(VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD

5(62/8&,1'(&8(67,21(6


&XHVWLyQ

&RPHQWHFDGDXQDGHODVIUDVHVVLJXLHQWHVLQGLFDQGRVLVRQYHUGDGHUDVRIDOVDV\
H[SOLTXHODVUD]RQHVHQODVTXHVHEDVD
D3DUDIXQGLUKLHORKDQGHURPSHUVHHQODFHVFRYDOHQWHV
E3DUDHYDSRUDUDJXDKD\TXHURPSHUHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQR

Solucin

D)DOVRORVHQODFHVFRYDOHQWHVGHPROpFXODVIRUPDGDVSRUXQSHTXHxRQ~PHUR
GHiWRPRVQRVHURPSHQFXDQGRVHSDVDGHXQHVWDGRItVLFRDRWURFRPRRFXUUH
HQHVWHFDVRTXHVHSDVDGHVyOLGRDOtTXLGR(QHVWRVFDPELRVGHHVWDGRVyORVH
URPSHQHQODFHVLQWHUPROHFXODUHV

E&RUUHFWRHQHODJXDOtTXLGDH[LVWHQHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRHQWUHHOR[LJHQRGH
XQD PROpFXOD GH DJXD \ HO KLGUyJHQR GH RWUD PROpFXOD (O R[LJHQR HV PiV
HOHFWURQHJDWLYR TXH HO KLGUyJHQR SRU OR TXH HO HQODFH R[LJHQR KLGUyJHQR HVWi
SRODUL]DGR HO SROR QHJDWLYR HVWDUi VREUH HO R[LJHQR \ HO SRVLWLYR VREUH HO
KLGUyJHQRSRUORTXHVHHVWDEOHFHUiXQHQODFHGHKLGUyJHQRHQWUHGRVPROpFXODV
GHDJXDSUy[LPDV


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

3DUD ODV HVSHFLHV TXtPLFDV \RGR PHWDQR FORUXUR GH SRWDVLR FORUXUR GH
KLGUyJHQRPHUFXULR\DPRQtDFRLQGLTXHGHIRUPDUD]RQDGD
D/DVTXHSRVHHQHQODFHFRYDOHQWH
E 'H HQWUH ODV GHO DSDUWDGR D ODV TXH VRQ SRODUHV WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD VX
JHRPHWUtD

Solucin:

D(QODFHFRYDOHQWH,&+1++&O
(Q WRGRV ORV FDVRV ODV PROpFXODV HVWiQ IRUPDGDV SRU iWRPRV TXH FRPSDUWHQ XQ
SDUGHHOHFWURQHVHQFDGDHQODFHSDUDFRPSOHWDUVXFDSDGHYDOHQFLD

E3RODUHV+&O1+
(O HQODFH +&O HVWi SRODUL]DGR \ FRPR OD JHRPHWUtD GH OD PROpFXOD HV OLQHDO OD
PROpFXODWHQGUiXQPRPHQWRGLSRODU

 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

(Q HO DPRQLDFR ORV HQODFHV 1+ HVWiQ SRODUL]DGRV FRQ OD FDUJD SDUFLDO SRVLWLYD
VREUHHOKLGUyJHQR\ODQHJDWLYDVREUHHOQLWUyJHQR\FRPRODPROpFXODWLHQHXQD
JHRPHWUtD GH SLUiPLGH GH EDVH WULDQJXODU KDEUi XQ PRPHQWR GLSRODU
SHUPDQHQWH


&XHVWLyQ

'DGDVODVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVWHWUDFORUXURGHFDUERQR\DPRQtDFR
D ,QGLTXH OD JHRPHWUtD GH ODV PROpFXODV XWLOL]DQGR SDUD HOOR HO PRGHOR GH
UHSXOVLyQGHORVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVGHODFDSDGHYDOHQFLD
E,QGLTXHODKLEULGDFLyQGHOiWRPRFHQWUDO
F-XVWLILTXHODSRODULGDGGHODVPLVPDV

Solucin

D &&O (O iWRPR FHQWUDO HV HO FDUERQR TXH DSRUWD VXV FXDWUR HOHFWURQHV GH
YDOHQFLD VS \ FDGD FORUR VyOR FRQWULEX\H FRQ XQR      HO FDUERQR
HVWi URGHDGR GH  RFKR HOHFWURQHV HV GHFLU FXDWUR SDUHV GH HOHFWURQHV ORV
FXDOHVSDUDTXHODVUHSXOVLRQHVVHDQPtQLPDVVHGLULJHQGHVGHHOFHQWURGHXQ
WHWUDHGURKDFLDORVYpUWLFHVGHOPLVPRFRPRORVFXDWURSDUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRVOD
JHRPHWUtDUHVXOWDQWHHVWHWUDpGULFD
1+(OQLWUyJHQRTXHHVHOiWRPRFHQWUDODSRUWDVXVFLQFRHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLD
VSFDGDKLGUyJHQRDSRUWDXQRSRUORTXHHOQ~PHURWRWDOGHHOHFWURQHVTXH
URGHDQLWUyJHQRVHUi HOHFWURQHVRVHDHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHV
GHHOHFWURQHVGHORVTXHWUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV\XQRQRFRPSDUWLGRODJHRPHWUtD
UHVXOWDQWHVHUiSLUiPLGHGHEDVHWULDQJXODU

