Name: __________________________ Class: _____________________ Date: _____________________

Integumentary System Study Guide

Latin and Greek Roots
Give an example of a word from this chapter that contains each prefix or suffix.

Latin/Greek Meaning Example Latin/Greek Meaning Example

Root Root
a- Without Asymmarty Mal- Ill, bad Malignant
Cut- Skin Subcutaneous Melan- Black Melanocyte
Cyan Dark Blue Cyanosis -oma Tumor carcinoma
Epi- Above Epidermis rect- Straight Arrector pili muscle
Flamm- Flame Inflammatory Strat- Layer Stratified squamous
Hypo- Below Hypodermis

Vocabulary
1. Epidermal Ridges raised areas that increase surface contact with dermis (finger prints)

2. Keratin durable, water-resistant protein

3. Melanocytes cells that produce melanin

4. Sebum oil produced by sebaceous glands, has antibacterial properties

Short Answer
5. Which layer of the skin (Epidermis, Dermis, or Hypodermis) is responsible for or contains the
structures needed for the following functions?

a. Protection Epidermis (dead cells) Hypodermis (shock absorption and cushion)

b. Lipid Storage Hypodermis (fat storage)

c. Sensory Reception Dermis (nerves)

d. Cooling Body Temperature Dermis and epidermis (glands and blood vessles)

6. What specifically differentiates thick skin from thin skin? What areas of the body have thick skin?
Thin skin: 4 layers Thick skin: 5 layers
Thick skin is on the palms of your hands and soles of your feet, has stratum lucidum.
 7. Place each of these thin skin strata in the epidermis in order from youngest (1) to oldest(4).

___4______ Stratum corneum

____3_____ Stratum granulosum

_____1____ Stratum basale

____2_____ Stratum spinosum

8. Why does the stratum basale form epidermal ridges? How are these ridges visible to us?
Increases surface area to make more contact with blood vessels to get nutrients and oxygen. We see
these as finger prints.

9. Describe how skin cells change as they move from the lower layer up. When do they stop dividing? At
what point are they the most heavily keratinized? At what point do they die?
Granulosum is when they stop dividing. They start producing keratin here. Lucidum is very important
for keratinized cells. Corneum is ALL dead, flat, keratinized cells.

10. Why would human evolution favor skin with more melanin in areas near the equator, and skin with less
melanin in areas closer to the poles?
Melanin is like a natural UV protection. More UV light at equator than the poles so more melanin is
needed.

11. Use the ABCD rule to identify which of these two moles is more
likely to be cancerous.
The one on the right. Due to Asymmetry of the mole, boarder
irregularity, Color changing, and diameter maybe being larger than
6mm.

12. What type of tissue is found in the upper layers of the epidermis? What is found in the dermis? The
subcutaneous layer?
Epithelial (stratified squamous). Connective tissue (mostly areolar tissue, loose connective tissue, dense
connective tissue) Muscle and Nervous tissue also exists here but its not the main one. Connective
tissue (mostly areolar and adipose).

13. What layer is tattoo ink injected into. Why this layer?
Dermis because the cells here are more stable and permanent than the cells in the epidermis.

14. What determines the border between hair shaft and hair root?
Root is living cells, shaft is dead cells.

15. What is the purpose of hair?

Provides insulation and guards entrances to the body. Enhances sense of touch.

16. Where does the nail grow from? If you were to damage your nail how could you be sure it grows back?
Nail grows from the root. If the root was damaged your nail would not grow back but if just the nail bed
was damaged it could.

Page 2
 17. What is the relationship between sebum and acne?
Acne is a blockage of the sebaceous gland.

18. Compare apocrine sweat glands and merocrine sweat glands. What does each secrete? Which is
responsible for body odor?
Apocrine: secretes an oily fluid that gets broken down by bacteria and makes you smell.
Merocrine: secretes mostly water, helps carry away excess heat

19. Describe what occurs during each of these stages of wound repair:

a. Inflammation increase in blood flow, swells

b. Scab formation stabilized blood loss, partially isolates the damaged region.

c. Cleaning of the area- phagocytes clean the area of bacteria and foreign substances.

d. Scar tissue formation fibroblasts restore the dermis which produces scar tissue.

20. What is the underlying change that occurs in skin to account for each of these symptoms of aging?

a. Reduced bone strength Vitamin D production declines

b. Grey or white hair color melanin is decreased

c. Wrinkling elastic fibers become thinner which causes wrinkling

21. Compare how skin visibly changes during cyanosis and jaundice. What is the underlying cause of each?
Cyanosis: skin becomes blue, lack of oxygen Jaundice: Skin becomes yellow, red blood cells arent being
broken down correctly.

22. What causes rickets?

Lack of vitamin D (softens the bones)

23. Give an example of a fungal infection, bacterial infection, and viral infection of the skin. Which can be
treated with antibiotics?
Fungal: athletes foot, toenail fungus Bacterial: staph (can be treated with antibiotics) Viral: chicken pox, warts,
cold sores

24. Describe the difference between the effects of first-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burns.
1st degree: only epidermis is damaged, skin is red and swollen
2nd degree: Epidermis and upper dermis damaged, skin is red with blisters
3rd degree: destroys all layers of skin including blood vessels and nerves, skin is gray-white or black

Page 3
 Skin Anatomy
Be able to label each of the following structures or regions of skin: hypodermis, dermis, epidermis, meocrine
sweat gland, hair follicle, hair shaft, sebaceous gland, adipose tissue, blood vessel, arrector pili.

Epidermis
Hair shaft

Sebaceous Gland
Dermis
Arrector Pili Muscle

Hair follicle

Nerve Ending
Sensory Neuron
Merocrine sweat
Gland

Hypodermis Blood Vessel

Adipose Tissue

Page 4