothly over the adjacent layer.
1.63) What are the characteristics of laminar flow? [AU, May / June - 2014]
Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move
along well denied path or stream line. The stream lines are straight and parallel to
each other. The particles move smoothly over the adjacent layer.
1.64) Mention the general characteristics of laminar flow.[AU, May / June - 2013]
Laminar flow is defined as that type of flow in which the fluid particles move
along well denied path or stream line. The stream lines are straight and parallel to
each other. The particles move smoothly over the adjacent layer.
1.65) Define stream line. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
In Eulers approach, the velocity vector is defines as a function of time and
space coordinates. If for a fixed instance time a space curve is drawn so that it is
tangent everywhere to the velocity vector, then the curve is called as stream line.
1.66) Define streamline and path line in fluid flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
In Eulers approach, the velocity vector is defines as a function of time and
space coordinates. If for a fixed instance time a space curve is drawn so that it is
tangent everywhere to the velocity vector, then the curve is called as stream line.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 12
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
Path line are the outcome of the Lagrange method in describing fluid flow
and show the paths of different fluid particles as a function of time.
1.67) What is stream line and path line in fluid flow? [AU, April / May - 2010]
In Eulers approach, the velocity vector is defines as a function of time
and space coordinates. If for a fixed instance time a space curve is drawn so that it
is tangent everywhere to the velocity vector, then the curve is called as stream line.
Path line are the outcome of the Lagrange method in describing fluid flow
and show the paths of different fluid particles as a function of time.
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 13
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 14
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
The force only acting on the fluids are the gravity force and the pressure force
All the frictional losses are negligible
1.81) Write the Euler's equation. [AU, April / May - 2011]
+ + . = 0
1.82) What is Eulers equation of motion? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
+ + . = 0
1.83) State the empirical pressure density relation for a liquid.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
1.84) Write the Bernoullis equation in terms of head. Explain each term.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
2
+ + =
2
=
2
=
2
=
1.85) What are the basic assumptions made is deriving Bernoullis theorem?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2012]
The liquid is ideal and incompressible
The flow is steady and continuous
The velocity is uniform over the cross section and equal to mean velocity
The force only acting on the fluids are the gravity force and the pressure
force
All the frictional losses are negligible
1.86) List the assumptions which are made while deriving Bernoullis equation.
[AU, May / June 2009, 2012]
The liquid is ideal and incompressible
The flow is steady and continuous
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 15
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
The velocity is uniform over the cross section and equal to mean velocity
The force only acting on the fluids are the gravity force and the pressure
force
All the frictional losses are negligible
1.87) State the assumptions used in the derivation of the Bernoulli's equation.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
The liquid is ideal and incompressible
The flow is steady and continuous
The velocity is uniform over the cross section and equal to mean velocity
The force only acting on the fluids are the gravity force and the pressure
force
All the frictional losses are negligible
1.88) What are the applications of Bernoullis theorem? [AU, April / May - 2010]
Venturimeter
Orifice meter
Pitot tube
1.89) List the types of flow measuring devices fitted in a pipe flow, which uses the
principle of Bernoullis equation. [AU, May / June - 2012]
Venturimeter
Orifice meter
Pitot tube
1.90) Mention the uses of manometer. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
It used to measure pressure of the fluid
1.91) State the use of venturimeter. [AU, May / June - 2006]
Venturimeter is a device used to measure the rate of flow fluid through the
pipelines.
1.92) Write the impulse momentum equation. [AU, May / June - 2007]
F = ma
Where = /
Let m be constant
=
CE6451 FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY QUESTION BANK by ASHOK KUMAR.R (AP / Mech) 16
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGG AND TECH / AQ / R2013/ CE6451 / III / MECH / JUNE 2015 NOV 2015
= ()
1.93) What do you understand by impulse momentum equation?
[AU, May / June - 2013]
Impulse momentum equation states that the impulse of force acting on the
fluid mass in a short interval of time is equal to the change in momentum in the
direction of the force.
1.94) State the momentum equation. When can it applied.[AU, May / June - 2009]
It states that The force F acting on a fluid of mass m in a short interval of
time dt is equal to change in momentum d(mv) in the direction of force.
F = ma
Where = /
Let m be constant
=
= ()
1.95) State the usefulness of momentum equation as applicable to fluid flow
phenomenon. [AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2012]
The momentum equation is used to determine the resultant force exerted on
the force boundary of the flow passage by a stream of flowing fluid as the flow
changes its direction.
The practical applications are
Flow through bend pipes
Jet propulsions and propellers
Hydraulic jump in open channels
Fluid flow through stationary and moving plates
Non uniform flow through sudden enlarged pipes
1.96) What is the moment of momentum equation? [AU, May / June - 2014]
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= (2 2 1 1 )
V1 & V2 = Velocity of fluid at section 1 & 2
= Density of fluid
1.97) Calculate the density of one litre petrol of specific gravity 0.7?
[AU, April / May - 2011]
Given:
Volume of petrol = 1 litre = 1 *10-3m3
Specific gravity S = 0.7
Solution:
=
=
= 0.7 * 1000
= 700 kg/m3
1.98) If a liquid has a viscosity of 0.051 poise and kinematic viscosity of 0.14 stokes,
calculate its specific gravity. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Given:
0.051
Viscosity = 0.051 poise =
10
= 0.0051
=0.7 104 2 /
Solution:
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0.0051
0.7 104 =
= 728.57 kg/m3
=
728.57
=
1000
= .