E(O&DUERQR\HOQLWUyJHQRWLHQHQKLEULGDFLyQVS

F (O HQODFH FDUERQRFORUR HVWi SRODUL]DGR SHUR SRU OD JHRPHWUtD OD VXPD GH
WRGRVORVGLSRORVGDFHURSRUORTXHODPROpFXODHVDSRODU/RVHQODFHV1+HQ
HO DPRQLDFR HVWiQ SRODUL]DGRV \ QR VH DQXODQ SRU OR TXH VHUi XQD PROpFXOD
SRODU


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

D,QGLTXHHOWLSRGHHQODFHTXHSUHGRPLQDLyQLFRFRYDOHQWHRPHWiOLFRHQODV
VLJXLHQWHVHVSHFLHVTXtPLFDVFREUHWULFORUXURGHERURDJXDIOXRUXURGHFHVLR\
GLIOXRUXURGHEHULOLR
E (Q HO FDVR TXH SUHGRPLQH HO HQODFH FRYDOHQWH MXVWLILTXH OD JHRPHWUtD \ OD
SRODULGDGGHODVPROpFXODV
 (VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD

Solucin

D&REUHHQODFHPHWiOLFR
%&O(QODFHFRYDOHQWH
+2(QODFHFRYDOHQWH
&V)(QODFHLyQLFR
%H)(QODFHFRYDOHQWH

E %&O (O iWRPR FHQWUDO HV HO ERUR TXH FRQWULEX\H FRQ VXV WUHV HOHFWURQHV GH
YDOHQFLD VS \ FDGD FORUR DSRUWD XQR     HOHFWURQHV WUHV SDUHV HO
ERURHVWiURGHDGRGHWUHVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVTXHVRQFRPSDUWLGRVSRUORVWUHV
iWRPRVGHFORURSRUORTXHODJHRPHWUtDHVWULDQJXODUSODQD
+2(OR[LJHQRDSRUWDVXVVHLVHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDVS\FDGDKLGUyJHQR
DSRUWD XQR SRU OR TXH HO Q~PHUR  WRWDO GH HOHFWURQHV TXH URGHD DO iWRPR
FHQWUDOHV HVGHFLUHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVGH
ORVFXDOHVVyORGRVVRQFRPSDUWLGRVSRUORTXHODPROpFXODVHUiDQJXODU
%H)(OEHULOLRFRQWULEX\HFRQVXVGRVHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDV\FDGD IO~RU
DSRUWD HO  HOHFWUyQ VS GHVDSDUHDGR      HOHFWURQHV SRU OR TXH HO
EHULOLRHVWiURGHDGRGHGRVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVFRPRORVGRVHVWiQFRPSDUWLGRV
ODJHRPHWUtDVHUiOLQHDO
/D PROpFXOD %&O DXQTXH VXV HQODFHV HVWiQ SRODUL]DGRV SRU VX JHRPHWUtD OD
VXPDGHORVWUHVGLSRORVGHORVHQODFHVVHDQXODQ\HVDSRODU
/DPROpFXODGHDJXDHVDQJXODU\ORVHQODFHV2+HVWiQSRODUL]DGRVSRUORTXH
VHUiXQDPROpFXODSRODU
$XQTXHORVHQODFHV%H)HVWiQSRODUL]DGRVDOVHUODPROpFXODOLQHDOORVGLSRORV
VHDQXODQ\ODPROpFXODVHUiDSRODU


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

&RPHQWHFDGDXQDGHODVIUDVHVVLJXLHQWHVLQGLFDQGRVLSXHGHQVHUYHUGDGHUDVR
QR\H[SOLTXHODVUD]RQHVHQODVTXHVHEDVD
D(ODJXDHVXQFRPSXHVWRFRYDOHQWHDSRODU
E(ODJXDHVXQEXHQGLVROYHQWHGHVXVWDQFLDVLyQLFDV

Solucin

D)DOVR /DPROpFXODGHDJXDHVDQJXODU\ORVHQODFHV2+HVWiQSRODUL]DGRV
SRUORTXHVHUiXQDPROpFXODSRODU

E9HUGDGHUR$OVHUSRODUODVPROpFXODVGHDJXDVHRULHQWDQFRQORVGLSRORVGH
IRUPD TXH OD SDUWH SRVLWLYD GHO DJXD VH RULHQWD KDFLD ORV LRQHV QHJDWLYRV  \ OD
SDUWH QHJDWLYD GHO GLSROR GHO DJXD KDFLD ORV LRQHV SRVLWLYRV GHVSUHQGLHQGR OD
HQHUJtDVXILFLHQWHSDUDURPSHUODUHGLyQLFD
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

D(VFULEHODVFRQILJXUDFLRQHVHOHFWUyQLFDVGHORViWRPRV;= <= 
E-XVWLILTXHHOWLSRGHHQODFHTXHVHIRUPDUiFXDQGRVHFRPELQHQ;<R<<
F-XVWLILTXHVLODVGRVHVSHFLHVIRUPDGDVHQHODSDUWDGRDQWHULRUVHUiQVROXEOHV

