International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-3, Issue-9, Sep- 2017]

https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.3.9.6 ISSN: 2454-1311

Handover in Mobile Wireless Communication

Network - A Review
Jeremiah O. Abolade1, Olasebikan A. Fakolujo2, Abidemi Orimogunje3
1,3
Electrical and information Engineering Department, Covenant University, Nigeria
2
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan

Abstract Mobility is the characteristics of mobile II. HANDOVER TYPES

communication that makes it irresistible by all and sundry.
The whole world is now engaging in wireless
communication as it provides users' ability to communicate
on-the-go. This is achieved by transferring users from a
radio network to another. This process is called handover.
Handover occurs either by cell crossing or by deterioration
in signal quality of the current channel. The continuation of
an active call is a critical characteristic in cellular systems.
Brief overview of handover, handover type, commonly used
handover parameters, some methods employed in the
literature and we present the convergent point for
furtherance in the area of mobile wireless communication
Handover.
Keywords Wireless Communication Network,
Handover, GSM and CDMA.
The classification of Handover is based on the following
factors:
(A) ACCESS TECHNOLOGY
HORIZONTAL HANDOVER
This is also known as the Intra-technology handover and it
is a handover between BSs of the same network interface
e.g. 3G to 3G. This is common in a homogeneous system
like GSM and CDMA networks.
VERTICAL HANDOVER
This is also called inter-technology handover and it is a
handover that occurs between two networks of different
technology e.g. 3G to 4G. Vertical handover requires both
layer 2 (Data Link layer) and layer 3 to complete the
handover procedure successfully.

I. INTRODUCTION
The major characteristics that made wireless cellular
communication system WCCS an indispensable is mobility.
Handover is the process of achieving Continuous service as
the user moves in-between cells. Handover is needed during
cell-crossing or/and signal quality degradation in the current FIG. 1: Horizontal and Vertical Handover
channel. During handover, there is switching among (B) PROTOCOL LAYERS INVOLVED
networks and thereby transfer users to another network or Data link layer-Based handover
BS [45]. The fundamental of 5G is heterogeneous networks Network layer-Based handover
and in such networks, seamless handover in non-negotiable Cross layer-Based handover
[46]. Phases of handover are: discovery, decision and
execution. Network discovery finds appropriate network (C) TYPE OF TECHNOLOGY THAT THE
that satisfies user desired QoS. Decision phase is when the NETWORK SUPPORTS
handover should take place (also known as a handover Hard handover
initiation phase). These phases determine seamlessness of In this type of handover, the serving station is released
the handover. Wrong time of initiation leads to unnecessary before new resources can be committed. Therefore, there is
handover or call drop rate is increased and thereby result to always a gap in the communication because; the mobile
poor QoS. Therefore, handover should take place at the terminal cannot simultaneously communicate with the two
right time by trigger handover decision considering all the access points (old and new).
parameters properly to ensure QoS is not affected and
unnecessary handover is avoided.

