Assessment of shear deformation theories for

multilayered composite plates

Ahmed K Noor and W Scott Burton
George Washington University, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23665

A review is made of the different approaches used for modeling multilayered

composite plates. Discussion focuses on different approaches for developing
two-dimensional shear deformation theories; classification of two-dimensional
theories based on introducing plausible displacement, strain a n d / o r stress as-
sumptions in the thickness direction; and first-order shear deformation theories
based on linear displacement assumptions in the thickness coordinate. Extensive
numerical results are presented showing the effects of variation in the lamination
and geometric parameters of simply supported composite plates on the accuracy
of the static and vibrational responses predicted by six different modeling
approaches (based on two-dimensional shear deformation theories). The standard
of comparison is taken to be the exact three-dimensional elasticity solutions.
Some of the future directions for research on the modeling of multilayered
composite plates are outlined.

CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Different Approaches for Constructing Multilayered Plate Theories
3. Two-Dimensional Theories Based on the Method of Hypotheses
4. First-Order Shear Deformation Theories
5. Numerical Studies
6. Future Directions for Research on Modeling of Multilayered
Composites
7. Concluding Remarks
References
1. INTRODUCTION
It has long been recognized that the classical two-dimen-
sional laminated plate theory, based on the Kirchhoff hy-
potheses of straight inextensional normals for the entire plate
package (see, for example, Refs 2, 4, 30, 147, 193, and 195)
yields sufficiently accurate results only for thin composite plates.
The expanded use of fibrous composite materials in aircraft,
automative, shipbuilding, and other industries has stimulated
interest in the accurate prediction of the response characteris-
tics of laminated plates. Most of the advanced composites in
use to date have a low ratio of the transverse shear modulus to
the in-plane modulus, and, therefore, the transverse shear defor-
mation plays a much more important role in reducing the
effective flexural stiffness of laminated plates made of these
composites than in the corresponding metallic plates. Also, the
transverse shear deformation was found to be important in
predicting the delamination type of failure in multilayered
composite structures.
Several approaches have been proposed to account for the
transverse shear flexibility, and other nonclassical factors, ne-
glected in the classical laminated plate theory (such as trans-
verse normal strain). Some of these approaches are extensions
of similar approaches used for isotropic plates (see Refs 13, 96,
144, and 145). These include the three-dimensional elasticity
models, the quasi-three-dimensional models, and the various
two-dimensional shear-flexible models. Three-dimensional elas-
ticity models have been applied to the stress, free vibrations,
and buckling problems of laminated orthotropic rectangular
plates. Both the cylindrical bending case and the simply-sup-
ported boundary conditions were considered (see Refs 54, 76,
103, 104, 107, 112, 113, 114, 173, 174, and 175). In quasi-three-
dimensional models, simplifying assumptions are made regard-
ing the stress (or strain) state in the laminate (or in the
individual layers), but no a priori assumptions are made about
the distribution of the different response quantities in the
thickness direction (see Refs 52, 108, 161, 182, and 186). How-
ever, the use of both three-dimensional and quasi-three-dimen-
sional models for predicting the response characteristics of
laminated anisotropic plates with complicated geometry is com-
putationally expensive and, therefore, is not feasible for practi-
cal composite plates. On the other hand, the two-dimensional
theories are adequate for predicting the gross response charac-
teristics of medium-thick laminated plates, but they are not
adequate for the accurate prediction of the transverse stresses
and deformations.
Although a number of monographs and survey papers have
been written on two-dimensional shear deformation theories
and composite plates (see, for example, Refs 2, 6, 8, 9, 10, 16,
31, 41, 42, 43, 49, 55, 77, 78, 82, 84,117,121,132,134,154, and
200), there is a need to assess recent work on multilayered
composite plates. The present study focuses on this problem.
Specifically, the objectives of this paper are: (a) to classify and
review the various approaches for developing two-dimensional

