OVERHEADTANK

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Overhead Tank Page 1

INTRODUCTION
Storage reservoirs and overhead tank are used to store water, liquid petroleum, petroleum
products and similar liquids. The force analysis of the reservoirs or tanks is about the same
irrespective of the chemical nature of the product. All tanks are designed as crack free
structures to eliminate any leakage. Water or raw petroleum retaining slab and walls can be of
reinforced concrete with adequate cover to the reinforcement. Water and petroleum and react
with concrete and, therefore, no special treatment to the surface is required. Industrial wastes
can also be collected and processed in concrete tanks with few exceptions. The petroleum
product such as petrol, diesel oil, etc. are likely to leak through the concrete walls, therefore
such tanks need special membranes to prevent leakage. Reservoir is a common term applied
to liquid storage structure and it can be below or above the ground level. Reservoirs below
the ground level are normally built to store large quantities of water whereas those of
overhead type are built for direct distribution by gravity flow and are usually of smaller
capacity. Analysis and design of such tanks are independent of chemical nature of product.
They are designed as crack free structures to eliminate any leakage. Adequate cover to
reinforcement is necessary to prevent corrosion. In order to avoid leakage and to provide
higher strength concrete of grade M20 and above is recommended for liquid retaining
structures. The leakage is more with higher liquid head and it has been observed that water
head up to 15 m does not cause leakage problem. Use of high strength deformed bars of grade
Fe415 are recommended for the construction of liquid retaining structures. However mild
steel bars are also used. Correct placing of reinforcement, use of small sized and use of
deformed bars lead to a diffused distribution of cracks. A crack width of 0.1mm has been
accepted as permissible value in liquid retaining structures. While designing liquid retaining
structures recommendation of Code of Practice for the storage of Liquids- IS3370 (Part I to
IV) should be considered.
1.1 PURPOSE:
1. To make a study about the analysis and design of water tanks.
2. To make a study about the guidelines for the design of liquid retaining structure according
to IS Code.
3. To know about the design philosophy for the safe and economical design of water tank.
4. To develop programs for the design of water tank of flexible base and rigid base and the
underground tank to avoid the tedious calculations.
5. In the end, the programs are validated with the results of manual Calculation.

CHAPTER 2
WATER TANKS

A water tank is used to store water to facilitate the daily requirements of habitats. Types of
water tank based on placing and shape is given in Fig.2.1 Circular tanks have minimum
surface area when compared to other shapes for a particular capacity of storage required.
Hence the quantity of material required for circular water tank is less than required for other
shapes. But the form work for a circular tank is very complex and expensive when compared
to other shapes. Square and Rectangular water tanks are generally used underground or on the
ground. Circular tanks are preferred for elevated tanks.
Fig.2.1
Fig 2.2 Resting On Ground Fig 2.3 Underground

Fig 2.4 Elevated Fig 2.5 Circular
Fig 2.5 Rectangular Fig 2.6 Spherical
Fig 2.7 Intze Fig 2.8 Conical Bottom

2.1 CIRCULAR TANK
Circular water tanks have the properties of the cylinder. Cylinder stress is exerted on the
circular water tank. It is distributed with rotational symmetry. The stress distribution remains
unchanged if the object is rotated about a fixed axis.
There are three different patterns of cylinder stress namely:
1. Hoop stress or circumferential stress it is in tangential direction
2. Axial stress parallel to the axis of the cylinder
3. Radial stress It is perpendicular to the symmetry axis but is coplanar
2.2 RECTANGULAR TANK

Rectangular tanks are used when the storage capacity is small and circular tanks prove
uneconomical for small capacity. Rectangular tanks should be preferably square in plan from
point of view of economy. It is also desirable that longer side should not be greater than twice
the smaller side.
Moments are caused in two directions of the wall ie. both in horizontal as well as in vertical
direction. Exact analysis is difficult and such tanks are designed by approximate methods.
When the length of the wall is more in comparison to its height, the moments will be mainly
in the vertical direction, ie. the panel bends as vertical cantilever. When the height is large in
comparison to its length, the moments will be in the horizontal direction and panel bends as a
thin slab supported on edges. For intermediate condition bending takes place both in
horizontal and vertical direction.
2.3 INTZE TANK

A water tower built in accordance with the Intze Principle has a brick shaft on which the
water tank sits. The base of the tank is fixed with a ring anchor made of iron or steel, so that
only vertical, not horizontal, forces are transmitted to the tower. Due to the lack of horizontal
forces the tower shaft does not need to be quite as solidly built.
The most common type of circular tank is the one which is called an Intze Tank. In such
cases, a domed cover is provided at top with a cylindrical and conical wall at bottom. A ring
beam will be required to support the domed roof. A ring beam is also provided at the junction
of the cylindrical and conical walls. The conical wall and the tank floor are supported on a
ring girder which is supported on a number of columns.
2.4 OVERHEAD TANK

Overhead water tanks of various shapes can be used as service reservoirs, as a balancing tank
in water supply schemes and for replenishing the tanks for various purposes. Reinforced
concrete water towers have distinct advantages as they are not affected by climatic changes,
are leak proof, provide greater rigidity and are adoptable for all shapes.
Component of a water tower consists of:

(a) Tank portion with -
1. Roof and roof beams (if any)
2. Sidewalls
3. Floor or bottom slab
4. Floor Beam, including circular girder
(b) Staging portion, consisting of-
5. Columns
6. Bracings
7. Foundations
Types of water Tanks may be
(a) Square-open or with cover at top

(b) Rectangular-open or with cover at top
(c) Circular-open or with cover at which may be flat or domed.
Among these the circular types are proposed for large capacities. Such circular tanks may
have flat floors or domical floors and these are supported on circular girder.