Solucin

D= VVSVSV = VVSVS


E;<6HWUDWDGHXQHOHPHQWRGHOJUXSRGHEDMRSRWHQFLDOGHLRQL]DFLyQFRQ
RWUR GHO JUXSR  GH  JUDQ DILQLGDG HOHFWUyQLFD SRU OR TXH IRUPDUiQ XQ
FRPSXHVWRFRQHQODFHLyQLFR
<< 6RQ GRV iWRPRV GHO PLVPR HOHPHQWR TXH SHUWHQHFHQ DO JUXSR  \ SDUD
DOFDQ]DU OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV QREOH FRPSDUWHQ XQ SDU GH HOHFWURQHV SRU OR
TXHVXHQODFHVHUiFRYDOHQWH

F /D HVSHFLH ;< DO VHU LyQLFD VHUi VROXEOH HQ DJXD OD ;; DO WHQHU HQODFH
FRYDOHQWHVHUiSRFRVROXEOHHQDJXD


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

&DOFXOHODHQHUJtDUHWLFXODUGHOFORUXURGHVRGLRVDELHQGR
(QWDOStDGHIRUPDFLyQ1D&O N-PRO
(QHUJtDGHVXEOLPDFLyQGHOVRGLR N-PRO
3RWHQFLDOGHLRQL]DFLyQGHOVRGLR N-PRO
(QHUJtDGHGLVRFLDFLyQGHOFORUR N-PRO
$ILQLGDGHOHFWUyQLFDGHOFORUR N-PRO

Solucin: se aplica el mismo ciclo termodinmico anterior

0
H f  6,'(8
0
8  H f 6,'( N-PRO>@N-PRO 
N-PRO


&XHVWLyQ

D 5HSUHVHQWH VHJ~Q OD WHRUtD GH /HZLV ODV PROpFXODV GH HWDQR &+ HWHQR
&+\HWLQR&+&RPHQWHODVGLIHUHQFLDVPiVVLJQLILFDWLYDVTXHHQFXHQWUH
E4XpWLSRGHKLEULGDFLyQSUHVHQWDHOFDUERQRHQFDGDXQDGHODVPROpFXODV
 (VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD

Solucin

D (WDQR &+  HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD &    +      SDUHV GH
HOHFWURQHV

H H

H C C H
H H


(WHQR &+ (OHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD &   +      SDUHV GH
HOHFWURQHV

H H

C C

H H


(WLQR&+(OHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLD &+  SDUHV

H C C H

/DV GLIHUHQFLDV PiV VLJQLILFDWLYDV VRQ TXH HQ HO HWDQR ORV GRV FDUERQRV
DGTXLHUHQ OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV QREOH FRPSDUWLHQGR XQ SDU GH HOHFWURQHV
HQWUHORVGRViWRPRVGHFDUERQRPLHQWUDVTXHHQHOHWHQR\HWLQRSDUDFRQVHJXLU
HVD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV QREOH HV QHFHVDULR TXH FRPSDUWDQ GRV SDUHV GH
HOHFWURQHVRWUHVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVUHVSHFWLYDPHQWH

E (Q HO &+ HO FDUERQR SUHVHQWD KLEULGDFLyQ VS HQ HO &+ HO FDUERQR SRVHH
KLEULGDFLyQVS\HQHO&+VS


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

'DGDODJUiILFDDGMXQWDMXVWLILTXH
D(OWLSRGHHQODFHGHQWURGHFDGDFRPSXHVWR
E/DYDULDFLyQGHORVSXQWRVGHIXVLyQ
F6LWRGDVODVPROpFXODVWLHQHQXQDJHRPHWUtDDQJXODU&XiOVHUiODPiVSRODU"


 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

Solucin

D(QWRGRVORVFRPSXHVWRVHOHQODFHHVFRYDOHQWH\DTXHWRGRVHVWiQIRUPDGRV
SRU HOHPHQWRV  TXH WLHQGHQ D FRPSOHWDU VX FDSD GH YDOHQFLD FRPSDUWLHQGR
HOHFWURQHV

E (ODJXDHVODTXHWLHQHHOSXQWRGH IXVLyQPiVDOWRSRUSUHVHQWDUHQODFHGH
KLGUyJHQR \D TXH HQ ODV GHPiV HVSHFLHV HO HQODFH LQWHUPROHFXODU SUHVHQWH HV
GHELGRDODVIXHU]DVGH9DQGHU:DDOVTXHDXPHQWDQFRQHOWDPDxR

F /D PiV SRODU VHUi OD PROpFXOD GH DJXD HV GRQGH OD GLIHUHQFLD GH
HOHFWURQHJDWLYLGDG HQWUH HO KLGUyJHQR \ HO R[LJHQR HV PD\RU \ SRU OR WDQWR ORV
HQODFHVHVWDUiQPiVSRODUL]DGRV\HOPRPHQWRGLSRODUUHVXOWDQWHVHUiPD\RU