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 2 Noor and Burton: Assessment of Shear Deformation Theories
shear deformation theories of multilayered plates, (b) to assess
the accuracy of the response predictions of several two-dimen-
sional shear deformation theories, and (c) to identify future
directions of research which have potential for improving the
effectiveness of the computational modeling for composite
plates.
The composite plates considered herein consist of a number
of perfectly bonded layers. Each layer is treated as a homoge-
neous orthotropic material. The effect of slip between different
layers has been described in a number of publications (see, for
example, Ref 126). To sharpen the focus of the study, only
linear static, free vibrations, and buckling problems are consid-
ered. There is a large number of publications on the subject.
The cited references are selected to illustrate the points dis-
cussed and are not necessarily the only significant contributions
on the subject. The discussion is kept on a descriptive level and
for all the mathematical details the reader is referred to the
cited literature.
2. DIFFERENT APPROACHES FOR CONSTRUCTING
MULTILAYERED PLATE THEORIES
The scope of multilayered plate theories encompasses all the
methods used in conjunction with two-dimensional treatments
of composite plates. As in the case of isotropic plates and shells,
all the different approaches for constructing multilayered plate
theories can be viewed as either a single approximation or
successive approximations of three-dimensional elasticity mod-
els (see Refs 39, 41, 66, 67, and 191). The following four general
approaches for constructing two-dimensional shear-deformation
theories for multilayered plates can be identified:
1. method of hypotheses;
2. method of expansion;
3. asymptotic integration technique;
4. iterative methods and methods of successive corrections.
The first approach is an extension of the Kirchhoff approach
and is based on introducing a priori plausible assumptions
regarding the variation of displacements, strains and/or stresses
in the thickness direction. The simplest of these hypotheses is
the linear variation of the displacement components used in
conjunction with first-order shear deformation theories (Refs
151,196,197, and 203). Although the method of hypotheses has
the advantages of physical clarity and simplicity of applica-
tions, it has the drawback of not providing an estimate of the
error in the response predictions.
The second approach was initiated by Cauchy and Poisson
around 1828, and is based on a series expansion, in terms of the
thickness coordinate for displacements and/or stresses. For
isotropic plates and shells, power series, Legendre polynomials,
and trigonometric functions have been employed (see Refs 34,
45, 59, 62, 66, 67, 92, 93, 97, 124, 125, and 189). The second
approach also includes the method of initial functions in which
the displacements and stresses are expanded in a Taylor series
in the thickness coordinate. The relations between the higher-
order derivatives of each of the displacements and stresses, and
their lower-order derivatives are obtained by successive differ-
entiation of the three-dimensional elasticity relations (see Refs
51 and 190).
In the third approach appropriate length scales are intro-
duced in the three-dimensional elasticity equations for the
different response quantities, followed by parametric (asymp-
totic) expansions of these quantities. The three-dimensional
elasticity equations are thereby reduced to recursive sets of
two-dimensional equations, governing the interior and edge zone
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Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 1, Jan 1989
responses of the plate (see Refs 1, 35, 37, 38, 53, 150, 156, and
201). The edge zone (or boundary layer) is produced by self-
equilibrated (in the thickness direction) boundary stresses.
The fourth approach includes various iterative approxima-
tions of the three-dimensional elasticity equations and succes-
sive corrections of the two-dimensional equations (see Ref 67).
The following comments on the different approaches of
constructing two-dimensional plate theories are in order:
1. The state of stress in the plate can be decomposed into an
internal state of stress and a boundary layer. The first is
generated by external surface forces, and by boundary and
reactive stresses, which are not self-equihbrated. The boundary
layer is generated by self-equihbrated (in the thickness direc-
tion) boundary stresses. The method of hypotheses and the
method of expansion can describe well the internal state of
stress, but are not well suited for describing the boundary layer
(because of the complicated nature of the displacement and/or
stress distribution through the thicknesssee, for example,
Refs 39, 74, and 188). By contrast, the asymptotic integration
technique is well-suited for describing both the internal state of
stress and the boundary layer of the plate.
2. If the method of expansion is contrasted with the asymp-
totic integration approach, the following two major differences
can be identified:
(a) No a priori assumptions are made regarding the relative
magnitudes of the different stress components in the method of
expansion. By contrast, in the asymptotic integration approach,
such assumptions have to be made either explicitly or implicitly.
(b) Whereas the method of expansion leads to a set of
simultaneous equations in all the parameters, the asymptotic
integration technique leads to recursive sets of equations for
both the interior and the edge zone (or boundary layer) of the
plate. The lowest-order equations for the interior of the plate
correspond to the classical Kirchhoff plate theory.
3. The aforementioned four approaches are not mutually
exclusive. Some of the theories developed can be classified in
more than one category. Also, hybrid methods, combining more
than one approach have been proposed. Examples of these are
the global-local laminate model of Refs 116 and 164; and the
two-step approach based on using a two-dimensional theory to
evaluate the in-plane stresses and then applying the three-
dimensional equilibrium equations to evaluate the transverse
shear and normal stresses (see Refs 18 and 32).
4. Although most of the theories developed for laminated
composite plates replace the actual plate (or each of its layers)
by a smeared ordinary continuum, some microstructural and
generalized continuum plate theories have been proposed (see,
for example, Refs 40, 44, 178, 179, and 180). In the first class
(microstructural theories) the plate is considered to consist of
alternating layers of relatively rigid material (with properties
representative of fibers) interspersed between flexible layers
(with properties typical of the matrix materialsee, for exam-
ple, Refs 14 and 15). The present study focuses on the two-
dimensional theories constructed by using the method of hy-
potheses, in conjunction with the smeared continuum approach.
3. TWO-DIMENSIONAL THEORIES BASED ON THE
METHOD OF HYPOTHESES
The need for more accurate computational models for multi-
layered laminated plates has led to the development of a variety
of two-dimensional shear deformation theories. These theories
can be grouped into two general categories: (a) theories based
on replacing the laminated plate by an equivalent single-layer
anisotropic plate and introducing global displacement, strain
 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 1, Jan 1989 Noor and Burton: Assessment of Shear Deformation Theories 3

