ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, I would like to invoke the grace of the Almighty, without which no fruitful
event occurs in this world.
I wish to express my sincere gratitude and thanks to Mr. Subhash Joshi T.G., Senior Engineer,
Power Electronics Group, CDAC, (TVM) for his guidance, encouragement and support during
this project.
I am grateful to my Honourable Principal Prof. Shahir V.K., for providing me with all facilities
and help for the successful completion of this project.
I owe a whole hearted sense of reverence and gratitude to Mrs. FATHIMA SAPNA P.,
Associate Professor & Head of the Department, EEE, for her constant support and
encouragement rendered to me.
I also convey my immense gratitude to my guide, Ms. MERCY THOMAS, Assistant
Professor, EEE, for her efficient and excellent guidance.
I also convey my sincere gratitude to Mr. MURALI KRISHNAN K., Assistant Professor, EEE,
for his guidance and support.
I also extend my heartfelt thanks to all the faculty members of EEE Department, who have
rendered their valuable help.
Last but not the least, I thank my family and friends for their encouragement and prayers.

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 ABSTRACT

This paper presents a new single-stage single-phase solar PV based, grid connected dc-
ac boost converter with an active power injection and reactive power compensation scheme.
The single stage topology is based on a full-bridge DC-AC inverter, which uses a single circuit
for DC-DC boost conversion and DC-AC conversion. The proposed converter not only acts as
inverter, but also boosts the output voltage with respect to input. Two additional diodes and
one input inductor implement the two boost converters that share the same input inductor.
Switching strategy for this topology is similar to a conventional inverter, and in each half
cycle, boost operation is done by one of the two boost converter. For generating the sinusoidal
output voltage, a variable duty cycle is applied to the switches. A current based perturb and
observe control algorithm is used for tracking the maximum power point of the solar panel.
The active power is injected from the PV panel and the reactive power is compensated by
extracting the load current.

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 CONTENTS
Contents Page No.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
LIST OF TABLES iii
LIST OF FIGURES iv
ABBREVIATIONS v
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Project Objective 2
1.3 Scope of the project work 2
1.4 Scheme of the project work 3
1.5 Conclusion 4
Chapter 2. LITERATURE SURVEY 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 Literature review 5
2.2 Conclusion 12
Chapter 3. MODELING OF SOLAR PV SYSTEM 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Modeling of a solar pv module 13
3.3 Solar cell characteristics 13
3.1 Introduction 13
3.2 Modeling of a solar pv module 13
3.3 Solar cell characteristics 13
3.3.1 Effect of variation of solar irradiation 16
3.3.2 Effect of variation of temperature 17
3.4 Maximum power point tracking 18
3.4.1 Perturb and observe method 18
3.3.2 Flowchart of perturb and observe method 19
3.5 Conclusion 19

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Chapter 4. SINGLE STAGE DC-AC BOOST CONVERTER 20
4.1 Introduction 20
4.2 Single stage dc-ac boost converter 20
4.3Modes of operation of the proposed converter 21
4.3.1 State I [0<t<T/2] 21
4.3.2 State II [T/2<t<T] 22
4.4 Steady state analysis of the converter 23
4.5 Switching strategy 24
4.6 Design of the dc-ac boost converter 25
4.6.1 DC capacitor voltage 25
4.6.2 DC capacitor 26
4.6.3 Boost inductor 26
4.7 Conclusion 26
Chapter 5. CONTROL SCHEME FOR THE GRID CONNECTED
DC-AC BOOST CONVERTER 27
5.1 Introduction 27
5.2 Control block diagram 27
5.3 Unit vector for single-phase grid 28
5.4 Scheme for active current extraction 29
5.4.1 Expression for active current extraction 29
5.5 Scheme for reactive current extraction 30
5.5.1 Expression for active current extraction 30
5.6 Control law for the current controller 32
5.7 Scheme for duty cycle generation 33
5.8 Conclusion 33
Chapter 6. SIMULATION OF THE PROPOSED SINGLE-STAGE
GRID CONNECTED BOOST CONVERTER 34
6.1 Introduction 34
6.2 Simulation parameters 34
6.3 Simulation diagram 34
6.4 Simulation results 38