1.99) Calculate the mass density and specific volume of one litre of a liquid which
weighs 7 N. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Given:
7
Mass m = 7N = = 0.7135 kg
9.81
Volume V = 1 litre = 1*10-3 m3
Solution:
=
0.7135
=
1 103
= .
1
=
1
=
713.557
= .
1.100) A soap bubble is formed when the inside pressure is 5 N/m2above the
atmospheric pressure. If surface tension in the soap bubble is 0.0125 N/m, find
the diameter of the bubble formed. [AU, April / May - 2010]
Given:
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Solution:
=
8 0 .0125
5=
d = 0.02m
1.101) The converging pipe with inlet and outlet diameters of 200 mm and 150 mm
carries the oil whose specific gravity is 0.8. The velocity of oil at the entry is 2.5
m/s, find the velocity at the exit of the pipe and oil flow rate.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
Given:
D1 = 200 mm D2 = 150mm S = 0.8 V1 = 2.5m/s
Solution:
Discharge Q = A1V1
2
= 0.2 2.5
4
Q = 0.0785 m3/sec
According to continuity equation
A1V1 = A2V2
0.22 2.5 = 0.152 2
4 4
2 = 4.44/
1.102) Find the height through which the water rises by the capillary action in a
2mm bore if the surface tension at the prevailing temperature is0.075 g/cm.
[AU, April / May - 2003]
Given:
d = 0.2cm = 0.75*10-3 kg/cm
Solution:
4
() =
=
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= 1000 * 9.81
= 9810 kg/m3
=0.00981kg/cm3
4
=
4 0.75 103
=
0.00981 0.2
h = 1.52cm
1.103) Find the height of a mountain where the atmospheric pressure is 730mm of
Hg at normal conditions. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Given:
h = 730mm of Hg = 0.73m
Solution:
Specific weight () =
w = 13.6 * 9.81
= 133.416 kg/m3
Height of the mountain =
133.416 0.73
H =
1000 9.81
H = 9.93m
1.104) Suppose the small air bubbles in a glass of tap water may be on the order of
50 m in diameter with surface tension 0.0125 N/m. What is the pressure inside
these bubbles? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Given:
Solution:
=
8 0 .0125
=
50 103
p = 2.05 N/m2
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1.105) An open tank contains water up to depth of 2.85m and above it an oil of
specific gravity 0.92 for the depth of 2.1m. Calculate the pressures at the
interface of two liquids and at the bottom of the tank. [AU, April / May - 2011]
Given:
Height of water Z1 = 2.85m
Height of oil Z2 = 2.1m
Specific gravity of oil S0 = 0.92
Density of water 1 = 100 kg/m3
Density of oil 2 = 0.92 * 1000 = 920 kg/m3
Solution:
Pressure intensity at interface of liquid:
p=*g*z
p = 2 * g * z2
p = 18952.92 N/m2
p = 1 * g1 * z1 + 2 * g2 * z2
p = 46911.42 N/m2
1.106) Two horizontal plates are placed 12.5mm apart, the space between them is
being filled with oil of viscosity 14 poise. Calculate the shear stress in the oil if
the upper plate is moved with the velocity of 2.5m/s. [AU, May / June - 2012]
Given:
dy = 0.0125 m = 14 poise = 1.4 Ns/m2 u = 2.5m/s
Solution:
=
du = change in velocity between plates = u 0 = 2.5m/sec
2.5.
= 1.4
0.125
= /
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2.1) How are fluid flows classified? [AU, May / June - 2012]
Steady and Unsteady flow
Uniform and Non uniform flow
Laminar and Turbulent
Compressible flow and Incompressible flow
Rotational and Irrotational flow
One, Two and Three dimensional flow
2.2) Distinguish between Laminar and Turbulent flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
Laminar flow Turbulent flow
Laminar flow is defined as that Turbulent flow is defines as that
type of flow in which the fluid type of flow in which the fluid
particles move along well particles move in a zig zag way.
denied path or stream line.
The stream lines are straight and The stream lines are not straight
parallel to each other to each other
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Dynamic viscosity
u Velocity of the fluid
L Length of the pipe
D Diameter of the pipe
2.5) State Hagen Poiseuilles formula for flow through circular tubes.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
1 2 32
=
2
Where p1 and p2 pressure at inlet and outlet of the pipe
Dynamic viscosity
u Velocity of the fluid
L Length of the pipe
D Diameter of the pipe
2.6) Write down the Darcy - Weisbachs equation for friction loss through a pipe
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009, April / May - 2011]
4 2
=
2
f = coefficient of friction
L = length of the pipe
V =velocity of the fluid
D = diameter of the pipe
g = acceleration due to gravity
2.7) What is the relationship between Darcy Friction factor, Fanning Friction
Factor and Friction coefficient? [AU, Nov / Dec 2010, May / June - 2012]
Darcy Friction factor Fanning Friction Factor Friction coefficient
Dimensionless number Dimensionless number Friction factor is the factor
used in fluid flow used in fluid flow equating the
calculations. Darcy- calculations. It is related to proportionality for the
Weisbach equation relates the shear stress at the wall above two head loss
losses hl to length of pipe as: friction equation. Darcy-
L, diameter D, and velocity Weisbach friction factor, is
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2.8) Mention the types of minor losses. [AU, April / May - 2010]
The losses due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor losses.