and/or stress approximations in the thickness direction, and (b)
discrete layer theories based on piecewise approximations in the
thickness direction.
The first category includes the Reissner-Bolle-Mindlin type,
first-order shear deformation theories based on linear distribu-
tion of the in-plane displacements in the thickness direction (see
Refs 22, 177, 197, and 203), and higher-order theories based on
a nonlinear distribution of the displacements and/or strains in
the thickness direction (Refs 57, 81, 82, 89, 90, 91, 101, 156,
157, and 199). In order to reduce the number of displacement
parameters used in some of the higher-order theories, two types
of simplifications have been proposed. The first simplification is
referred to as the semi-inverse method. It is based on assuming
the distribution of the transverse shear stresses, and either (a)
or (b):
(a) Using the constitutive relations to derive expressions for
the in-plane displacements which are nonlinear in the thickness
coordinate. This approach was proposed by Ambartsumyan,
Reissner, and others (see Refs 2, 3, 50, 109, 123, 131, 133, 142,
143, 149, 152, 158, 187, and 192).
(b) Using the mixed variational principle in terms of dis-
placements and transverse stresses, which is a modification of
the mixed principle first proposed in Ref 146, to derive the
governing equations of the plate (see Refs 36, 115, 148, 153,
154, and 155).
The second type of simplification is based on imposing the
transverse shear stress (and strain) conditions at the top and
bottom surfaces of the plate. This approach was introduced for
isotropic plates in Ref 117 and later applied, by a number of
researchers, to laminated plates (see Refs 11, 55, 56, 68, 69, 70,
71, 79, 100, 119, 130, 136, 138, and 163), and, although the
in-plane displacements were assumed to be cubic functions of
the thickness coordinate, the total number of displacement
parameters is equal to five as in the first-order theories. Reddy
used the same kinematic assumptions and applied Hamilton's
principle to obtain an energy consistent set of equations for the
plate (see Ref 136). A short discussion of the aforementioned
shear deformation theories is given in Ref 80.
The second category includes the discrete-layer theories based
on piecewise stress/displacement approximations in the thick-
ness direction (see'Refs 26, 27, 29, 83, 84, 94, 95, 98, 99, 162,
176, 181,183, and 184). The continuity of the transverse stresses
at layer interfaces can be satisfied by either (a) imposing the
continuity conditions as constraint conditions, or (b) using
explicit approximations for the transverse stresses within each
layer (semi-inverse approach). The latter approach was first
introduced by Ambartsumyan for symmetric cross-ply lami-
nates (Ref 2), and later extended to other laminates in Ref 194.
The imposition of the continuity of transverse stresses at
layer interfaces can be used to reduce the total number of
generalized displacement parameters in the theory. For exam-
ple, a simplified discrete-layer theory with only five generalized
displacements for describing the deformation of the plate is
obtained by assuming the in-plane displacements ua to be
piecewise linear in the thickness coordinate x3, and the trans-
verse displacement w to be independent of x3.
Many of the cited theories can be considered as special cases
of a general theory based on the following through-the-thick-
ness displacement assumptions (see Ref 139):
K(xf},x3) = u0a(xp) + Ua(xp,x3), (1)
w(xp,xi)=w0(xfl) + W(xfx3), (2)
where ua and w" are the displacement components of the
reference plane of the plate (x3 = 0), Ua and W are functions of
x3 which vanish at x3 = 0, and a,fi = 1,2. The different theo-
ries can be identified by the assumed functional dependence of
Ua and W on x3 (see Table I). The sign convention for the
stresses and displacements is given in Fig. 1.

TABLE I. DISPLACEMENT ASSUMPTIONS IN DIFFERENT LAMINATED PLATE THEORIES

Theory Ua w Comments

Classical theory -x33aw 0

First-order shear *3*2 0
deformation theory
Transverse stresses
2 (x3)2^ do not satisfy
11-parameter *3+(*3) ^ x3c3 +
continuity at
theory
+ (*3)3f layer interfaces
Higher- \
order >
theories J Simplified -x2daW 0
5-para
meter
theory
+ x3
M(?)1<K * ( * , / ) = 1 for Ac*/
k A
Transverse
strain E H/<*>*(/c, 0 x
) ~ ^ ' k - l
1= 1 ;-l
included l'k-1'k-l
Discrete- \
layer )
theories) Transverse 0 For convenience,
strain the bottom surface
; - l
neglected selected to tbe the
reference surface (only
in the discrete-
layer theoriel)

Notes: k is the layer number, 1 < k < NL; hk , h,. are the distances from the reference surface to the
bottom and top surfaces of the AVth layer; all the generalized displacements tp, \p1, f, (A)
H/<A) are functions of xa only [see Eqs (1) and (2)], and Ba = d/dxa (a = 1,2). a and +s.

