Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
ffi
NEGERI SABAH. MALAYSIA
TECHNICIAN'S HANDBOOK
FOR
Roao CONSTNUCTION AND MI.NTNNANCE
No.: 1
DRAINAGE
1981
Overseerrs llaldbook No. 1
Drainage
fntrod.uctio}
PART I: GENERAT
1. ScoPe of Drainage
I o m eo s u r e c o m b e r o n d s u p e r e l e v c t i o-n x c m I n l 0 0 c m r=' l r
fig. I
Earth Surface 4z 68
Gravel Surface 38 68
Water-bound Macadam 31 4z
Penetration Macadam 2. 5g
Bitumen Macadam 2Z 2.52
Surface Dressed 2. 5r
Premix Surfaces 2* 2.5*
fig.2
15- 200m 7*
250 500 m 6* 3.58
550 - 1000 n 3t 2.5*
fig. 3
B. Side Dralns
fig.5
9
flg. 6
10
C. C u l v e r t s
A=c,Wwhere
A = area of waterbray opening in
sguarefeet
D = drainage area in acres
C = a coeffj.cient dependlng on the
slope, shape, and characteris-
tic of the area drained, e.g. s
0.2 for flat areas, where
length is several tLmes width
0.5 for gently rolllng farmland
0.7 for rough hilly areas'wlth
moderate slopes
I.0 for steep barren areas and
mountalnoug areas.
ll
(fii) C u l ve rt Gra d i e n t
flg. 7
fig.8
flg.9
I5
fig. L0
fig. Il
D . Subsoll Draiqaqe
DEPTH OF
SUB-BASE MATERIAL WATER TABLE
flg. 12
( f l) Fr'ench Dral'ns
f19. 13
19
flg. 14
E. Catchment Drains
I
2L
flg. 15
fig.15
F. Diversions
G. Erosion Control
H. fnspection
2.
DRAINAGE
1 . C o n s t r u cti o n fo r S ma l 1 C ulver ts
On most old highways there
are insuffi_
cient culverts to eater for the needs
of the highway. The iUsence o.f frequent
run off polnts forces the
side arains-to
carry surface_ water for longer - v 5 l u m elengths,
sr";;e'
resulting in larger flow
consequently an increased risk
of'eiosio*
and subsequent ponding. The more i;;:--
quently water can be lappea
of into-ii_
vers and streams the beiler.
et each
sggh point a culvert must exist to
able both sicle_ drains to eiscfrarge en-
flow. their
-In gently undulating land an ave_
rage of five culverts per kilo*"t.i
normal. i"-
In mountanino-us country the
rage can easily ave:,
-
be double. rneirttably
therefore the lore*"r, *fii be faced - with--'
the negessity of constr.r-iirrg
. ,r"*
verts to correet faults found in his ""i_
drainage, system.
2. Stan*lrd, DesiEns
A. F r e c a s t C o n cre te P i p e s
fig. 17
B. Corrugated S t e e l Pipes
fig. 18
C. Box Culverts
flg. 19
3. Measurement
4. Planning
G . T o o l s r e tc.3 E n su re th at sufficient
barriers are available not onIY to
protect the work site, but also to
denrarkate the half road wldth avail-
abl.e to trafflc through the glte.
5. Pfeparatlon
Preparation ls subdtrvlded into two sec-
tors. The flrst Preliminary Works covers
avallabiltty of Equipnent, materials'
34
A. Preliminarv Works
6. O r g a n i s a ti o n
\ffi
llz
L./
flg. 20
35
- 3 davs
7 . Executi.on
Dav I
I . Cornpletion
C . C o l l e c t a n d cl e a n a l l to ols, signs,
barrLers ready for next job, or re-
turn to store.
9. Reportlnq
VIATERI{AY OPENINGS
CULVERT AREAS
SLAB
I,ENGTH (M) 1r 10 1. 30 1. 60 1.80
BEARINGS
(M) 2 x0 .2 2 x0 .2 2xQ.2 2xQ.2
CLEAR SPAN
(M) 0. 70 0.90 1. 20 l. 40
SKEW
SLAB CULVERI,LOTIG]TUDINAL
SECTTON
PtAN
P'
l-t
50
#-,-q
G
t--s,
IYPE I
0.t0? mt
260 k9
ifll
iil TABLE5
rfli
riflr
Itir DECKSLAB
{ii
rl.
{;ii
liii
iil
ii
sEcrfoil2-2
TYPET
0 1 2 5m r
JiD*s
9oo
TAELE 6
sgeK $1,{ffi
e i-*3
I
:===:-:::=T;;
.;;;:;E"=<l$J I
K
==#
ffi
\__ LJiJ
-i-i{+
-:4'gL
I
4l3€) \@3rl!tul?(9 t
160
l*
IL - i ) 1
l!4!-
I E
l---*---
"
-r
i.l
: .l
U-T. t-Krl
\tl3_
@ i \,.",@
50 -_-- *r
l-
sECTrO{ 3 - 3
t{t sb ox I wr.
L of DossrlPlion
ilo m. n m kg
F;1
5t l2 0.{5 5 2.25 2t
# TYP€ IItr
t--tL*- 0.150rns
So fig
Yotct t
t
T A B L E7
DECKSLAB
P'
Lt,
s€cflolt t-{
tlc
af
n
,. tzin ,l
IYPE If,
0.16?mt
O0 Kg
TABLE8
FORM
MEASUREMENT
0r Yroix
DtvrsroN IIYPE
OISTRrcT
ROAONO.A.-MME
ROAOFROX IO
KII. EXT TYPE
PAYEM
FORIIAIIONWIDTH tl. A NGLE OF SI(E
cuLvERT tElcrlt . M.
IIIYER' TEVEL: INLET OU?LEI
llAT.EETAtjT IOOXLEIL
AOGREGA'E II,'- X IEYET
sAr{D rd wARNtilo Stcfas
CEHEXT UO lAeRreRi
BRTCKnaASOT{RY gt RED tAt{'S
FoitawoRt( pr WHEET BARROUS
i
I TYFE.OF WORK
0lvtsroN
l orstRrcl
I
ROADNO.&
ROAD FiOH .TO
KM. FIOH ..TO
?lUMf:ign OF S A U A R € M E T R E S
DAY**---l REHARKS
gourFHEHr
ROLLgRS
ASPH. DtstRt6uttsqg
AWFI. HEAIERS
WHEET IOADERS
EHIP IPREAOEfiIS
AI?H. I(E'TLSE
G{U{OFRts
coHPr?gs90n$
TRUCHS
Plcx - uPt
MAIERIA!3
A6CREOATEB
AsPHAII
OTHERs
tAtoui
FOEE}{lX
e{itRATo*lsr'sntv{il$
tABOUf,ERS
lrour t
REPORI
MONTHLY
DtsIRtcT sEcTloll
.TO. fu TI.
og.EEgts.:
PAVEIlENT
SHOULOERS
SIDE DRAINS
CIT.VERIS
II enrooes
II FLOOD PONT3
I
OUAR'ERI-Y
sroPEs
CATCruIETT
DIYERSION
RIYERS
fi