Loss due to sudden enlargement
Loss due to sudden contraction
Loss due to entrance
Loss due to exit
Loss due to bends or pipe fittings
Head loss due to an obstacle in a pipe
2.9) List the minor losses in flow through pipe.
[AU, April / May - 2005, May / June - 2007]
Loss due to sudden enlargement
Loss due to sudden contraction
Loss due to entrance
Loss due to exit
Loss due to bends or pipe fittings
Head loss due to an obstacle in a pipe
2.10) What are minor losses? Under what circumstances will they be negligible?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
The losses due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor losses. In
case of long pipe, it does not makes any serious effect.
2.11) Distinguish between the major loss and minor losses with reference to flow
through pipes. [AU, May / June - 2009]
Major loss Minor loss
The major loss of energy is due to The losses due to disturbance in
friction the flow pattern is called as major
loss
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2.12) List the causes of minor energy losses in flow through pipes.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Loss due to sudden enlargement
Loss due to sudden contraction
Loss due to entrance
Loss due to exit
Loss due to bends or pipe fittings
Head loss due to an obstacle in a pipe
2.13) What do you understand by minor energy losses in pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
The losses due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor losses. It
occurs due to sudden expansion or contraction, valves, fittings, bends and at entrance
and exit of pipe
2.14) What are major and minor losses of flow through pipes?
[AU, May / June 2007, Nov / Dec - 2007, 2012, April / May - 2010]
The major loss of energy is due to friction. It depends on roughness of pipe,
length, velocity and diameter of pipe.
The minor loss due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor
losses. It occurs due to sudden expansion or contraction, valves, fittings, bends and
at entrance and exit of pipe
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2.15) List the minor and major losses during the flow of liquid through a pipe.
[AU, April / May - 2008]
The major loss of energy is due to friction. It depends on roughness of pipe,
length, velocity and diameter of pipe.
The minor loss due to disturbance in the flow pattern is called as minor
losses. It occurs due to sudden expansion or contraction, valves, fittings, bends and
at entrance and exit of pipe
2.16) Enlist the various minor losses involved in a pipe flow system.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Loss due to sudden enlargement
Loss due to sudden contraction
Loss due to entrance
Loss due to exit
Loss due to bends or pipe fittings
Head loss due to an obstacle in a pipe
2.17) Write the expression for calculating the loss due to sudden expansion of the
pipe. [AU, April / May - 2015]
( )
=
V1 = Velocity at inlet
V2 = Velocity at outlet
g = Acceleration due to gravity
2.18) What factors account in energy loss in laminar flow.
[AU, May / June - 2012]
Due to friction between the inner circumference of a pipe and fluid flow
Due to viscosity of a fluid (friction between the internal molecules of a fluid)
2.19) What is meant by laminar flow instability? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Stability of laminar flow is disturbed by infinitesimal particles (Small
change in pressure, Temperature, viscosity, density & other fluid and flow
properties) are leads to converting the laminar flow into turbulent flow, even though
the Reynolds no is with in laminar flow range. The above phenomena is called
laminar flow instability.
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1
2 10 ( ) = 1.74 2 10 (1 + 18.71 )
It is used for determining friction factor for any turbulent flow problem
It can be used for non-circular conduits and also for open channels.
2.28) How does surface roughness affect the pressure drop in a pipe if the flow is
turbulent? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
In turbulent flow, the tubes with rough surface have much higher friction
factors than the tubes with smooth surface, and thus much larger pressure drop.
2.29) A piping system involves two pipes of different diameters (but of identical
length, material, and roughness) connected in parallel. How would you compare
the flow rates and pressure drops in these two pipes? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
For a piping system that involves two different pipes of different diameters
connected in parallel. The flow rate through the larger diameter pipe is larger and the
pressure drop through both pipes is the same.
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2.30) What do you mean by flow through parallel pipes? [AU, May / June 2013
When the pipe divides into two or more branches and again join together
downstream to form a single pipe then it is called as pipes in parallel. The governing
equations are:
Q = Q1 + Q2
hf1 = hf2
2.31) Give the expression for power transmission through pipes?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Power available at the outlet of the pipe
=
2
4 2
= ( )
4 2
Maximum power transmission
=
3
The power transmitted through the pipe is maximum when head lost due to
friction in the pipe is equal to 1/3 of the total head supplied.
2.32) Define boundary layer and boundary layer thickness.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2008, 2012]
The variation of velocity from zero to free stream velocity in the direction
normal to the boundary takes place in a narrow region in the vicinity of solid
boundary. This narrow region of the fluid is called as boundary layer.
Boundary layer thickness as the distance from the boundary of the solid
body measured in y direction to the point, where the velocity of the fluid is
approximately equal to 0.99 times the free stream velocity of the fluid.
2.33) Define boundary layer thickness. [AU, May / June - 2006, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Boundary layer thickness as the distance from the boundary of the solid
body measured in y direction to the point, where the velocity of the fluid is
approximately equal to 0.99 times the free stream velocity of the fluid.
2.34) What is boundary layer? Give its sketch of a boundary layer region over a
flat plate. [AU, April / May 2003, 2010]
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The variation of velocity from zero to free stream velocity in the direction
normal to the boundary takes place in a narrow region in the vicinity of solid
boundary. This narrow region of the fluid is called as boundary layer.
2.35) What is boundary layer? Why is it significant? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The variation of velocity from zero to free stream velocity in the direction
normal to the boundary takes place in a narrow region in the vicinity of solid
boundary. This narrow region of the fluid is called as boundary layer.