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 Noor and Burton: Assessment of Shear Deformation Theories
U Ctlcu^'e corrected composite shear
XI
0
33
u t -^i. r '2
31
/ / /-
/A
J "13-
"11 X Calcula
FIG. 1. Characteristics of laminated composite plates and sign
convention for stresses and displacements.
In Refs 12, 63, 64, and 65 discrete layer theories were
developed by dividing the plate into thin layers, and assuming a
uniform state of stress (and/or strain) within each sublayer.
The resulting displacements are nonlinear in the thickness coor-
dinate.
4. FIRST-ORDER SHEAR DEFORMATION THEORIES
First-order shear deformation theories are based on linear
displacement and/or stress variations through the laminate and
are extensions of the Reissner-Bolle-Mindlin type theories for
isotropic plates (Refs 13, 96, and 144). Since in these theories
the transverse shear strains or stresses are assumed to be
constant within each layer, correction factors have to be used in
order to adjust the transverse shear stiffnesses and match the
response predicted by the two-dimensional theory with that of
the three-dimensional elasticity theory. The range of validity of
the first-order shear-deformation theory is strongly dependent
on the factors used in adjusting the transverse shear stiffnesses
of the plate.
Several approaches have been proposed for calculating the
composite shear correction factors for different laminates. Most
of these approaches are based on matching certain gross re-
sponse characteristics, as predicted by the first-order theory,
with the corresponding characteristics of the three-dimensional
elasticity theory. Among the gross response characteristics used
are transverse shear strain energy, natural frequency associated
with the thickness shear vibration mode, and velocity of propa-
gation of a flexural wave (see Refs 5, 17, 23, 24, and 198).
However, all the shear correction factors in use to date are
Calculated a priori and are, therefore, functions of the lamina-
tion parameters only. They do not account for the differences in
the distribution of the transverse shear strains in the thickness
direction resulting from different loading conditions. The reli-
able determination of the transverse shear stiffnesses to be used
in a first-order theory requires a knowledge of the distribution
of the transverse shear strains in the thickness direction of the
plate. This fact was demonstrated in Ref 107, and an efficient
two-phase computational procedure was presented for a posteri-
ori determination of accurate shear correction factors, and
using these factors to obtain improved estimates of the different
response quantities of the plate. A schematic representation of
the different steps involved in this two-phase procedure is
shown in Fig. 2. The effectiveness of this two-phase procedure is
demonstrated in the section on numerical studies.
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Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 1, Jan 1989
First-order shear Three-dimensional equaSions
deformation theory
Cil ula Ll
stillness, ('
E:
|)7P-
' 11 ' I ,vcc<i['usin9 t ans cr at i sses a 6 An S
a r 1 on theory
S h lues of composite
co re to factors > k"
factors A j : ki
f r d ct I gross response
Ch, . t =t OS , , " , ' " , 0"rE",jV
Correct gross response characteristics
I ""|t ""' "
h
"u ' ' u 'i.|t \4) ; '\[t' A >f)'<4;<
f
1 o n tl
in-plane stresses o<(^
1
Correct through-the-thickness displacements
and in-plane stresses 77a. vr, o ^
FIG. 2. Schematic representation of the steps involved in the two-
phase computational procedure of Ref 107. The corrector phase is
boxed by dashed lines. Note: The range of the subscripts a, /?, y, p is
1, 2. Superscript 0 refers to the predictions of the first-order shear-
deformation theory, and a bar (-) over a symbol refers to the response
quantities obtained by using three-dimensional elasticity equations.
5. NUMERICAL STUDIES
The accuracy of the response predicted by different shear
deformation theories is strongly dependent on the significance
of the transverse shear deformation, which in turn, depends on
a number of plate parameters including:
lamination parameters (viz, number of layers, stacking
sequence, degree of orthotropy, and fiber orientation of
different layers);
geometric parameters (eg, thickness ratio and plate geome-
try);
type and rate of variation of external loading;
boundary (or support conditions).
Due to the large number of these parameters and the fact
that closed form (or analytic) solutions are only obtainable for
plates with simple geometries, loading, and boundary condi-
tions, it is impractical to present quantitative results of a
general nature. Qualitative assessment of the accuracy of the
response predicted by different theories can be made by means
of an asymptotic analysis of the governing differential equations
of the plate (see Ref 125).
Several numerical studies have been made of the accuracy of
the static and free vibration responses predicted by different
two-dimensional theories. Table II lists some references in
which numerical studies, based on closed form or analytic
solutions, are reported. A review of the literature on finite
element modeling of laminated composite plates is given in Ref
137. A partial list of references on finite element solutions of
composite plates is given in Table III. Herein the results of
parametric studies for multilayered rectangular orthotropic
plates with simply supported edges are presented. These studies
were conducted to provide some insight into the effects of
variation in the lamination and geometric parameters of com-
posite plates on the accuracy of the response characteristics
predicted by six different modeling approaches based on two-
dimensional shear-deformation laminated plate theories. The
modeling approaches considered are listed in Table IV and will
henceforth be referred to as models 1-6.
For each problem, the solutions obtained by the aforemen-
tioned plate theories were compared with exact three-dimen-
 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 1, Jan 1989 Noor and Burton: Assessment of Shear Deformation Theories 5

TABLE II. LIST OF REFERENCES IN WHICH CLOSED FORM AND ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS ARE PRESENTED
FOR THE STRESS, FREE VIBRATIONS, AND BUCKLING OF COMPOSITE PLATES