CHAPTER 3
POPULATION AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

3.1 DESIGN PERIODS
This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the
future. The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known
as the design period.
Design period is estimated based on the following:
1. Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear , etc.

2. Expandability aspect.
3. Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments &
migration-immigration
4. Available resources.
5. Performance of the system during initial period.
3.2 POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS
The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The
particular method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely
on the factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discretion and
intelligence of the designer.
1. Incremental Increase Method

2. Decreasing Rate of Growth Method
3. Simple Graphical Method
4. Comparative Graphical Method
5. Ratio Method
6. Logistic Curve Method
7. Arithmetic Increase Method
8. Geometric Increase Method.
3.3 WATER QUANTITY ESTIMATION

The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme has to
be designed requires following data:
Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head)
Population to be served
Quantity = Per demand x Population

3.4 WATER CONSUMPTION RATE
It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water demanded by the public, since
there are many variable factors affecting water consumption. The various types of water
demands, which a city may have, may be broken into following class:
Table 1.Water Consumption for Various Purposes

Types of Consumption Normal Range Average %
(lit/capita/day)
1 Domestic Consumption 65-300 160 35
2 Industrial and Commercial 45-450 135 30
Demand
3 Public including Fire 20-90 45 10
Demand Uses
4 Losses and Waste 45-150 62 25
3.5 DESIGN REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE (I. S. I)
In water retaining structure a dense impermeable concrete is required therefore, proportion of

fine and course aggregates to cement should be such as to give high quality concrete.
Concrete mix weaker than M20 is not used. The minimum quantity of cement in the concrete
mix shall be not less than 30 kN/m3.The design of the concrete mix shall be such that the
resultant concrete issue efficiently impervious. Efficient compaction preferably by vibration
is essential. The permeability of the thoroughly compacted concrete is dependent on water
cement ratio. Increase in water cement ratio increases permeability, while concrete with low
water cement ratio is difficult to compact. Other causes of leakage in concrete are defects
such as segregation and honey combing. All joints should be made water-tight as these are
potential sources of leakage. Design of liquid retaining structure is different from ordinary
R.C.C, structures as it requires that concrete should not crack and hence tensile stresses in
concrete should be within permissible limits. A reinforced concrete member of liquid
retaining structure is designed on the usual principles ignoring tensile resistance of concrete
in bending. Additionally it should be ensured that tensile stress on the liquid retaining ace of
the equivalent concrete section does not exceed the permissible tensile strength of concrete as
given in table 2. For calculation purposes the cover is also taken into concrete area. Cracking
may be caused due to restraint to shrinkage, expansion and contraction of concrete due to
temperature or shrinkage and swelling due to moisture effects. Such restraint may be caused
by:
1. The interaction between reinforcement and concrete during shrinkage due to drying.
2. The boundary conditions.
3. The differential conditions prevailing through the large thickness of massive concrete.

Table 2.Permissible concrete stresses in calculations relating to resistance to cracking
Grade of Concrete Permissible Stress in KN/m2 tension Shear
Direct Bending
M15 1.1 1.5 1.5
M20 1.2 1.7 1.7
M25 1.3 1.8 1.9
M30 1.5 2.0 2.2
M35 1.6 2.2 2.4
M40 1.7 2.4 2.7
3.6 WALLS
(i) Provision of joints
(a) Where it is desired to allow the walls to expand or contract separately from the floor, or to
prevent moments at the base of the wall owing to fixity to the floor, sliding joints may be
employed.
(b) The spacing of vertical movement joints should be as discussed in article 3.3 while the
majority of these joints may be of the partial or complete contraction type, sufficient joints
of the expansion type should be provided to satisfy the requirements given in article.
(ii) Pressure on Walls.
(a) In liquid retaining structures with fixed or floating covers the gas pressure developed
above liquid surface shall be added to the liquid pressure.
(b)When the wall of liquid retaining structure is built in ground, or has earth embanked
against it, the effect of earth pressure shall be taken into account.
(iii) Walls or Tanks Rectangular or Polygonal in Plan.
While designing the walls of rectangular or polygonal concrete tanks, the following points
should be borne in mind.
(a) In plane walls, the liquid pressure is resisted by both vertical and horizontal bending
moments. An estimate should be made of the proportion of the pressure resisted by
bending moments in the vertical and horizontal planes. The direct horizontal tension
caused by the direct pull due to water pressure on the end walls, should be added to that
resulting from horizontal bending moments. On liquid retaining faces, the tensile stresses
due to the combination of direct horizontal tension and bending action shall satisfy the
following condition:
(t./t )+ ( c t . /c t ) 1
t. = calculated direct tensile stress in concrete
t = permissible direct tensile stress in concrete (Table 2)