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

'DGDVODVHQHUJtDVUHWLFXODUHVGHODVVLJXLHQWHVVXVWDQFLDV

 8N-PRO
1D) 
1D&O 
1D%U 
5D]RQHFyPRYDUtDQ
D6XVSXQWRVGHIXVLyQ
E6XGXUH]D
F6XVROXELOLGDGHQDJXD

Solucin
D 3DUD IXQGLU XQ FRPSXHVWR LyQLFR HV QHFHVDULR URPSHU ORV HQODFHV LyQLFRV \
FXDQWRPiVIXHUWHVHDHOHQODFHPD\RUVHUiODHQHUJtDUHWLFXODUHORUGHQVHUi
1D)!1D&O!1D%U

E 3DUD UD\DU XQ FRPSXHVWR LyQLFR HV QHFHVDULR WDPELpQ URPSHU HO HQODFH
LyQLFR\HORUGHQVHUiHOPLVPRTXHHODQWHULRU1D)!1D&O!1D%U
 (VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD

F3DUDGLVROYHUXQFRPSXHVWRFRQHQODFHLyQLFRHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHOPLVPRD
OR TXH VH RSRQH OD HQHUJtD UHWLFXODU \ HO RUGHQ VHUi LQYHUVR DO DQWHULRU
1D)1D&O1D%U


&XHVWLyQ

-XVWLILTXHODYHUDFLGDGGHODVVLJXLHQWHVDILUPDFLRQHV
D(ODJXDSXUDHVPDODFRQGXFWRUDGHODHOHFWULFLGDG
E(OFORUXURGHVRGLRHQHVWDGRVyOLGRFRQGXFHODHOHFWULFLGDG
F/DGLVROXFLyQIRUPDGDSRUFORUXURGHVRGLRHQDJXDFRQGXFHODHOHFWULFLGDG

Solucin

D 9HUGDGHUR OD PROpFXOD GH DJXD WLHQH HQODFH FRYDOHQWH \ FRQGXFH PDO OD
FRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD

E )DOVR HQ HVWDGR VyOLGR ORV FRPSXHVWRV LyQLFRV QR FRQGXFHQ OD FRUULHQWH
HOpFWULFDSRUQRWHQHUORVLRQHVPRYLOLGDG

F9HUGDGHURFXDQGRXQFRPSXHVWRLyQLFRHVWiGLVXHOWRVHVHSDUDHQVXVLRQHV
VROYDWDGRVURGHDGRVGHPROpFXODVGHDJXD\pVWRVVHSXHGHQPRYHUFXDQGRVRQ
VRPHWLGRVDXQFDPSRHOpFWULFR


&XHVWLyQ

'DGDVODVHVSHFLHVPROHFXODUHV3)\6L)
D 'HWHUPLQH VX JHRPHWUtD PHGLDQWH OD 7HRUtD GH 5HSXOVLyQ GH 3DUHV GH
(OHFWURQHVGHOD&DSDGH9DOHQFLD
E5D]RQHVLORVHQODFHVVHUiQSRODUHV
F5D]RQHVLODVPROpFXODVSUHVHQWDUiQPRPHQWRGLSRODU

Solucin

D(QHO3)HOIyVIRURDSRUWDORVFLQFRHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDVS\ORVIO~RU

FRQWULEX\HQFRQXQRFDGDXQR3) HOHFWURQHVHOIyVIRURTXHHVHO
iWRPR FHQWUDO  HVWi URGHDGR GH RFKR HOHFWURQHV HV GHFLU FXDWUR SDUHV GH ORV
FXDOHVWUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV\XQRQRFRPSDUWLGRSRUORTXHODJHRPHWUtDVHUi
GHSLUiPLGHGHEDVHWULDQJXODU

(Q HO 6L) HO VLOLFLR DSRUWD  HOHFWURQHV \ ORV IO~RU XQR FDGD XQR SRU OR TXH HO
VLOLFLR HVWi URGHDGR GH FXDWUR SDUHV GH HOHFWURQHV \ OD JHRPHWUtD VHUi
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

WHWUDpGULFD

E (Q ORV GRV FDVRV ORV HQODFHV VHUiQ SRODUHV \D TXH HO IO~RU HV PiV
HOHFWURQHJDWLYRTXHHOIyVIRURRHOVLOLFLR

F 6L) DXQTXH ORV HQODFHV HVWiQ SRODUL]DGRV DO WHQHU VLPHWUtD WHWUDpGULFD HO
PRPHQWRGLSRODUUHVXOWDQWHHVFHUR

3)ORVHQODFHVHVWiQSRODUL]DGRV\QRVHDQXODQSRUORTXHVHUiSRODU


&XHVWLyQ

/RViWRPRV$%&\'FRUUHVSRQGHQDHOHPHQWRVGHOPLVPRSHUtRGR\WLHQHQ
 \  HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH 5HVSRQGD UD]RQDGDPHQWH D ODV
VLJXLHQWHVFXHVWLRQHV
D4XpIyUPXODVWHQGUiQORVFRPSXHVWRVIRUPDGRVSRU$\'\SRU%\'"
E(OFRPSXHVWRIRUPDGRSRU%\'VHUiLyQLFRRFRYDOHQWH"
F4XpHOHPHQWRWLHQHODHQHUJtDGHLRQL]DFLyQPiVDOWD\FXiOPiVEDMD"