2.36) Give the classification of boundary layer flow based on the Reynolds number.
[AU, April / May - 2015]
Laminar boundary layer
Transition boundary layer
Turbulent boundary layer
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2.41) Define the term boundary layer. [AU, May / June - 2009]
The variation of velocity from zero to free stream velocity in the direction
normal to the boundary takes place in a narrow region in the vicinity of solid
boundary. This narrow region of the fluid is called as boundary layer.
2.42) What is boundary layer separation? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
The boundary layer is formed on the flat plate when it is held immersed in a
flowing liquid. If the immersed plate or body is curved or angular one, the boundary
layer does not stick to the whole surface and gets separated from it. This phenomenon
is known as boundary layer separation.
2.43) What do you mean by displacement thickness and momentum thickness?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Displacement thickness is defined as the distance, measured perpendicular
to the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to
compensate for reduction in flow rate on account of boundary layer formation.
Momentum thickness is defined as the distance measured perpendicular to
the boundary of the solid body, by which the boundary should be displaced to
compensate for the reduction in momentum of the flowing fluid on account of
boundary layer formation.
2.44) What do you understand by hydraulic diameter? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Hydraulic diameter is the effective diameter of wetted surface when the flow
takes through the system. It is the ratio of wetted area to the wetted perimeter.
2.45) What is hydraulic gradient line? [AU, May / June - 2009]
Hydraulic gradient line is defined as the line which gives the sum of pressure
head and datum head of the flowing fluid in a pipe with respect to some reference
line or it is the line which is obtained by joining top of all vertical ordinates, showing
the pressure head of a flowing fluid in a pipe from the center pipe.
2.46) Define hydraulic gradient and energy gradient. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Hydraulic gradient is the piezometric head which is the sum of potential
head and datum head.
Energy gradient is the sum of hydraulic gradient and kinetic head.
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2.50) Differentiate between hydraulic grade line and energy grade line.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Hydraulic Grade Line Energy Grade Line
The total energy plotted along the
Pressure Energy alone plotted
flow to some specified scale gives
along the flow to some specified
the energy line.
scale gives the energy line.
Energy line is the plot of +
The plot of + along the flow
2
is called the hydraulic gradient + 2 along the flow. It is
line.
constant along the flow when
The hydraulic gradient line
losses are negligible
provides useful information about
The hydraulic gradient line
pressure variations (static head)
provides useful information about
in a flow.
total head variations in a flow.
Path line are the outcome of the Lagrange method in describing fluid flow
and show the paths of different fluid particles as a function of time.
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A streak line at any instant of time is the locus of the temporary location of
all particles that have passed through a fixed point in the flow field.
2.54) Define flow net. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
A grid obtained by drawing a series of equipment lines and steam lines is
called a flow net. The flow net is an important tool is analysis two dimensional
irrotational flow problems.
2.55) What is flow net and state its use? [AU, April / May - 2011]
A grid obtained by drawing a series of equipment lines and steam lines is
called a flow net. The flow net is an important tool is analysis two dimensional
irrotational flow problems.
2.56) Define lift. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
The component of total force in the direction perpendicular to the direction
of flow is known as lift.
2.57) Define the terms: drag and lift. [AU, Nov / Dec 2007, May / June - 2009]
The component of total force in the direction of flow of fluid is known as
drag.
The component of total force in the direction perpendicular to the direction
of flow is known as lift.
2.58) Give the expression for Drag coefficient and Lift coefficient.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
Drag coefficient Cd is defined by
1
= 2
2
FD = The drag force, which is by definition the force component in the
direction of the flow velocity
= The mass density of the fluid
V = The velocity of the object relative to the fluid
A = The reference area
Cd = the drag coefficient a dimensionless coefficient related to the
object's geometry and taking into account both skin friction and form
drag
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2.60) Considering laminar flow through a circular pipe, obtain an expression for
the velocity distribution. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
1
= ( 2 )
2
In the above equation , p/x and t are constant.
2.61) A circular and a square pipe are of equal sectional area. For the same flow
rate, determine which section will lead to a higher value of Reynolds number.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Area of square section AS = Area of circular section AC
2
2 =
4
Where L is the side of a square and D be the diameter of a
circular section.
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L = 0.886 D
Reynolds number for circular section
=
Reynolds number for square section
=
= 0.886
2.62) A 20cm diameter pipe 30km long transport oil from a tanker to the shore at
0.01m3/s. Find the Reynolds number to classify the flow. Take the viscosity =
0.1 Nm/s2 and density = 900 kg/m3 for oil. [AU, April / May - 2003]
Given:
D = 0.2m L = 30 * 103m Q = 0.01m3/s = 0.1 Nm/s2
= 900 kg/m3
Solution:
Cross sectional area:
2
=
4
= 0.22
4
= 0.031412
Velocity of the flow
=
0.01
=
0.03141
= 0.318 /
=
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(1 2 )2
=
2
(7.95 1.98)2
=
2 9.81
= 1.81
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3.3) What do you mean by dimensional analysis? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
Dimensional analysis is a mathematical technique which deals with the
dimensions of the physical quantities involved in the phenomenon. Some complex
problems in nature and very difficult to solve. This type of problem can be simplified
by using dimensional analysis.
3.4) Brief on dimensional variables with examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Dimensional variables are the quantities that actually vary during a given
case and would be plotted against each other to show the data.