Static Free-vibration and/or buckling

Cylindrical bending Simply supported Cylindrical Simply-supported
edges bending edges
Model
used S AS S AS S AS S AS

Three-dimen- 112,114 112 107,113, 107,113 72 72 107,174 107

sional model 174

First-order theories 9,22,26, 99,121, 27,36, 36,107, 72,199 72,199 11,27, 7,11,
99,100, 196, 85,107, 185,196, 103,104, 103,104,
196,197 197 131,136, 197 107,135, 107,135,
141,185, 138,202 138,
187,193 163

Higher-order 9,90,183 90,183 187 199 199

theories

Simplified higher- 9,143 121,143, 36,85,123, 36,122, 143 143 194 122
order theories I 194 131,158, 158,160
187

Simplified higher- 9,71, 60,85, 11,130, 11,56,

order theories II 100 86,136 135,138 130,135,
138,163

Discrete-layer 9,162 121 95,176 176

theories

Simplified discrete- 26,98,99, 99, 27 27

layer theories 183,184 183,184

Notes: (1) S and AS refer to symmetric and antisymmetric lamination with respect to the middle plane of the plate.
(2) Simplified higher-order theories I and II are those based on the semi-inverse method, and the imposition of transverse shear
strain conditions on the top and bottom surfaces of the plate, respectively. (3) Levy-type solutions, based on first-order and
simplified higher-order theories, are presented in Refs 60, 61, 85, and 141 for rectangular orthotopic plates with two opposite
edges simply supported.

TABLE III. PARTIAL LIST OF REFERENCES IN WHICH FINITE ELEMENT MODELS

AND/OR SOLUTIONS ARE PRESENTED FOR THE STRESS
AND FREE VIBRATIONS OF COMPOSITE PLATES

Model Finite elements Finite strip

Three-dimensional model 87,88,128 21

First-order theories 28,48,75,105,106,118,127,129, 25,47

140,165,170,171,172
Higher-order theories 46,119,120,122,168
Simplified higher-order
theories 58,73,122,159
Discrete-layer model 19,20,33,46,110,111
Simplified discrete- 28,102,165,166,167,169
layer model

sional elasticity solutions. The exact solutions were obtained by namely,

using the method presented in Refs 174 and 175. The composite
plates considered in the present study are simply supported
square bidirectional laminates with Lx = L2 = Im. Both sym-
metric and antisymmetric laminations, with respect to the mid-
dle plane, are considered. The fibers of the different layers
alternate between 0 and 90 with respect to the xx -axis, and in
the symmetrical laminates the 0 layers were at the outer
surfaces of the laminate. The total thickness of the 0 and 90
layers in each laminate were the same.
The material characteristics of the individual layers were
taken to be those typical of high-modulus fibrous composites,
GIT/ET = 0.5, GTT/ET = 0.35, vlT = 0.3, vTT = 0.49,
where the subscript L refers to the direction of fibers and
subscript T refers to the transverse direction and vIT is the
major Poisson's ratio. For static stress analysis problems, the
plates were subjected to sinusoidal normal loading on the top
surface; p = pQ sm(7rx 1 /L 1 )sin{>x 2 /L 2 ), and, for free vibration
problems, only the fundamental frequencies and the associated
mode shapes and modal stresses were considered. Typical re-
sults are presented in Figs. 3-12.

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 Noor and Burton: Assessment of Shear Deformation Theories Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 1, Jan 1989

TABLE IV. MODELING APPROACHES USED IN THE NUMERICAL STUDIES

Through- the-thickness Total number of
Model displacement Constraint conditions generalized dis-
number Type assumptions on stresses placement parameters

1 First-order Linear wft, "33=0 5

shear defor- constant w
mation theory

2 Higher-order Cubic u, None 11

shear defor- quadratic it-
mation theory

3 Simplified Cubic ua a33 = 0 through

higher-order constant w and o3 = 0 at 5
theory top and bottom
surfaces

4 Discrete- Piecewise linear ua 33 = 0 2*/VL + 3

layer constant w (through-
theory out the thickness)

5 Simplified Piecewise linear ua "33 = 0 5

discrete- constant w (through- continuity of a3a
layer out the thickness) at layer interfaces
theory

6 Predictor- Predictor phase: Predictor phase:

corrector Linear ua a33 = 0 5
approach constant w
(see Fig. 2 Corrector phase:
and Matching displace-
Ref 107) ments (see note
below)

Note: Matching displacements refers to matching average through-the-thickness displacements

obtained by using three-dimensional equilibrium and constitutive relations with those obtained
from the first-order shear deformation theory (after accounting for the correction in the composite
shear factors).