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijaems.3.9.6
Fig.2: Hard-Handover Mechanism
Soft handover
The mobile connection with neighboring BSnew is first
established, after which BSold is released. With this
algorithm, handover failure is reduced because a connection
is established before breaking away from the old. It also
offers a Fast Base Station Selection (FBSS).
Softer handover
Fig.3: Soft and Softer Handover
This is slightly the same as soft handover except that it
occurs between two different sectors of the same cell.
(D) TYPE OF INITIATING AND ASSISTING ENTITIES
There are two different things here, i.e. who initiate the
handover and who control the handover process?
Mobile_Initiated_based_Handover MIHO)
Network_Initiated_based_Handover (NIHO)
Network_Controlled_based_Handover (NCHO)
Mobile_Controlled_based_Handover (MCHO)
Mobile_Assisted_based_Handover (MAHO)
Network_Assisted_based_Handover (NAHO)
Some of the commonly used parameters are: RSSI, SNR,
Distance, Velocity, Network coverage, Delay, power
consumption etc.
Signaling traffic results with a poorly designed handover
scheme and eventually leads to poor QoS. Cellular
communication system is divided into cell of a disjoint
subset of frequency bands to avoid co-channel interference
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[Vol-3, Issue-9, Sep- 2017]
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therefore, handover is needed. So, negotiation continues
among mobile station, potential BSnew and BSold. The
effect of handover in mobile communication is enormous.
An ineffective handover leads to problems such as poor
utilisation of bandwidth, system overload, call blocking,
call termination, packet loss, and poor QoS.
III. REVIEW OF SOME LITERATURE
In [1], a fuzzy rule based algorithm which is QoS aware that
uses bandwidth, E2E delay, jitter and BER as fuzzy
inference system (FIS) inputs for handover decision making
was proposed. The algorithm was simulated using
Conversational, Streaming, Background traffic classes and
Interactive. The algorithm gives better QoS performance
where delay is less desirable. In [2], a vertical handover
decision algorithm was proposed. It maximizes the overall
MS battery lifetime and the algorithm also aim at traffic
load balancing across the networks. This algorithm,
according to [44], VHD function can be provided for a
region covering one or more AP/BS when implemented in a
multiple VHD Controller (VHDC) available in the
networks. In [3], proposed a Received Signal Strength
(RSS) based algorithm called ALIVE-HO (adaptive
lifetime-based vertical handover) for decision making. With
this algorithm, RSS was used to estimate wireless network
coverage and selects the best network in it. The algorithm
also employed MT velocity to reduce unnecessary
handovers, and the effect of Ping-Pong but the HO
Probability is directly proportional to distance from the
access point. The algorithm proved better than traditional
handover algorithm on the scale of the number of
handovers. For vertical handover decision, QoS parameters
and handover metrics are needed to be considered [4].
In [5], proposed a handover decision mechanism by
formulating an optimization problem. A cost function was
assigned to each candidate network. The choice depends on
the lowest cost value. The criteria of cost function are
handover delay, available bandwidth and power
requirement. Each criterion is assigned with appropriate
weight factor based on its important. In [6] proposed a
utility based algorithm called Active Application Oriented
(AOO) vertical handover decision mechanism. The quality
of service parameters required for the applications is
considered in the algorithm. Utility function is assigned to
every associated candidate network and the highest utility
value network is selected. The weighted sum of various
normalized QoS parameters is called utilization function.
[7] proposed an algorithm which detects decay in signal
using neural networks-based approach to make HO
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decision. In [8], Chan et al. proposed a multi-segment
mobility management, which is based on packet through the
concept of fuzzy logic and Mobile IP.
W. Zhang in [9] proposes a VHD decision which is
formulated using fuzzy-based multiple attribute decision-
making (MADM) problem. Fuzzy logic is employed to
handle the imprecision in the formation of some attributes
of the networks and the users preferences.
In [10], a Markov decision process (MDP) is proposed for
VHO decision making. The approach considered many
parameters like network conditions, user preference and
device capability. A lot of VHD algorithms have been
developed and many of which employed Fuzzy logic theory
which has shown greater advantage over traditional (single
parameter based) algorithm which has no database to store
rule bases.
Mali 2017 [11] proposed a Fuzzy Based VHD Controller
for Future Networks targeted on network selection during
handover processes. The author considered more than
fifteen (15) parameters and divided the handover process
into six systems (A - F). System A provides available
networks report at mobile device periodically and their
respective QoS parameters. System B at the base station
receives these parameters and feed it to the next stage.
System C retrieve the data from the stack if system B and
feed system D to set the fuzzy rules. E is called knowledge
base module and the decision is taking by F. The method
solved the problem of latency and reduces the call drop rate.
Meanwhile, there is need to integrate more and more
parameter into the controller for more accuracy.
In [12],DebabrataSarddar et al proposed a GPS based
handover technique for handover probability enhancement
in NGWS (Next Generation Wireless System). The authors
used GPS to determine the direction of the velocity of the
MT (Mobile Terminal) and thereby ensured efficient hand-
off. The efficiency of this work is dependent on if at
different time interval the angles are stored in memory and
compared for a specific time interval means for perfectness
we required huge data with huge memory capacity. In
[13],Wonjun Lee et al proposed a handover algorithm based
on mobile user movement MAV (Movement Aware
Vertical handover). It uses patterns of movement to avoid
