Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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INDEX
About BSNL 3
GSM 6
GSM Network 9
GSM Specification 14
Supplementary Services 17
Conclusion 19
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1. About BSNL
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Formed in oct. 2000, is world’s 7th largest
telecommunications company providing comprehensive range of telecom
services in India: wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, internet,
broadband, carrier services. Within a span it has become the one of the
largest public sector unit in India.
BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned
initiatives to bridge the rural –urban digital divide ICT sector. In fact there is
no telecom operator in the country to beat it reach with its wide network
giving services I every nook & corner of country and operates across India
except Delhi & Mumbai.
BSNL cellular service cellone, has more than 20.7 million cellular
customers, garnering 24 % of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means
that almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection.
In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic
Phone Subscribers i.e. 85 % share of the subscribers and 92 % share in
revenue terms.
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2. Introduction: The Evolution of Mobile Telephone
Systems
Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding
telecommunications applications. Today, it represents a continuously
increasing percentage of all new telephone subscriptions around the world.
Currently there are more than 45 million cellular subscribers worldwide, and
nearly 50 percent of those subscribers are located in the United States. It is
forecasted that cellular systems using a digital technology will become the
universal method of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters
predict that there will be more than 100 million cellular subscribers
worldwide. It has even been estimated that some countries may have more
mobile phones than fixed phones by the year 2000 (see Figure 1).
Cellular systems began in the United States with the release of the advanced
mobile phone service (AMPS) system in 1983. The AMPS standard was
adopted by Asia, Latin America, and Oceanic countries, creating the largest
potential market in the world for cellular.
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In the early 1980s, most mobile telephone systems were analog rather than
digital, like today's newer systems. One challenge facing analog systems was
the inability to handle the growing capacity needs in a cost-efficient manner.
As a result, digital technology was welcomed. The advantages of digital
systems over analog systems include ease of signaling, lower levels of
interference, integration of transmission and switching, and increased ability to
meet capacity demands. Table 1 charts the worldwide development of mobile
telephone systems.
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broadband solution. In May 1987, the narrowband time division multiple
access (TDMA) solution was chosen. A summary of GSM milestones is
given in Table 2.
Year Milestone
1982 GSM formed
1986 field test
1987 TDMA chosen as access method
1988 memorandum of understanding signed
1989 validation of GSM system
1990 Pre operation system
1991 commercial system start-up
1992 coverage of larger cities/airports
1993 coverage of main roads
1995 coverage of rural areas
3. GSM
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specifications were published in 1990. The first GSM network was launched
in 1991 by Radiolinja in Finland. By the end of 1993, over a million
The key advantage of GSM systems to consumers has been higher digital
voice quality and low cost alternatives to making calls, such as the Short
message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"). The advantage for
network operators has been the ease of deploying equipment from any
vendors that implements the standard. Like other cellular standards, GSM
allows network operators to offer roaming services so that subscribers can
use their phones on GSM networks all over the world.
Radio interface
GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it by
searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in four
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different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or
1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including Canada and the
United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands because the 900 and
1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated.
The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries,
notably Scandinavia, where these frequencies were previously used for first-
generation systems.
In the 900 MHz band the uplink frequency band is 890-915 MHz, and the
downlink frequency band is 935-960 MHz. This 25 MHz bandwidth is
subdivided into 124 carrier frequency channels, each spaced 200 kHz apart.
Time division multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate
speech channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots
(giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame. Half
rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate
is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.
GSM has used a variety of voice codes to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into
between 6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of
data channel they were allocated, were used, called "Full Rate" (13 kbit/s)
and "Half Rate" (6 kbit/s). These used a system based upon linear predictive
coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bit rates, these codecs also
made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air
interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal.
GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the GSM-EFR codec, a 12.2 kbit/s
codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the development of UMTS,
EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called AMR-Narrowband,
which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full rate
channels, and less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good
radio conditions on half-rate channels.
There are four different cell sizes in a GSM network - macro, micro, pico
and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the
implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the
base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above average roof
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top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average roof
top level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells
whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used
indoors. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells
and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells.
Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain and
propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of
kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical
use is 35 km or 22 miles. There are also several implementations of the
concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even
more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain and the timing
advance.
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The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), a
kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK, the signal to be
modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a Gaussian low-pass filter
prior to being fed to a frequency modulator, which greatly reduces the
interference to neighboring channels (adjacent channel interference).
DETAILS:
A nearby GSM handset is usually the source of the "dit dit dit, dit dit dit, dit
dit dit" signal that can be heard from time to time on home stereo systems,
televisions, computers, and personal music devices. When these audio
devices are in the near field of the GSM handset, the radio signal is strong
enough that the solid state amplifiers in the audio chain function as a
detector. The clicking noise itself represents the power bursts that carry the
TDMA signal. These signals have been known to interfere with other
electronic devices, such as car stereos and portable audio players. This is a
form of RFI, and could be mitigated or eliminated by use of additional
shielding and/or bypass capacitors in these audio devices. However, the
increased cost of doing so is difficult for a designer to justify..
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support system (OSS). The basic GSM network elements are shown in
Figure 2.
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activity status. When an individual buys a subscription from one of the
PCS operators, he or she is registered in the HLR of that operator.
• Mobile services switching center (MSC)—The MSC performs the
telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and
from other telephone and data systems. It also performs such functions
as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel signaling, and
others.
• Visitor location registers (VLR)—The VLR is a database that
contains temporary information about subscribers that is needed by the
MSC in order to service visiting subscribers. The VLR is always
integrated with the MSC. When a mobile station roams into a new
MSC area, the VLR connected to that MSC will request data about the
mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile station makes a call,
the VLR will have the information needed for call setup without
having to interrogate the HLR each time.