Solucin

a)FRQILJXUDFLRQHVHOHFWUyQLFDV
$QV
%QVS
&QVS
'QVS
$'FDGDiWRPRGH$FHGHXQHOHFWUyQD'SRUORTXH$TXHGDFDUJDGRFRQFDUJD
SRVLWLYD\'FRQFDUJDQHJDWLYD'HHVWDIRUPDWRGRVORViWRPRVDGTXLHUHQOD
FRQILJXUDFLyQGHJDVQREOH\HOHQODFHVHUiLyQLFR

%' FDGD iWRPR GH  $ FRPSDUWH XQ SDU GH HOHFWURQHV  FRQ ' IRUPDQGR WUHV
HQODFHV FRYDOHQWHV \ DGTXLULHQGR WRGRV ORV  iWRPRV  OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV
QREOH

E6HKDUHVSRQGLGRHQHODSDUWDGDQWHULRU

F (O GH PD\RU HQHUJtD GH LRQL]DFLyQ GHEH VHU HO ' \D TXH HV HO TXH WHQGUi
PD\RUFDUJDQXFOHDU\PHQRUWDPDxRSRUWHQHUVLHWHHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDSRU
WDOPRWLYRORVHOHFWURQHVHVWDUiQPiVIXHUWHPHQWHDWUDtGRV
(OGHPHQRUHQHUJtDGHLRQL]DFLyQVHUiHO$\DTXHWHQGUiPHQRUFDUJDQXFOHDU
\HOHOHFWUyQHVWDUiPHQRVDWUDtGRSRUHOQ~FOHR\VHQHFHVLWDUiPHQRVHQHUJtD
SDUDTXLWDUOR

 (VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD

&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

'HVFULEDHOWLSRGHIXHU]DVTXHKD\TXHYHQFHUSDUDOOHYDUDFDERORVVLJXLHQWHV
SURFHVRV
D)XQGLUKLHOR
E+HUYLUEURPR%U
F)XQGLUFORUXURGHVRGLR

Solucin

D3DUDIXQGLUKLHORKD\TXHURPSHUORVHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRTXHH[LVWHQHQWUH
ODVPROpFXODVGHDJXDDGHPiVGHODVIXHU]DVGH9DQGHU:DDOV

E3DUDKHUYLU%UKD\TXHURPSHUIXHU]DVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVGHGH9DQGHU:DDOV

F3DUDIXQGLUFORUXURGHVRGLRKD\TXHURPSHUHOHQODFHLyQLFRKD\TXHYHQFHU
ODVIXHU]DVGHDWUDFFLyQHOHFWURVWiWLFDVHQWUHLRQHVGHGLVWLQWRVLJQR


&XHVWLyQ

([SOLTXHGHVGH HO SXQWRGHYLVWDGHODVLQWHUDFFLRQHVPROHFXODUHVORVVLJXLHQWHV
KHFKRV
D(OHWDQRWLHQHXQSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQPiVDOWRTXHHOPHWDQR
E(OHWDQROWLHQHXQSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQPiVDOWRTXHHOHWDQR

Solucin

a)(QDPERVFRPSXHVWRVH[LVWHQIXHU]DVGHGLVSHUVLyQGH/RQGRQTXHDXPHQWDQ
FRQ OD PDVD \ FRQ OD ORQJLWXG GH OD FDGHQD SRU OR TXH HO HWDQR WHQGUi PD\RU
SXQWRGHIXVLyQTXHHOPHWDQR

E (O HWDQRO SRVHH HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR \ DGHPiV  GH ODV GH  9DQ GHU :DDOV
PLHQWUDV TXH HO HWDQR VyOR SRVHH HQODFH SRU IXHU]DV GH GLVSHUVLyQ GH /RQGRQ
)XHU]DVGH9DQGHU:DDOV


&XHVWLyQ

D5HSUHVHQWHODHVWUXFWXUDGHOWULIOXRUXURGHIyVIRURVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH/HZLV
E ,QGLTXH FXiO VHUi VX JHRPHWUtD VHJ~Q OD 7HRUtD GH 5HSXOVLyQ GH 3DUHV GH
(OHFWURQHVGHOD&DSDGH9DOHQFLD
F 3RGUi WHQHU HO IyVIRUR XQD FRYDOHQFLD VXSHULRU D OD SUHVHQWDGD HQ HO
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

WULIOXRUXURGHIyVIRUR"5D]RQHODUHVSXHVWD

Solucin

:
:
a)
:F P F:

:
: F:


:

E(O3HVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVGHHOORVWUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV
\ XQR QR FRPSDUWLGR SRU OR TXH VX JHRPHWUtD VHUi GH SLUiPLGH GH EDVH
WULDQJXODU

F6LSRUTXHHOIyVIRURHVWiHQHOWHUFHUSHULRGR\SRVHHRUELWDOHVGHQODFDSDGH
YDOHQFLDSRUORTXHSXHGHDOEHUJDUPiVGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHV