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 6.5 Conclusion 49
Chapter 7 . HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 50
7.1 Introduction 50
7.2 Design of the dc-dc boost converter 50
7.3.1 Design of the boost inductor 50
7.3.2 Design of the output capacitor 51
7.3 Hardware parameters 51
7.4 Circuit diagram 52
7.5 Hardware set up 54
7.6 Description of circuit 55
7.6.1 Power supply unit 55
7.6.2 Control unit 56
7.6.3 M-board unit 58
7.6.4 DC-DC converter unit 59
7.6.5 Inverter unit 60
7.7 Working 61
7.8 Hardware results 61
7.9 Conclusion 62
Chapter 8. CONCLUSION 63
8.1 General 63
8.2 Future Works 64
REFERENCES 65

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 LIST OF TABLES

No Title Page No

6.1 Simulation parameter values 34

7.1 Hardware parameter values 52

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 LIST OF FIGURES

No Title Page No

3.1 Single diode model of solar cell 14

3.2 Equivalent circuit of a solar module 15
3.3 I-V, P-V curve of a solar cell at a given temperature and solar
irradiation 15
3.4 Variation of P-V curve with solar irradiation 16
3.5 Variation of I-V curve with solar irradiation 16
3.6 Variation of P-V curve with temperature 17
3.7 Variation of I-V curve with temperature 17
3.8 Flowchart of perturb and observe method 19
4.1 Proposed single stage DC-AC boost converter 20
4.2 Stage 1 of state I (T1, T3 on T2, T4 off) 21
4.3 Stage 2 of state I (T1, T3 off T2, T4 off) 21
4.4 Stage 1 of state II (T2, T4 on T1, T3 off) 21
4.5 Stage 2 of state II (T2, T4 off T1, T3 off) 21
4.6 Sample pulses for T1 - T3 and T2 - T4 24
4.7 Variable duty cycle of T1 and T3 25
4.8 Variable duty cycle of T2 and T4 25
5.1 Control block diagram for the proposed system 27
5.2 Unit vector components 28
6.1 Simulation diagram of the proposed single-phase single-stage grid
connected dc-ac converter with active power injection and
reactive power compensation 35
6.2 Simulation diagram of MPPT using current controlled P&O 36
6.3 Simulation diagram for reference current generation 37
6.4 Simulation diagram for variable duty cycle generation 38
6.5 Simulation diagram of variation of irradiation level with time 38
6.6 Simulation diagram showing variation of with time 39

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6.7 Simulation diagram showing variation of with time 40
6.8 Simulation diagram showing current command generation 40
6.9 Simulation diagram showing the variation of inductor current 41
6.10 Simulation diagram showing the variation of capacitor voltage 42
6.11 Simulation diagram showing the variation of duty cycle in one
period, for T1 and T3 43
6.12 Simulation diagram showing the variation of duty cycle in one
period, for T2 and T4 43
6.13 Simulation diagram showing the variation of active current 44
6.14 Simulation diagram showing the variation of reactive current 44
6.15 Simulation diagram showing the variation of reference current 45
6.16 Simulation diagram showing the variation of converter current 45
6.17 Simulation diagram showing the variation of grid current 46
6.18 Simulation diagram showing the variation of active current and
grid current 47
6.19 Simulation diagram showing the variation of load current 47
6.20 Simulation diagram showing the converter voltage 48
6.21 Simulation diagram showing the grid voltage 48
7.1 Circuit diagram of the hardware prototype 53
7.2 Hardware prototype of the PV based multi-stage dc-ac converter 54
7.3 Solar module used at the input of dc-dc converter 55
7.4 Power supply unit (a) circuit diagram (b) Hardware prototype 56
7.5 Control unit (a) circuit diagram (b) Hardware prototype 57
7.6 M-board unit (a) circuit diagram (b) Hardware prototype 58
7.7 Converter unit (a) circuit diagram (b) Hardware prototype 59
7.8 Inverter unit (a) circuit diagram (b) Hardware prototype 60
7.7 Gate pulses of dc-dc boost converter MOSFET 61
7.8 Gate pulses of inverter MOSFET 62

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 ABBREVIATIONS

AC Alternating Current

DC Direct Current
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking
MW Mega Watt
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor
PLL Phase Locked Loop
PV Photo Voltaic
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
TTL Transistor Transistor Logic
USART Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter

NOTATIONS

I Current, A

D Duty Cycle
Fs Switching Frequency, kHz
L Inductance, mH
C Capacitance, F
V Voltage, V

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