• Authentication center (AUC)—A unit called the AUC provides
authentication and encryption parameters that verify the user's identity
and ensure the confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network
operators from different types of fraud found in today's cellular world.
• equipment identity register (EIR)—The EIR is a database that
contains information about the identity of mobile equipment that
prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile stations.
The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone nodes or as a
combined AUC/EIR node.
All radio-related functions are performed in the BSS, which consists of base
station controllers (BSCs) and the base transceiver stations (BTSs).
• BSC—The BSC provides all the control functions and physical links
between the MSC and BTS. It is a high-capacity switch that provides
functions such as handover, cell configuration data, and control of
radio frequency (RF) power levels in base transceiver stations. A
number of BSCs are served by an MSC.
• BTS—The BTS handles the radio interface to the mobile station. The
BTS is the radio equipment (transceivers and antennas) needed to
service each cell in the network. A group of BTSs are controlled by a
BSC.
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The Operation and Support System
The operations and maintenance center (OMC) is connected to all equipment
in the switching system and to the BSC. The implementation of OMC is
called the operation and support system (OSS). The OSS is the functional
entity from which the network operator monitors and controls the system.
The purpose of OSS is to offer the customer cost-effective support for
centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance activities that
are required for a GSM network. An important function of OSS is to provide
a network overview and support the maintenance activities of different
operation and maintenance organizations.
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Figure 3. Network Areas
The cell is the area given radio coverage by one base transceiver station. The
GSM network identifies each cell via the cell global identity (CGI) number
assigned to each cell. The location area is a group of cells. It is the area in
which the subscriber is paged. Each LA is served by one or more base station
controllers, yet only by a single MSC (see Figure 4). Each LA is assigned a
location area identity (LAI) number.
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An MSC/VLR service area represents the part of the GSM network that is
covered by one MSC and which is reachable, as it is registered in the VLR of
the MSC (see Figure 5).
The PLMN service area is an area served by one network operator (see
Figure 6).
6. GSM Specifications
Before looking at the GSM specifications, it is important to understand the
following basic terms:
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• frequency—the number of cycles per unit of time; frequency is
measured in hertz (Hz)
• kilo (k)—kilo is the designation for 1,000; the abbreviation kbps
represents 1,000 bits per second
• megahertz (MHz)—1,000,000 hertz (cycles per second)
• milliseconds (ms)—one-thousandth of a second
• watt (W)—a measure of power of a transmitter
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A SIM for Bell Mobility (Canada)
One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),
commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card
containing the user's subscription information and phonebook. This allows
the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets.
Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset
simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the
phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice
is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.
In Australia, Canada, Europe and the United States many operators lock the
mobiles they sell. This is done because the price of the mobile phone is
typically subsidized with revenue from subscriptions, and operators want to
try to avoid subsidizing competitor's mobiles. A subscriber can usually
contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to
remove the lock, or make use of ample software and websites available on
the Internet to unlock the handset themselves. While most web sites offer the
unlocking for a fee, some do it for free. The locking applies to the handset,
identified by its International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number,
not to the account (which is identified by the SIM card). It is always possible
to switch to another (non-locked) handset if such a handset is available.
Some providers will unlock the phone for free if the customer has held an
account for a certain time period. Third party unlocking services exist that
are often quicker and lower cost than that of the operator. In most countries,
removing the lock is legal. Cingular and T-Mobile provide free unlocking
services to their customers after 3 months of subscription
In countries like Belgium, India, Indonesia and Pakistan, etc., all phones are
sold unlocked. However, in Belgium, it is unlawful for operators there to
offer any form of subsidy on the phone's price. This was also the case in
Finland until April 1, 2006, when selling subsidized combinations of
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handsets and accounts became legal, though operators have to unlock phones
free of charge after a certain period (at most 24 months).
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Typical applications include traffic congestion warnings and reports
on accidents.
• Voice mail—This service is actually an answering machine within the
network, which is controlled by the subscriber. Calls can be forwarded
to the subscriber's voice-mail box and the subscriber checks for
messages via a personal security code.
• Fax mail—With this service, the subscriber can receive fax messages
at any fax machine. The messages are stored in a service center from
which they can be retrieved by the subscriber via a personal security
code to the desired fax number.
9. Supplementary Services
GSM supports a comprehensive set of supplementary services that can
complement and support both telephony and data services. Supplementary
services are defined by GSM and are characterized as revenue-generating
features. A partial listing of supplementary services follows.
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to all GSM telecommunications services using a circuit-switched
connection.
• Multiparty service—The multiparty service enables a mobile
subscriber to establish a multiparty conversation—that is, a
simultaneous conversation between three and six subscribers. This
service is only applicable to normal telephony.
• Calling line identification presentation/restriction—These services
supply the called party with the integrated services digital network
(ISDN) number of the calling party. The restriction service enables the
calling party to restrict the presentation. The restriction overrides the
presentation.
• Closed user groups (CUGs)—CUGs are generally comparable to a
PBX. They are a group of subscribers who are capable of only calling
themselves and certain numbers.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to add a few heartfelt words for the people who were part of this
training report in numerous ways, People who gave unending support right
from the stage the training report idea were conceived. In particular I am
extremely grateful to BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED for
providing me with an excellent opportunity of undergoing summer training
for the duration of four weeks.
I express my effusive thanks to Mr. O.N. Singh (S.D.O.) and the
other technical staff members. With their expert guidance and kind help this
training would have been a distant dream.
I express my sincere gratitude to Mr. K.P. Upadhyay (J.T.O.) for
providing me the required information for completion my job.
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PREFACE
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CONCLUSION
THANKS!
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