&XHVWLyQ
&XHVWLyQ

/DWDEODTXHVLJXHFRUUHVSRQGHDORVSXQWRVGHIXVLyQGHGLVWLQWRVVyOLGRVLyQLFRV
&RPSXHVWR  1D) 1D&O 1D%U 1D,
3XQWRGHIXVLyQ&     
&RQVLGHUDQGRORVYDORUHVDQWHULRUHVD,QGLTXHFyPRYDULDUiODHQHUJtDUHWLFXODU
HQHVWHJUXSRGHFRPSXHVWRVE5D]RQHFXiOHVODFDXVDGHHVDYDULDFLyQ

Solucin

D/DHQHUJtDUHWLFXODUYDUtD1D)!1D&O!1D%U!1D,

E3DUDIXQGLUXQFRPSXHVWRFRQHQODFHLyQLFRHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHVHHQODFH\
SRU OR WDQWR HO GH PD\RU SXQWR GH IXVLyQ WHQGUi WDPELpQ PD\RU HQHUJtD GH
HQODFH OD HQHUJtD UHWLFXODU HV GLUHFWDPHQWH SURSRUFLRQDO D OD FDUJD H
LQYHUVDPHQWHSURSRUFLRQDODODGLVWDQFLD(QHVWDVHULHWRGRVORVLRQHVWLHQHQOD
PLVPD FDUJD SHUR HO UDGLR GH ORV DQLRQHV YD DXPHQWDQGR DO LU EDMDQGR HQ HO
JUXSROXHJRHQHVHVHQWLGRGHEHGLVPLQXLUODHQHUJtDUHWLFXODU


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E'LEXMHODJHRPHWUtDGHFDGDPROpFXODVHJ~QODWHRUtDGH5HSXOVLyQGH3DUHVGH
(OHFWURQHVGHOD&DSDGH9DOHQFLD
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Solucin

:F :

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E(QHO1)HOQLWUyJHQRDSRUWDVXVFLQFRHOHFWURQHVGHYDOHQFLDVS\FDGD
IO~RUDSRUWDHOQ~PHURGHHOHFWURQHVTXHURGHDDOiWRPRFHQWUDOHV1
)   HOHFWURQHV HV GHFLU HO QLWUyJHQR HVWi  URGHDGR GH FXDWUR SDUHV GH
HOHFWURQHV GH ORV TXH WUHV VRQ FRPSDUWLGRV \ XQR QR FRPSDUWLGR SRU OR TXH
WHQGUiXQDJHRPHWUtDGHSLUiPLGHWULDQJXODU


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ORVIO~RUDSRUWDQXQRFDGDXQRGHHOORVHOFDUERQRHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHV
GHHOHFWURQHV\WRGRVVRQFRPSDUWLGRVSRUORTXHVXJHRPHWUtDVHUiWHWUDpGULFD

F


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QLWUyJHQR HVWi SRODUL]DGR SHUR GHELGR D ODV JHRPHWUtDV HQ HO WHWUDIOXRUXUR  GH
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Solucin

D
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F,QGLTXHODKLEULGDFLyQTXHSUHVHQWDHOiWRPRFHQWUDOHQFDGDHVSHFLH

Solucin

: :

D H S H H P H

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E (Q +6 (O 6 DSRUWD VXV VHLV HOHFWURQHV GH YDOHQFLD VS \ FDGD KLGUyJHQR
DSRUWDXQRSRUORTXHHOD]XIUHHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVGH
ORVTXHGRVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV\GRVVLQFRPSDUWLUVXJHRPHWUtDVHUiDQJXODU
(Q 3+ HO 3 FRQWULEX\H FRQ FLQFR HOHFWURQHV VS \ FDGD KLGUyJHQR DSRUWD
XQR SRUORTXHHOiWRPRFHQWUDOHOIyVIRURHVWiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGH
HOHFWURQHVGHORVTXHWUHVVRQFRPSDUWLGRV\XQRQRFRPSDUWLGRSRUORTXHVX
JHRPHWUtDVHUiGHSLUiPLGHWULJRQDO

F(QDPERVFDVRVODKLEULGDFLyQGHORViWRPRVFHQWUDOHV6\3HVVS
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Solucin

D&&+VS&&&VS


E&&+VS&&+ &+VS&&+VS

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Solucin

a)$'%'$&$%
&XDQWDPHQRVGLIHUHQFLDGHHOHFWURQHJDWLYLGDGKD\DHQWUHORVGRViWRPRVPiV
FDUiFWHUFRYDOHQWHWHQGUiHOFRPSXHVWR

E (Q HVWH FDVR VHUi DO FRQWUDULR HO FRPSXHVWR TXH SRVHD PD\RU GLIHUHQFLD GH
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E(O.&OWLHQHXQSXQWRGHIXVLyQPD\RUTXHHO&O
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Solucin

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PROpFXODVGHPHWDQRVyORIRUPDQHQODFHVGHWLSRGH9DQGHU:DDOV

E3DUDIXQGLU.&OHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHOHQODFHLyQLFRTXHHVPiVIXHUWHTXHHO
HQODFHSRUIXHU]DVGH:DDOVTXHHVHOTXHDFW~DHQWUHODVPROpFXODVGH&O

F(O&+HVXQDPROpFXODDSRODU\SRUORWDQWRLQVROXEOHHQGLVROYHQWHVSRODUHV
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F(OPHWDQRWLHQHEDMRSXQWRGHIXVLyQ