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3.5) Brief on Intuitive method. Give some examples. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
Most Dimensional analysis methods are called as Intuitive method, with the
help of units and dimensions they are able to form a physical relationship among
several variables. Examples Buckingham Theorem & Rayleigh's method of
dimensional analysis
3.6) What is dimensional homogeneity and write any one sample equation?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2006]
Dimensional analysis is based on the principle that the variables in a physical
phenomenon is arranged properly to give an equation which is dimensionally
homogenous.
To check the dimensional homogeneity of the Dracys Equation.
2
=
2
Dimension of L.H.S = hf =L
2 1(/)2
Dimension of R.H.S = = =L
2 2( 2 )
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The second order linear equation of both free and forced damped
oscillation
3.11) Check whether the following equation is dimensionally homogeneous.
Q =Cd .a (2 gh) . [AU, April / May - 2011]
= 2
Dimension of each parameter
Q = Discharge = L3T-1
Cd = Coefficient of discharge = 1
a = Area = L2
g = Acceleration = LT-2
h = Height =L
3 1 = 2 ( 2 )1/2
3 1 = 2 (2 2 )1/2
3 1 = 3 1
Since both the sides are identical. The given equation is dimensionally
homogenous
3.12) Write the dimensions of surface tension and vapour pressure in MLT
system. [AU, April / May - 2015]
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3.18) What are the similitudes that should exist between the model and its
prototype? [AU, April / May - 2015]
Geometric similitude
Kinematic similitude
Dynamic similitude
3.19) What are the types of similarities? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Geometric similarity
Kinematic similarity
Dynamic similarity
3.20) What is meant by dynamic similarity? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Dynamic similarity means the similarity of forces between the model and
prototype. Thus the dynamic similarity is said to exist between the model and the
prototype if the ratios of the corresponding forces acting at the corresponding points
are equal.
Let (Fi)p = Inertia force at a point in prototype
(Fv)p = Viscous force at a point in prototype
(Fg)p = Gravity force at a point in prototype
(Fi)m = Inertia force at a point in model
(Fv)m = Viscous force at a point in model
(Fg)m = Gravity force at a point in model
Fr = Force ratio
( ) ( ) ( )
= = =
( ) ( ) ( )
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( ) ( ) ( )
= = =
( ) ( ) ( )
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It is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid and viscous force
of the fluid.
Motion of air planes
Flow is incompressible fluid in close pipes
Motion of submarines
Flow around structures and other bodies immersed fully in moving fluids
3.30) Define Reynolds number and state its significance? [AU, April / May - 2015]
It is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid and viscous force
of the fluid.
Motion of air planes
Flow is incompressible fluid in close pipes
Motion of submarines
Flow around structures and other bodies immersed fully in moving fluids
3.31) Define Reynolds number and Froudes numbers.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2007, 2011]
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force of a flowing fluid
and viscous force of the fluid.
Froudes number is defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force of
a slowing fluid to the gravity force.
3.32) Define Froude's number.
[AU, Nov / Dec 2005, 2009, 2008, April / May 2010, May / June - 2012]
Froudes number is defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force of
a slowing fluid to the gravity force.
3.33) Define the Froude's dimensionless number. [AU, May / June - 2014]
Froudes number is defined as the square root of the ratio of inertia force of
a slowing fluid to the gravity force.
3.34) State Froude's model law. [AU, May / June - 2013]
Froude model law is the law in which the models are based on Froude
number which means for dynamic similarity between the model and prototype, the
Froude number for both model and prototype must be equal. Froude model law is
applicable when the gravity force is only predominant force which controls the flow
in addition to the force of inertia.
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UNIT IV PUMPS
4.1) Mention the main parts of the Centrifugal pump. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Impeller
Casing
Suction pipe
Delivery pipe
Strainer and foot valve
Delivery valve
4.2) How centrifugal pumps are classified based on casing?
[AU, May / June - 2006]
Volute pump or constant velocity pump
Vortex pump or variable velocity pump
Diffuser or turbine pump
4.3) List the commonly used casings in centrifugal pumps.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Volute casing
Vortex casing
Volute casing with guide blades
4.4) What is the role of a volute chamber of a centrifugal pump?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
To guide water to and from the impeller
To partially convert the kinetic energy into pressure energy
4.5) What precautions are to be taken while starting and closing the centrifugal
pump? [AU, May / June - 2012]
While starting the pump. The delivery valve is closed. Priming of the
pump is carried out.
Before stopping the pump, it is necessary to close the delivery pipe
otherwise the back flow of liquid may take place from the high head
reservoir.
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fluid does no commence and the pump runs dry. It causes the rubbing and seizing
of the wearing rings, increases noise level and vibrations and finally may cause
series damage to pump.
4.10) Define cavitation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of
a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below the vapour
pressure and the sudden collapsing on these vapour in a region of high pressure.
4.11) Define cavitation in a pump. [AU, May / June - 2007]
Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of
a flowing liquid in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below the vapour
pressure and the sudden collapsing on these vapour in a region of high pressure.
4.12) What is the effect of cavitation in pump? [AU, April / May - 2011]
The metallic surfaces are damaged and cavities are formed on the
surfaces.
Due to sudden collapse of vapour bubble, considerable noise and
vibrations are produced.
The efficiency of a pump decreases due to cavitation.
Due to pitting action, the surface on the impeller becomes rough.
4.13) What are the effects of cavitation? Give necessary precautions against
cavitation? [AU, May / June - 2012]
The effects of cavitation are
The metallic surfaces are damaged and cavities are formed on the
surfaces.