Three parameters were varied, namely, the number of layers,
NL, the degree of orthotropy of the individual layers, EL/ET,
and the thickness ratio of the plate, h/Lv The number of layers
was varied between 2 and 10, E,/ET between 3 and 30, and
h/Lx between 0.01 and 0.3.
As a first step towards establishing the range of validity of
different theories, the total strain energy of the plate, obtained
by the exact three-dimensional model, was decomposed into
three components: Ux associated with aafj and ea/3; U2 associ-
ated with a3a and y3a; and U3 associated with a33 and e33
(^3 = /i/23333 dV). The effect of variation of the three parame-
ters NL, E[/ET, and h/Ll on the strain energy ratios Ul/U,
U2/U and U3/U (where U=Ul + U2+U3) was studied. Both
static loading and free vibration problems are considered. Typi-
cal results are presented in Fig. 3 for static loading and in Fig. 4
for free vibration. Also, Figs. 5, 6, and 7 show the effects of the
thickness ratio of the plate, h/L1, and the modular ratio EL/ET
on the distribution of the exact three-dimensional displace-
ments j and w, stresses an, al2, ai3> a n c ' ff33> a n c ' transverse
shear strain energy density Ul3, in the thickness direction. An
examination of Figs. 3-7 reveals:
1. As to be expected, the transverse shear strain energy ratio
U2/U increases with the increase in both the thickness ratio of
the plate and the degree of orthotropy of the individual layers.

I |NL NL
" 1 2 3
U1 U 4 9
10
U, U

\ - u1 u
-"- _ _ _ ^
NL = 10

^ - 1 5 1 \ -J *
Tu^or
u2u
u2u S* " fi
u3u u2 u
'
r

FIG. 3. Variation of strain energy components with geometric and

lamination parameters of composite plates. Simply-supported compos- FIG. 4. Variation of the strain energy components, associated with
ite plates subjected to static loading p = pa&m('nxx/Ll)sm('nx1/L1). the lowest vibration mode, with geometric and lamination parameters
t/[, U2, and U3 are the strain energy components associated with of composite plates. L?, and U2 are the strain energy components
K/J' /)). ("3a- Y3). a n d (o,3, e33), respectively. associated with (a/j, eay9) and (a3a, y3a), respectively.