handovers between WLAN and Mobile WiMAX networks
when it is not necessary. In the MAV, the dwell time
adaptively changes and the targeted base station (BS)
predicts the residual time. MAV provides better connection
to MS as long as possible. The work is effective to
handover Ping-Pong effect through dwell time, but it
required to cover the detection technique of actual cell
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boundary also consider coverage based mechanism for
efficient handover. In [14], Dong Ma et al also proposed a
QoS-based VHO algorithm for WLAN and WiMAX which
uses bandwidth estimation algorithm. This scheme
evaluates the overlay networks real-time status to makes a
handover decision. The deficiency of the proposed
algorithm was that handover process will be initiated by
unaccepted signal strength which will produce unsatisfied
QoS parameters. For effective QoS handover, there is need
for latest parameter in order to maintain QoS like network
cost, load balancing and so on. In [15],P.Vetrivelan and
P.Narayanasamy, a seamless media independent resilience
triggering (SMIRT) framework for HetNets (Wi-Fi, WI-
MAX and LTE) is proposed which employed soft-handover
mechanism. A seamless roaming is provided through the
MIR-HO framework with users exclusion in a HetNet by
the proposed method. One of the key factors of resource
utilisation efficiency is call admission control (CAC). This
is being performed during either new call or handover
communication. In this, when the BW (bandwidth) is not
sufficient for call admission, the bandwidth will be
adaptively allocated to accommodate the call. But, there is
need for effective and unique algorithm which will cover
every issue and take an effective decision within a short
time also unnecessary handover situation is not considered.
In [16], Wang et al proposed policy-enabled handover
algorithm. The users set some rules which determine the
best network based on the network parameters (dynamic
and statics) thereby present the cost function. This
algorithm is not capable to handle sophisticated
configuration. In [17],E.Stevens,Wong proposed VHD
algorithm for heterogeneous network by using duration of
connection and load signaling to perform vertical handover.
The algorithm uses MDP to maximize total reward of
connection expected. The algorithm reduces the number of
VHO expected when compared with methods like simple
additive weighting (SAW) method and GRA (grey
relational analysis). In [18],Dvir et al HO algorithm for
HetNet is proposed. A decision function is based on host
velocity, battery status, current load on the network and so
on as related to the available network. The new system-
wise-entity is defined when UE moved to the overlapping
region. Then,, the technology selection is carried out by the
entity to optimize the system performance. In this we
required to cover the parameters which detect the false
situation also along with all latest parameter.
In [19],Chandralekha et al proposed a best wireless network
selection theory which is based on the preferences set by the
UE. The network with a reasonable performance rate is
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selected. The selection must be done carefully because it is
the selected network performance rate is used as input to
NN so that the performance rate might be high. In [20],
Goyal et al proposed a VHO model which is dynamic
across HetNet. The algorithm selects the best network using
RSS, velocity of a mobile node and statics factors. The
algorithm has three phases which are: the priority (used for
the removal of ineligible network), normal (used for
accommodating user predefined preference) and decision
(used to select the best network). The network interface and
base station parameters are monitored by HMC (handover
Management Centre), analyze it and make HO decisions.
There is need to develop functions which relate received
signal strength (RSS) with velocity in order to utilize it with
other factors effective handover. In [21],AratiRana et al
proposed a vertical handover method which reduced the
network latency. The access router periodically send router
advertisement which is analysed when a mobile moves from
one BS place to another BS, a care-of address is generated
through communication with the subnet of that particular
network which is then configured in the eNB. Verification
of duplicate address is carried out by the UE to check for
duplicate address in the same radio range. A reconfiguration
of the new care-of address is carried out if there is any
duplicate address. The algorithm is time consuming
therefore, the latency is affected. According to [9], to switch
from one network to another without disconnection the
latency should be as minimum as possible. [22] Sanjay et al
proposed a requirement of vertical handover mechanism.
Vertical handover is a critical component of forth
generation (4G) networks. This is because of the switching
amongst HetNets. This poses serious HO challenges as a
result of its multiple requirements for VHO. Above
proposed parameters are not sufficient for taking efficient
decision of vertical handover. Actually, it needs to consider
lot many statics and the dynamics parameters of the
network too.
In [23],Tokekar et al proposed handover technique which
depends on static and dynamic parameters. The static signal
strength is not always sufficient to initiate the handover
process and therefore network load, type of application,
speed of the mobile node (MN) may be considered along
with it.
In [24],kolipaka et al combined wireless mesh network
architecture and joint admission control with VHO
algorithm with a case study of WAN and WiMax. QoS is
guaranteed by handing over to another network to support
the traffic flows in WLAN. The E2E delay and throughput
is improved with this algorithm. It is noteworthy that the
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algorithm focuses on QoS, but there is also need to reduce
the number of handover (network latency) and which type
of parameters should considered for proper vertical
handover decision.
In [25], Phemina and Sendhilnathan, proposed a Mobility
management in 4G wireless network using FL (fuzzy logic).
The Algorithm used five input parameters which are