Due to sudden collapse of vapour bubble, considerable noise and
vibrations are produced.
The efficiency of a pump decreases due to cavitation.
Due to pitting action, the surface on the impeller becomes rough.
The pressure of the flowing liquid in any part of the hydraulic system
should not allowed to fall below its vapour pressure. If the flowing liquid
is water, then the absolute pressure head should not be below 2.5m of
water.
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4.18) Tabulate the causes and remedies for a centrifugal pump, when pump fails
to pump the fluid. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Other
S.No Fault Cause Remedies
Symptoms
Stop and
reprime.
Pump has lost its water Remake pipe
due to air lock in suction joints.
Suction and
pipe, air leaks in suction Tighten
delivery
pipe, air leaks in glands or
gauges read
stuffing boxes, or level repack
zero
of water dropped below lengthen
1 No Output strainers suction pipe
to lower
strainer
Suction
Increase
gauge reads Speed too low to
speed.
zero but overcome the total head,
Clear choke
delivery or choke in delivery
in delivery
gauge pipe
pipe.
normal
Poor Output Increase
Surging in
: it should Air leak in suction pipe speed.
delivery
be note that or stuffing boxes or air Clear choke
pressure
unless a entering strainer in delivery
gauge
2 flow meter pipe.
is provided, Suction Chocked strainer, foot Clean
the pump gauge shows valve or suction pipe. strainer, foot
attendant high Vibration and noise due valve or
has very vacuum, to cavitation suction pipe
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2
= + + + +
2
= Suction head
= Delivery head
= Frictional head loss in suction pipe
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=
3/4
N = Speed of the pump
Q = Discharge of the pump
Hm = Manometric head
Specific speed of turbine
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=
5/4
N = Speed of the turbine
P = Power developed
H = Head
4.25) Define specific speed as applied to pumps. [AU, May / June - 2009]
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a
geometrically similar pump which would deliver one cubic meter of liquid per
second against a head of one meter.
4.26) Define specific speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a
geometrically similar pump which would deliver one cubic meter of liquid per
second against a head of one meter.
4.27) What is specific speed of a pump? How are pumps classified based on this
number? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The specific speed of a centrifugal pump is defined as the speed of a
geometrically similar pump which would deliver one cubic meter of liquid per
second against a head of one meter.
Pump Speed N Specific speed
Slow 10 30
Radial flow Medium 30 50
High 50 80
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4.42) Mention the significance of 'back leakage'. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2013]
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As the rotor of rotary positive displacement pump rotates the trapped oil is
carried to the pressure side through the clearance which is known as back leakage.
The maximum operating pressure is controlled by the back leakage
4.43) Define slip of reciprocating pump.
[AU, April / May - 2010, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Slip is defined as the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual
discharge of the pump.
4.44) When does negative slip occur? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2008]
Negative slip occurs when the delivery pipe is short and suction pipe is long
and the pump is running at high speed
4.45) What is negative slip in a reciprocating pump? What are the causes for it?
[AU, May / June - 2013]
Slip is defined as the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual
discharge of the pump. If actual discharge is more than the theoretical discharge the
slip of the pump is negative. In that case the slip of the pump is known as negative
slip.
Negative slip occurs when the delivery pipe is short and suction pipe is long
and the pump is running at high speed
4.46) Define slip, negative slip in reciprocating pump. [AU, May / June - 2014]
Slip is defined as the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual
discharge of the pump.
If actual discharge is more than the theoretical discharge the slip of the pump
is negative. In that case the slip of the pump is known as negative slip.
4.47) Define slip of a pump. When does negative slip occur?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
Slip is defined as the difference between the theoretical discharge and actual
discharge of the pump.
Negative slip occurs when the delivery pipe is short and suction pipe is long
and the pump is running at high speed.
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When two (or more) pumps are When two or more pumps are
arranged in serial their resulting arranged in parallel their
pump performance curve is resulting performance curve is
obtained by adding their heads at obtained by adding their flow
the same flow rate as indicated in rates at the same head as
the figure below. indicated in the figure below.
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When the piston moves outward at the beginning of the stroke, a negative
pressure is created which is equal to the suction head (hs). In addition to this, the
fluid or liquid will also be accelerated in the suction stroke. Due to acceleration head
(has), the total negative pressure head at the beginning of the stroke is equal to hs +
has denoted by the ordinate EA' shown in Figure. So, the absolute pressure at the
ordinate A' is equal to A'S. At the same time, the absolute pressure should not fall
below the vapour or vacuum pressure and the separation should not take place. At
the beginning of delivery pipe, the liquid is accelerated but it is decelerated or
retarded while at the end of delivery pipe. Here also, the absolute pressure should
not fall below the vacuum pressure to avoid separation.
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4.58) What are rotary pumps? Give examples [AU, April / May - 2003]
Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But, the
working method differs. Uniform discharge and positive displacement can be
obtained by using these rotary pumps. So, we can clearly say, it has the combined
advantages of both centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. The examples for rotary
pumps are
External pump.
Internal gear pump.
Lobe pump.
Vane pump.
4.59) What is a rotary pump? Give its classification. [AU, April / May - 2011]
Rotary pumps resemble like a centrifugal pumps in appearance. But, the
working method differs. Uniform discharge and positive displacement can be
obtained by using these rotary pumps. So, we can clearly say, it has the combined
advantages of both centrifugal and reciprocating pumps. The various types of rotary
pumps are
External pump.