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 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 1, Jan 1989
FIG. 5. Effect of the thickness ratio, h/Lx, on the distribution
of stresses, displacements, and transverse shear strain energy density in
the thickness direction. Simply supported composite plates subjected
to static loading p = p0sin('rrxl/Ll)sin(7rX2/L2), E,/ET\5, and
NL = 4.
FIG. 6. Effect of the thickness ratio, h/Ll, on the distribution of
stresses, displacements, and transverse shear strain energy density in the
thickness direction, associated with the lowest vibration mode. Simply
supported composite plates with EL/ET= 15 and NL = 10.
For plates with h/Ll = 0.1, U2/U can exceed 0.25. The increase
in U2/U is associated with a decrease in the ratio of Uv/U.
2. For symmetric laminates U2/U decreases as NL increases.
On the other hand, for skew-symmetric laminates U2/U shows
a sharp increase as NL increases from 2 to 4, followed by a less
pronounced increase in the range 4 < NL < 10, and no notice-
able change occurs for NL > 10.
3. The transverse normal strain energy ratio U}/U is consid-
erably smaller than the transverse shear ratio U2/U. This is
particularly true for the vibrational response. For statically
Vj
_>"
FIG. 7. Effect of the degree of orthotropy on the individual layers,
EL/ET, on the distribution of stresses, displacements, and trans-
verse shear strain energy density in the thickness direction. Simply
supported composite plates subjected to static loading p -
p0 sin(irxl/Ll)sifl(iTx2/L2), h/Lx = 0.2, and NL = 10.
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Noor and Burton: Assessment of Shear Deformation Theories 7
L-i'
0.1 0.2 10 20
E, /ET
FIG. 8. Effect of geometric and lamination parameters on the
accuracy of total strain energy obtained by different modeling ap-
proaches (see Table II). Simply supported composite plates subjected to
static loading p = p0sin(nx1/L1)sin(irx2/L2), NL = 10. Ucxact is the
total strain energy obtained by the three-dimensional elasticity model.
a) ins
hL,=0,j
FIG. 9. Effect of geometric and lamination parameters on the
accuracy of minimum frequencies obtained by different modeling ap-
proaches (see Table II). Simply supported composite plates with NL =
10. wcxacl is the frequency obtained by the three-dimensional elasticity
model.
loaded plates U3/U approaches 8% for thick multilayered plates
with h/Ll = 0.3 and NL > 9.
4. For thin plates (h/Ll < 0.1), the variation of the in-plane
displacements ua in the thickness direction is nearly hnear, w is
nearly uniform, and oa/j are nearly piecewise linear. As h/Ll
increases the nonlinearity of the variations of ua, w and aatl in
the x3 direction become more pronounced. The nonlinearity is
amplified by increasing the modular ratio EL/ET.
The assessment of the accuracy of the six modeling ap-
proaches listed in Table IV included both global response
characteristics (total strain energy and vibration frequencies), as
k = 0.7794 -J
" I"
fc, = 1.0 J
k^ = 0,7794 I
Au=10 /
0.1 0.2 20 30
FIG. 10. Effect of geometric and lamination parameters on the
accuracy of the minimum frequencies obtained by first-order shear
deformation and predictor-corrector models (see Table II). Simply
supported composite plates with NL -10. wexact is the frequency
obtained by the three-dimensional elasticity model.
 8 Noor and Burton: Assessment of Shear Deformation Theories
\ 0.2. A rapid degradation in accuracy occurs as the thick-
FIG. 11. Accuracy of displacements and stresses obtained by mod-
els 3, 5, and 6 (see Table II). Simply supported composite plates
subjected to static loading p <=* pQ sm(1Ixl/Ll)sm(^^x^/L2), h/Lx =0.2,
/ ,/ 7 .= 15, and NL = 10.
Moilel
"i ; Three-dimensional
etasliciiy
FIG. 12. Accuracy of displacements and stresses obtained by mod-
els 2 and 4 (see Table II). Simply supported composite plates subjected
to static loading p = p0 sin(irxl/Ll)sin(irx2/L2), h/Ll =0.2, E,/ET
= 15, and NL = 10.
well as detailed stress and displacement distributions in the
thickness direction. Typical results are shown in Figs. 8-10 for
the effect of the different plate parameters on the accuracy of
the global response characteristics predicted by the six different
modeling approaches. Figures 10, 11, and 12 give an indication
of the accuracy of the displacement, stress, and transverse shear
strain energy distributions predicted by the different models.
An examination of Figs. 8-12 reveals:
As expected, the accuracy of the first-order shear defor-
mation theory (model 1) decreases as both h/Li and
EL/ET increases. The range of validity of the first-order
theory is strongly dependent on the values of the compos-
ite shear correction factors used. For statically loaded
plates when A:, and k2 were selected to be 1, the error in
the total strain energy for plates with h/Ll = 0.2, NL =
10, E,/ET= 15, is 9.57%. As h/Lx increases to 0.3, the
error increases to 18.3%. When kx and k2 were selected
to be 0.7794, the corresponding errors were only 1.79%
and 4.07%. Note that the value 0.7794 is obtained by
assuming a cylindrical bending condition for the laminate
and following the procedure outlined in Refs 23 and 198.
The global response characteristics predicted by the
higher-order shear deformation theory (model 2) are fairly
accurate. For plates with h/Lx < 0.3, E,/ET= 15, and
NL = 10, the maximum errors in the minimum frequency
of vibration were less than 0.1%. However, the distribu-
tion of the stresses and displacements through the thick-
ness obtained by this theory are not as accurate.
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Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 1, Jan 1989
3. The predictions of the simplified higher order theory
(model 3) are also fairly accurate for plates with h/L1 <
ness ratio increases beyond 0.2. Also, the distribution of
stresses and displacements obtained by this theory are not
as accurate.
4. Of the six modeling approaches examined, the discrete
layer theory (model 4) provides the most accurate global
response characteristics. For plates with h/Ll < 0.3, NL
= 10, and EL/ET= 15, the maximum errors in the total
strain energy and the minimum vibration frequencies
were within 3%. However, for multilayered plates the
discrete layer theory has the largest number of general-
ized displacement parameters. The number of these pa-
rameters (and the order of the theory) increases with
increasing NL. Also, the piecewise linear approximation
for the displacements in the thickness direction does not
lead to highly accurate transverse stress and displacement
variation through the thickness.
5. The accuracy of the predictions of the simplified discrete
layer theory (model 5) is comparable to that of the
first-order theory with klk2 = 1. The accuracy is
strongly dependent on the selected values of the shear
correction factors.
6. The predictor-corrector approach (model 6) appears to
be a very effective procedure for the accurate determina-
tion of the global as well as the detailed response charac-
teristics of plates. The accuracy of response quantities
obtained in the first (predictor) phase, for plates with
h/L1 of the order of 0.3, may be unacceptable; however,
the corrector phase improves these predictions substan-
tially, and results in highly accurate distributions of dis-
placements and stresses through the thickness.
The aforementioned observations point to the fact that accu-
rate prediction of the distribution of stresses and displacements
through-the-thickness of multilayered plates requires the use of
three-dimensional equilibrium and constitutive relations. These
equations can be used in an inexpensive, post-processing mode
with any of the modeling approaches based on two-dimensional
theories. The predictor-corrector approach has the advantage of
starting with a simple first-order theory in the first phase to
obtain estimates for the global response characteristics, and
then correcting these estimates before calculating the displace-
ment distribution in the thickness direction.
6. FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH ON
MODELING OF MULTILAYERED
COMPOSITE PLATES
The expanded use of composite plates and panels in high-tech
industries is likely to continue in the next decade. Therefore,
there is a need to improve the current predictive capability of
the response and failure of composite panels. As a step towards
achieving this goal, the following three studies and extensions
are proposed:
a. Detailed study of the effects of anisotropy, and disconti-
nuities in the laminate topology (e.g., thickness disconti-
nuities, presence of cutouts and stiffeners) on the signifi-
cance of transverse shear and normal strains, as well as
on the accuracy of different shear deformation theories.
b. Adaptation of the predictor-corrector approach of Ref
107 to finite element modeling of multilayered plates with
complicated geometry.
 Appl Mech Rev vol 42, no 1, Jan 1989
c. Development of hierarchical modeling and analysis
strategies for composite panels with complicated geome-
try.
7. CONCLUDING REMARKS
A review is made of the different approaches used for
modeling multilayered composite plates. Discussion focuses on
different approaches for developing two-dimensional shear-
deformation theories: classification of two-dimensional theories
based on introducing plausible displacement, strain and/or
stress assumptions in the thickness direction; and first-order
shear deformation theories based on linear displacement as-
sumptions in the thickness coordinate.
Extensive numerical results are presented showing the effects
of variation in the lamination and geometric parameters of
composite plates on the accuracy of the static and vibrational
responses predicted by six modeling approaches based on two-
dimensional shear-deformation theories. The modeling ap-
proaches are: (1) first-order shear deformation theory; (2)
higher-order shear deformation theory with nonlinear displace-
ment distributions through-the-thickness; (3) simplified higher-
order theories with the conditions of zero transverse shear
stresses imposed at the outer surfaces to reduce the number of
generalized displacement parameters, (4) discrete-layer theory
with piecewise linear distribution of displacements in the thick-
ness direction; (5) simplified discrete-layer theory with the
continuity of transverse stresses imposed at layer interfaces to
reduce the number of generalized displacements; and (6) a
predictor-corrector approach based on using first-order shear
theory to predict the gross response characteristics. Then, using
the three-dimensional equilibrium and constitutive relations to
calculate composite correction factors, correct the gross re-
sponse characteristics, and calculate accurate displacements and
stresses in the thickness coordinate. The standard of compari-
son is taken to be the exact three-dimensional elasticity solu-
tions.
On the basis of the numerical studies, the following conclu-
sions seem to be justified:
1. For most practical problems, the transverse shear defor-
mation has a much more pronounced effect on the re-
sponse of multilayered composite plates than that of
transverse normal strain and stress. The latter can only
become noticeable (of the order of 10% or more) for
deformations with very short wavelength (thickness-to-
wavelength ratio of the order of 0.3), and in the regions of
highly localized loadings (or loadings with sharp varia-
tion).
2. The accuracy of the predictions of first-order shear defor-
mation theory is strongly dependent on the values of the
composite shear correction factors used. The use of the
composite shear correction factors proposed in Refs 23
and 198 results in fairly accurate gross response charac-
teristics for a wide range of lamination and geometric
parameters (see also Refs 104 and 107).
3. The accurate prediction of the stress and displacement
distribution through the thickness of multilayered plates
requires the use of three-dimensional equilibrium and
constitutive relations. These equations can be used in an
inexpensive, postprocessing mode with any of the model-
ing approaches based on two-dimensional theories.
4. The predictor-corrector approach appears to be a very
effective procedure for the accurate determination of the
global as well as the detailed response characteristics of
plates. The accuracy of the response quantities obtained
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Noor and Burton: Assessment of Shear Deformation Theories 9
in the first (predictor) phase of plates with thickness-to-
side length ratio of the order of 0.3 may be unacceptable.
However, the corrector phase improves the predictions
substantially and results in highly accurate distributions
of displacements and stresses through the thickness.
Some of the needed extensions and studies to improve the
current predictive capability of the response and failure of
composite panels are outlined.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The present research is partially supported by a NASA
Grant No NAG1-788 and by an Air Force Office of Scientific
Research Grant No 87-0115. The authors are indebted to Eric
Reissner of the University of California at San Diego and
Charles Bert of the University of Oklahoma for reading the
manuscript, making valuable suggestions, and supplying the
authors with several references; and to James H Starnes, Jr, of
NASA Langley and Anthony K Amos of AFOSR for their
encouragement and interest in the work.
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Alulled K Noor is Professor of Engineering and Applied Science.