Received Signal Strength (RSS), BW, Monetary Cost,
User Preference (UP) and UE Velocity (V) while the
output is the HO decision. The author noted that the higher
the number of rules the better the convergence of the
handover decision which means the more the input to the
fuzzy inference to the system the better the handover
decision. In vertical handover decision, many issues have to
be optimized for performance improvement. Such problems
are: overlay scenario with multi- criterion, which can easily
be handled by soft computing techniques. In [26], Nasser
proposed A HO scheme between a cellular mobile system
and a WiMAX mobile system in physical layer mode for
high data rates, high mobility and traffic congestion
reduction. The algorithm considered traffic load, signal
quality and mobile terminal (MT) with an assumption that
there is perfect synchronization between the Cellular mobile
system and WiMax system. [27] Proposed an inter-WiMax
handover with initial ranging and periodic ranging. The
initial ranging is to determine the transmit power of the MT
to BS terminal and at the second ranging. A time alignment
message is sent from eNB to UE as it moves around the
radio coverage area.
The HO between WiMAX and UMTS system is given in
[28]. The algorithm focused on the moving mobiles and
performance evaluation is based on the packet lost rate of
the intersystem HO between the two wireless networks
UMTS and WiMAX. The performance as shown by the
simulation results is satisfactory, but decreases with the
increase in the mobile speed. In [29], Edward proposed a
WiMAX /LTE HetNet HO algorithm. The author modeled a
scheme called Session initiation protocol prior handover
with cross-layer design using MIH service to reduce the
session re-setup delay in a WiMAX/Long Term Evolution
(LTE) HetNet. The work also reduced IP multimedia
subsystem session re-setup by minimizing the number of
SIP message exchange during vertical handover. THE
proposed method was simulated on NS2 environment and
the simulation result shows 18% improvement in
comparison with former approaches during VHO between
WiMAX and LTE.
In [30], the author proposed a vertical handover between the
Wi-Max and WIFI Networks by changing the parametric
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changes while performing the base station selection. The
algorithm depends on three parameters which are: load on
the base station, distance and transmission time. The
performance evaluation metrics used are effective
throughput and delay.
In [31],the author proposed an Adaptive Handover Scheme
which is based on velocity for Mobile WiMAX. It should
be noted that the mobility of the mobile users is a critical
and important factor as far as wireless communication is
concerned. The threshold changes as the velocity increases
to avoid unnecessary handover, delay and thereby
optimising the resource utilization.In [32], a soft-handover
was proposed. The algorithm selects a potential base station
while relating handover latency with UE velocity. The
algorithm performance was evaluated with metrics BER and
transmission time of mobile WiMAX using BPSK, QPSK
& 16QAM modulation techniques. The author noted that,
seamless handover in mobile WiMAX is achievable with
the algorithm when the mobile station travels at the speed of
20 m/s with dramatically low latency. However, achieving
the mobility of up to 120 km/h while the latency is less than
50ms with an associated packet loss that is less than
1percenit is still a challenging issue.
In [33],the author proposed a Fuzzy Logic Based Self-
Adaptive Handover Algorithm for Mobile WiMAX
(FuzSAHO). The fuzzy logic deals with either the Handover
should be initiated or not. The criteria used include the
RSSI and MS velocity. The algorithm simulation results
show that Ping-Pong and delay is reduced. In comparison
with RSSI based and mobility improved algorithms,
FuSAHO reduces the number of handover by 12.5 and 7.5
%, respectively when the MS velocity is <17 m/s. In term of
handover delay, the proposed algorithm shows an
improvement of 27.8 and 8 % as compared to both
conventional and MIHO algorithms, respectively as a
result the proposed FuzSAHO is better. Nevertheless, there
is need to check the implication of high UE velocity on the
algorithm performance.
There are many strategies for optimising handover in order
to achieve a minimal handover delay. The authors in [34 -
38] focused on one of the strategies where small message is
involved in handover execution in order to achieve faster
handover. Another strategy is to make the scanning
threshold adaptive as regards cell reselection phase,
therefore, cell information of the neighbouring cell is
necessary [39]. Authors in [39] used a technique that makes
the UE to carry out pre-scanning before actual HO using
fuzzy logic based movement prediction. Therefore, there is
a resource reservation for potential HO at the TBS before
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the HO is initiated and execution. The third strategy has to
do with efficient selection of HO decision. In [40], the
author present logarithm function assisted for the mobility
improved handover (MIHO) algorithm which is velocity
based. The results confirmed the importance of UE velocity
on HO algorithm efficiency. However, velocity alone is not
sufficient to achieve a seamless HO. The author in [41] has
suggested a fuzzy logic approach to enhance the eNB
selection. No result was reported by the author [42]. Fuzzy
logic has been used in the cellular network handover
systems extensively, and it has proved efficient as it
introduces a better handover performance than the
conventional handover [43].
IV. CONCLUSION
We have presented the list of some methods been employed
so far in the area of Mobile communication handover and It
is worth noting that QoS in mobile communication is tied
mostly to how fast and successful the handover is carried
out. It is also noted that the soft computing based
algorithm performed better due to the ability of the soft
computing method to handle the uncertainty embedded in
the mobile wireless communication network. Therefore,
there is a need for more seamless handover by selecting
multiple and appropriate network parameters.
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