Internal gear pump.
Lobe pump.
Vane pump.
4.60) What is the function of air vessel?
[AU, Nov / Dec 2008, May / June - 2009, April / May - 2010]
The main functions of air vessels are
To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate
To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional
resistance in the suction and delivery pipe
To run the pump at a high speed without separation
4.61) What is an air vessel in reciprocating pump? [AU, May / June - 2006]
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the portion
and liquid at the bottom of the chamber. At the base of the chamber there is an
opening through which the liquid may flow into the vessel or out from the vessel.
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When the liquid enters the vessel the air gets compressed and when leaves the vessel
the air will expand in the chamber.
4.62) Mention the working principle of an Air-vessel. [AU, April / May - 2010]
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the portion
and liquid at the bottom of the chamber. At the base of the chamber there is an
opening through which the liquid may flow into the vessel or out from the vessel.
When the liquid enters the vessel the air gets compressed and when leaves the vessel
the air will expand in the chamber. Pump has two air vessel each fitted to suction
pipe and delivery pipe
4.63) What is an air vessel? List the objectives that would be fulfilled by the use of
air vessels. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the portion
and liquid at the bottom of the chamber. At the base of the chamber there is an
opening through which the liquid may flow into the vessel or out from the vessel.
When the liquid enters the vessel the air gets compressed and when leaves the vessel
the air will expand in the chamber.
The main objectives of air vessels are
To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate
To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional
resistance in the suction and delivery pipe
To run the pump at a high speed without separation
4.64) What is an air vessel? What are its uses? [AU, May / June - 2012]
An air vessel is a closed chamber containing compressed air in the portion
and liquid at the bottom of the chamber. At the base of the chamber there is an
opening through which the liquid may flow into the vessel or out from the vessel.
When the liquid enters the vessel the air gets compressed and when leaves the vessel
the air will expand in the chamber.
The uses of air vessels are
To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate
To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional
resistance in the suction and delivery pipe
To run the pump at a high speed without separation
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4.65) What are the advantages of air vessel? [AU, May / June - 2013]
To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate
To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional
resistance in the suction and delivery pipe
To run the pump at a high speed without separation
4.66) State the advantages of fitting air vessels in reciprocating pumps.
[AU, May / June - 2009]
To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate
To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional
resistance in the suction and delivery pipe
To run the pump at a high speed without separation
4.67) What are the uses of air vessels? [AU, May / June - 2014]
The uses of air vessels are
To obtain a continuous supply of liquid at a uniform rate
To save a considerable amount of work in overcoming the frictional
resistance in the suction and delivery pipe
To run the pump at a high speed without separation
4.68) Define indicator diagram. [AU, May / June, Nov / Dec - 2007]
Indicator diagram is the graph between the pressure head in the cylinder and
distance travelled by piston from inner dead center for one complete revolution of
the crank.
4.69) What is indicator diagram? [AU, May / June - 2009]
Indicator diagram is the graph between the pressure head in the cylinder and
distance travelled by piston from inner dead center for one complete revolution of
the crank.
4.70) Draw the ideal indicator diagram. [AU, April / May - 2010]
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=
3/4
90020 103
=
0.8503/4
= 143.778
4.73) The following data refer to a centrifugal pump which is designed to run at
1500 rpm. D1 = 100 mm, D2 = 300 mm, B1 = 50 mm, B2 = 20 mm, Vf1= 3 m/s.
Find the velocity of flow at outlet. [AU, April / May - 2010]
Given:
N = 1500 rpm D1 = 0.1m D2 = 0.3m B1 = 0.05m
B2 = 0.02m Vf1= 3 m/s
Solution:
Discharge
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= 1 1 1
= 0.1 0.05 3
= 0.0471 3 /
Velocity of flow at outlet
= 2 2 2
0.0471 = 0.3 0.02 2
2 = 2.5 /
4.74) A pump is to discharge 0.82 m3/s at a head of 42 m when running at 300 rpm.
What type of pump will be required? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Given:
Q = 0.82 m3/s Hm = 42m N = 300rpm
Solution:
=
3/4
3000.82
=
423/4
= 16.466
Specific speed lies between 10 to 30, so slow speed radial flow pump is
recommended
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UNIT V TURBINES
PART - A
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5.4) What are high head turbines? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
The turbines operating head is above 250m then the turbines are called as
high head turbines.
5.5) List the range of head for various turbines. [AU, April / May - 2015]
Head based
S.No Head (m) Discharge Type of Turbine
Turbine
1 Low head 25 High Kaplan or Propeller
2 Medium head 16 70 High or Medium Kaplan or Francis
3 High head 71 500 Medium or Low Francis or Pelton
4 Very High head > 500 Low Pelton
5.6) State and concise on Euler turbine equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2014]
The Euler turbine equation relates the power added to or removed from the
flow, to characteristics of a rotating blade row. The equation is based on the concepts
of conservation of angular momentum and conservation of energy.
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The above Equation is called the Euler Turbine Equation. It relates the
temperature ratio (and hence the pressure ratio) across a turbine or compressor to the
rotational speed and the change in momentum per unit mass. Note that the velocities
used in this equation are what we will later call absolute frame velocities (as opposed
to relative frame velocities).
If angular momentum increases across a blade row, then > and work
was done on the fluid (a compressor).
If angular momentum decreases across a blade row, then < and
work was done by the fluid (a turbine).
5.7) State the principles on which turbo-machines are based.