He received his BS degree with honors from Cairo University
(Egypt) in 1958, and his MS and PhD from the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1961 and 1963, respective(v. He
taught at Stanford University, Cairo University (Egypt), Univer-
sity of Baghdad (Iraq), and the University of New South Wales
(Australia) before joining George Washington University. He has
edited ten books and authored numerous papers in the fields of
structural mechanics, computational mechanics, and new comput-
ing systems. Currently, he is Associate Editor of both the Journal
of Applied Mechanics and the Applied Mechanics Reviews, and
serves on the Editorial Board of several international journals. He
is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, an
Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, a founding member of both the International and US
Associations of Computational Mechanics, and a member of sev-
eral other professional societies. He served on a nurnber of com-
mittees of the National Research Council/National Academy of
Engineering including Large Space Systems, Computational Me-
chanics, and Aeronautical Technology in the Year 2000. He has
been active in ASME for many years and served as the chairman
of the Committee on Computing in Applied mechanics.

W Scott Burton is a Research Scientist at the George Washington

University's Joint Institute for Advancement of Flight Sciences at
NASA Langley Research Center. He received his BS, ME, and
PhD degrees in mechanical engineering from Carnegie-Mellon
University in 1979, 1981, and 1984, respectively. He was formerly
a senior engineer with Boeing Services International at the US
Bureau of Mines', Mine Equipment Test Facility. He is a member
of ASME and AIAA.

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