Solucin

a)1D&OWLHQHHQODFHLyQLFR\ORVFRPSXHVWRVLyQLFRVVRQVROXEOHVHQDJXDSRUOD
LQWHUDFFLyQ TXH VH SURGXFH HQWUH ORV LRQHV GH OD UHG \ ORV GLSRORV GH ODV
PROpFXODVGHDJXD

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VRQVRPHWLGRVDXQDGLIHUHQFLDGHSRWHQFLDO

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 (VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD

Solucin

D/DVGRVSULPHUDV,\+VHUiQPX\SRFRVROXEOHVHQDJXD\DTXHDPEDVVRQ
PROpFXODVDSRODUHV\SRUORWDQWRQRLQWHUDFFLRQDQFRQHODJXD

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TXHHOERURSHURDOWHQHUXQDJHRPHWUtDWULDQJXODUSODQDHOPRPHQWRGLSRODUHV
FHUR

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D$&\DWPHODJXDHVXQOtTXLGR\HOVXOIXURGHKLGUyJHQRHVXQJDV
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F(QFRQGLFLRQHVQRUPDOHVHOIO~RU\HOFORURVRQJDVHVHOEURPRHVOtTXLGR\HO
\RGRHVVyOLGR

Solucin

a) Entre las molculas de agua se establecen enlaces de hidrgeno y en el sulfuro

de hidrgeno no.

b) El etanol forma enlaces de hidrgeno con el agua y es soluble, el metano es

apolar y por lo tanto muy poco soluble en agua.

c) Desde el flor al yodo aumenta la masa y el volumen y en ese mismo sentido

aumentan las fuerzas intermoleculares de Van der Waals y ese aumento justifica
la variacin en los puntos de fusin.


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Razone la veracidad o falsedad de las siguientes afirmaciones:
a) Los metales son buenos conductores de la electricidad.
3
b) Todos los compuestos de carbono presentan hibridacin sp .
c) Los compuestos inicos conducen la corriente elctrica en estado slido.
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

Solucin

D9HUGDGHUR\DTXHORVHOHFWURQHVVHSXHGHQPRYHUOLEUHPHQWHDWUDYpVGHO
PHWDOFXDQGRVRQDWUDYHVDGRVSRUXQDFRUULHQWHHOpFWULFD

E )DOVR SXHGHQ WHQHU KLEULGDFLyQ VS VS R VS GHSHQGLHQGR GHO WLSR GH
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FDGDKLGUyJHQRDSRUWDXQHOHFWUyQSRUORTXHHOD]XIUHHVWDUiURGHDGRGHFXDWUR
SDUHVGHHOHFWURQHV
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XQHOHFWUyQHOFDUERQRHVWDUiURGHDGRGHFXDWURSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHV



 


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E-XVWLILTXHODJHRPHWUtDGHODPROpFXOD$%
F'LVFXWDODH[LVWHQFLDRQRGHPRPHQWRGLSRODUHQ$%

Solucin

D6yORSRGUiH[LVWLUODPROpFXOD$%\DTXHGHHVWDPDQHUD$FRPSDUWHXQSDU
GHHOHFWURQHVFRQFDGDiWRPR%\WRGRVORViWRPRVDGTXLHUHQODFRQILJXUDFLyQ
GHJDVQREOH/RVRWURVGRVFRPSXHVWRVQRSXHGHQH[LVWLU\DTXHQROOHJDUtDQD
FRPSOHWDUODFLWDGDFRQILJXUDFLyQGHJDVQREOH

E $ HVWi URGHDGR GH FXDWUR SDUHV GH HOHFWURQHV GH ORV FXDOHV ORV FXDWUR VRQ
FRPSDUWLGRVSRUORTXHVXJHRPHWUtDVHUiWHWUDpGULFD

F $XQTXH ORV HQODFHV HVWpQ SRODUL]DGRV DO WHQHU OD JHRPHWUtD WHWUDpGULFD OD
PROpFXODVHUiDSRODU


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VXWUDYpV

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UHGLyQLFD\QRSRGUiQPRYHUVH

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VHUiQLRQHV12HLRQHV&XTXHVHPRYHUiQFXDQGRVHVRPHWDDXQDGLIHUHQFLD
GHSRWHQFLDO
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D(OSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQGHOEXWDQRHVPHQRUTXHHOGHEXWDQRO
E/DPROpFXOD&+&O SRVHHXQDJHRPHWUtDWHWUDpGULFDFRQHOiWRPRGHFDUERQR
RFXSDQGRODSRVLFLyQFHQWUDO
F(OHWDQRHVPiVVROXEOHHQDJXDTXHHOHWDQRO

Solucin

D9HUGDGHURODPDVDGHDPEDVPROpFXODVHVSDUHFLGDSHURHOEXWDQROSRVHH
HQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRHQWUHORVKLGUyJHQRVGHOJUXSRDOFRKyOLFRGHXQDPROpFXOD
FRQ HO R[LJHQR GHO JUXSR DOFRKyOLFR GH RWUD PROpFXOD \ HO EXWDQR VyOR SRVHH
HQWUH ODV PROpFXODV HQODFHV LQWHUPROHFXODUHV GH  9DQ GHU :DDOV TXH VRQ PiV
GpELOHV