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2010]
Turbo machines are based on the principle of fluid momentum. The fluid
momentum is gradually changed into rotation motion of the mechanical member.
5.8) Explain specific speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical
dimensions, blade angles, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size
that it will develop unit power when working under unit head. The specific speed of
the turbine is used in comparing the different types of turbines as every type of
turbine has different specific speed.
5.9) Define specific speed. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2009]
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical
dimensions, blade angles, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size
that it will develop unit power when working under unit head.
5.10) Define specific speed of a turbine. [AU,
Nov / Dec 2003, 2008, 2009, May / June2007, 2009, April / May 2010, 2011]
It is defined as the speed of a turbine which is identical in shape, geometrical
dimensions, blade angles, gate opening etc., with the actual turbine but of such a size
that it will develop unit power when working under unit head.
5.11) Define specific speed of a turbine. What is its usefulness?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2007]
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=
3/4
N = Speed of the pump
Q = Discharge of the pump
Hm = Manometric head
Specific speed of turbine
= 5/4
N = Speed of the turbine
P = Power developed
H = Head
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5.16) Why not the specific speed of a hydraulic turbine is calculated using watts,
instead of metric horse power? [AU, April / May - 2015]
A metric horsepower-hour (hph) is an outdated unit of energy, not used in
the SI system of units. The unit represents an amount of work a horse is supposed
capable of delivering during an hour. 1 metric hph = 2.65 MJ.
5.17) What is hydraulic turbine? [AU, May / June - 2006]
Hydraulic turbines are the machines which convert the energy of flowing
water into mechanical energy
5.18) Classify turbines according to flow. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2005]
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All the potential energies are Only a portion of fluid energy are
converted into kinetic energy by converted into kinetic energy
nozzle before entering to turbine before entering to turbine runner
runner
Blades are only action when they Blades are action at all time
are i.e in front of nozzle
Water may be allowed to enter a Water is admitted over the
part or whole of the wheel circumference of the wheel
circumference.
Wheel does not run full and air Water completely fills the vane
has free access to the buckets passage throughout the operation
of the turbine
Unit is installed above the tail Unit is kept entirely submerged
race in water below the tail race.
Flow regulation is possible with
Flow regulation is possible
loss
without loss
Flow is regulated by means of
Flow is regulated by needle valve
guide vane assembly.
fitted into the nozzle
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5.24) Define the flow ratio of reaction radial flow turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
The ratio of the velocity of flow at inlet (Vf1) to the velocity given 2 is
known as flow ratio.
1
=
2
5.25) List the main parts of Kaplan turbine. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Scroll casing
Guide vanes mechanism
Hub with vanes or runner of the turbine
Draft tube
5.26) What is draft tube? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2012]
Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of
runner to the tail race. It is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to
tail race.
5.27) What is draft tube? In which type of turbine is mostly used?
[AU, Nov / Dec - 2003]
Draft tube is a pipe of gradually increasing area which connects the outlet of
runner to the tail race. It is used for discharging water from the exit of the turbine to
tail race. It is mostly used in reaction turbine.
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5.31) Why does a Pelton wheel not possess any draft tube?
[AU, May / June - 2012]
In case of Pelton wheel the available head is converted into kinetic energy
before entry to runner buckets and the turbine operate under atmospheric pressure
conditions. The velocity of the water leaving at the turbine exit is small, therefore
the exit of the runner is above the tail race level and there is no need for draft tube.
5.32) Mention the importance of Euler turbine equation. [AU, Nov / Dec - 2011]
Eulers turbine equation plays a central role in turbo machinery as it connects
the specific work and geometry and velocities in the impeller
5.33) What are the different efficiencies of turbine to determine the characteristics
of turbine? [AU, Nov / Dec - 2006 May / June 2012]
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5.42) A shaft transmits 150 Kw at 600 rpm. What is the torque in Newton
meters? [AU, April / May - 2011]
Given:
P = 150 *103 W N = 600rpm
Solution:
Power
2
=
60
2 600
150 103 =
60
= 1989.436
5.43) The mean velocity of the buckets of the Pelton wheel is 10 m/s. The jet
supplies water at 0.7 m3/s at a head of 30 m. The jet is deflected through an
angle of 160 by the bucket. Find the hydraulic efficiency. Take CV = 0.98.
[AU, April / May - 2010]
Given:
u = 10m/s Q = 0.7 m3/s H = 30m
jet is deflected through an angle of 160
Solution:
Assume speed ratio
= 0.45
Velocity of jet
12
1 = =
0.45
1 = 26.67 /
Blade angel
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= 180 160 = 20
Hydraulic efficiency
2 (1 )(1 + )
=
1 2
2 12 (26.67 12 )(1 + 20)
=
26.672
= 0.96 = 96 %
5.44) A water turbine has a velocity of 8.5m/s at the entrance of draft tube and
velocity of 2.2m/s at exit. The frictional loss is 0.15m and the tail race water is
4m below the entrance of draft tube. Calculate the pressure head at entrance.
[AU, April / May - 2011]
Given:
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Z1 = 4 + y
2
= Atmospheric pressure head + y = +
Z2 = 0
1 8.52 2.22
+ + (4 + ) = ( + ) + + 0 + 0.1
2 9.81 2 9.81
Taking the atmospheric pressure head as zero
1 8.52 2.22
+ + (4 + ) = (0 + ) + + 0 + 0.1
2 9.81 2 9.81
1
= 7.3357
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