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KLGUyJHQRHVWDUiQHQORVYpUWLFHVGHOPLVPR&RPRODGLVWDQFLDGHORVHQODFHV&
&O&+QRVRQODVPLVPDVHOWHWUDHGURVHUiLUUHJXODU

F)DOVRHOHWDQROIRUPDUiHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQRFRQHODJXD\VHGLVROYHUi(O
HWDQR HV XQD PROpFXOD FRYDOHQWH DSRODU \ VHUi SRFR VROXEOH HQ GLVROYHQWHV
SRODUHVFRPRHODJXD


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SUHGRPLQDQWH HQ FDGD XQR GH HOORV E 2UGHQH ORV FRPSXHVWRV DQWHULRUHV GH
PHQRUDPD\RUSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQ-XVWLILTXHODVUHVSXHVWDV

Solucin

D&D)HQODFHLyQLFR
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FDOFLR\RWURFRQJUDQDILQLGDGHOHFWUyQLFDFRPRHOIO~RUGHIRUPDTXHHOFDOFLR
FHGH GRV HOHFWURQHV D ORV GRV iWRPRV GH  IO~RU \ DPERV DGTXLHUHQ OD
FRQILJXUDFLyQGHJDVQREOH/DHVSHFLHIRUPDGD&D)WLHQHPHQRVHQHUJtDTXHODV
HVSHFLHVDWyPLFDVGHSURFHGHQFLD
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3HULyGLFD\ODIRUPDGHDGTXLULUODFRQILJXUDFLyQGHJDVQREOHHVFRPSDUWLHQGR
GRVSDUHVGHHOHFWURQHVHQWUHHOFDUERQR\FDGDiWRPRGHR[LJHQR
 (VWUXFWXUDGHODPDWHULD

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SDUD DGTXLULU OD FRQILJXUDFLyQ GH JDV QREOH HO R[LJHQR FRPSDUWH XQ SDU GH
HOHFWURQHVFRQFDGDiWRPRGHKLGUyJHQR

E&2+2&D)
(OGHPD\RUSXQWRGHIXVLyQHVHOTXHSRVHHHQODFHLyQLFR\DTXHHQODIXVLyQVH
URPSH HVH HQODFH HQ ORV FRYDOHQWHV VRODPHQWH VH URPSHQ ORV HQODFHV
LQWHUPROHFXODUHV \ HO  HQODFH LQWHUPROHFXODU PiV IXHUWH VH GD HQ HO DJXD TXH
WLHQHHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQR


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HEXOOLFLyQPiVDOWRTXHHO&+E(O.&OWLHQHXQSXQWRGHIXVLyQPD\RUTXHHO
&OF(O&+HVLQVROXEOHHQDJXD\HO.&OHVVROXEOH

Solucin

D (Q HO 1+ VH IRUPDQ HQODFHV GH KLGUyJHQR PLHQWUDV HQ HO &+ VyOR H[LVWHQ
HQODFHVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVGH9DQGHU:DDOVTXHVRQPiVGpELOHV

E3DUDIXQGLU.&OHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHOHQODFHLyQLFRTXHHVIXHUWHPLHQWUDV
SDUDIXQGLU&OHVQHFHVDULRURPSHUHQODFHVLQWHUPROHFXODUHVTXHVRQPXFKRPiV
GpELOHV

F(O&+HVXQDPROpFXODDSRODU\SRUORWDQWRLQVROXEOHHQDJXDTXHHVSRODUHO
.&OHVWiIRUPDGRSRULRQHV\SRUORWDQWRLQWHUDFFLRQDWRQHODJXDDWUDYpVGH
HQODFHVLRQGLSRORSRUORWDQWRVHGLVXHOYH


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D,QGLTXHHOWLSRGHHQODFHSUHGRPLQDQWHHQFDGDXQRGHHOORV
E2UGHQHORVFRPSXHVWRVDQWHULRUHVGHPHQRUDPD\RUSXQWRGHHEXOOLFLyQ
-XVWLILTXHODVUHVSXHVWDV

Solucin

D &D) LyQLFR \D TXH VH XQH XQ PHWDO FRQ XQ QR PHWDO VLWXDGR XQR D OD
GHUHFKD\RWURDODL]TXLHUGDGHODWDEODSHULyGLFD
 ,QLFLDFLyQDOD4XtPLFD 

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ORVTXHOHIDOWDQSRFRVHOHFWURQHVSDUDFRPSOHWDUODFDSDGHYDOHQFLD\SRUWHQHU
ODPLVPDWHQGHQFLDDPERVFRPSDUWHQHOHFWURQHV(O&FRPSDUWHGRVHOHFWURQHV
FRQFDGDR[tJHQR
+2 FRYDOHQWH \D TXH HO R[tJHQR FRPSDUWH FDGD XQR GH VXV HOHFWURQHV
GHVDSDUHDGRVFRQXQiWRPRGHKLGUyJHQR

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PLHQWUDVTXHHQWUHODVPROpFXODVGHDJXDH[LVWHQDGHPiVHQODFHVGHKLGUyJHQR
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