c t = calculated tensile stress due to bending in concrete.
c t = permissible tensile stress due to bending in concrete.
(b)At the vertical edges where the walls of a reservoir are rigidly joined, horizontal
reinforcement and haunch bars should be provided to resist the horizontal bending
moments even if the walls are designed to withstand the whole load as vertical beams or
cantilever without lateral supports.
(c) In the case of rectangular or polygonal tanks, the side walls act as two way slabs, whereby
the wall is continued or restrained in the horizontal direction, fixed or hinged at the bottom
and hinged or free at the top. The walls thus act as thin plates subjected triangular loading
and with boundary conditions varying between full restraint and free edge. The analysis of
moment and forces may be made on the basis of any recognized method.
(iv) Walls of Cylindrical Tanks
While designing walls of cylindrical tanks the following points should be borne in mind:
(a)Walls of cylindrical tanks are either cast monolithically with the base or are set in grooves
and key ways (movement joints). In either case deformation of wall under influence of
liquid pressure is restricted at and above the base. Consequently, only part of the triangular
hydrostatic load will be carried by ring tension and part of the load at bottom will be
supported by cantilever action.
(b)It is difficult to restrict rotation or settlement of the base slab and it is advisable to provide
vertical reinforcement as if the walls were fully fixed at the base, in addition to the
reinforcement required to resist horizontal ring tension for hinged at base, conditions of
walls, unless the appropriate amount of fixity at the base is established by analysis with
due consideration to the dimensions of the base slab the type of joint between the wall and
slab, and , where applicable, the type of soil supporting the base slab.
3.7 FLOORS
(i) Floors of tanks resting on ground.
If the tank is resting directly over ground, floor may be constructed of concrete with nominal
percentage of reinforcement provided that it is certain that the ground will carry the load
without appreciable subsidence in any part and that the concrete floor is cast in panels with
sides not more than 4.5m with contraction or expansion joints between. In such cases a screed
or concrete layer less than 75mm thick shall first be placed on the ground and covered with a
sliding layer of bitumen paper or other suitable material to destroy the bond between the
screed and floor concrete. In normal circumstances the screed layer shall be of grade not
weaker than M 10,where injurious soils or aggressive water are expected, the screed layer
shall be of grade not weaker than M 15 and if necessary a sulphate resisting or other special
cement should be used.
(ii) Floor of tanks resting on supports
(a) If the tank is supported on walls or other similar supports the floor slab shall be designed
as floor in buildings for bending moments due to water load and self weight.

(b)When the floor is rigidly connected to the walls (as is generally the case) the bending
moments at the junction between the walls and floors shall be taken into account in the
design of floor together with any direct forces transferred to the floor from the walls or
from the floor to the wall due to suspension of the floor from the wall. If the walls are non-
monolithic with the floor slab, such as in cases, where movement joints have been
provided between the floor slabs and walls, the floor shall be designed only for the vertical
loads on the floor.
(c) In continuous T-beams and L-beams with ribs on the side remote from the liquid, the
tension in concrete on the liquid side at the face of the supports shall not exceed the
permissible stresses for controlling cracks in concrete. The width of the slab shall be
determined in usual manner for calculation of the resistance to cracking of T-beam, L
beam sections at supports.
(d)The floor slab may be suitably tied to the walls by rods properly embedded in both the slab
and the walls. In such cases no separate beam (curved or straight) is necessary under the
wall, provided the wall of the tank itself is designed to act as a beam over the supports
under it.
(e)Sometimes it may be economical to provide the floors of circular tanks, in the shape of
dome. In such cases the dome shall be designed for the vertical loads of the liquid over it
and the ratio of its rise to its diameter shall be so adjusted that the stresses in the dome are,
as far as possible, wholly compressive. The dome shall be supported at its bottom on the
ring beam which shall be designed for resultant circumferential tension in addition to
vertical loads.
3.8 DOMES
A dome may be defined as a thin shell generated by the revolution of a regular curve about
one of its axes. The shape of the dome depends on the type of the curve and the direction of
the axis of revolution. In spherical and conoidal domes, surface is described by revolving an
arc of a circle. The centre of the circle may be on the axis of rotation (spherical dome) or
outside the axis (conoidal dome). Both types may or may not have a symmetrical lantern
opening through the top. The edge of the shell around its base is usually provided with edge
member cast integrally with the shell.
Domes are used in variety of structures, as in the roof of circular areas, in circular tanks, in
hangers, exhibition halls, auditoriums, planetarium and bottom of tanks, bins and bunkers.
Domes may be constructed of masonry, steel, timber and reinforced concrete. However,
reinforced domes are more common nowadays since they can be constructed over large spans
Membrane theory for analysis of shells of revolution can be developed neglecting effect of
bending moment, twisting moment and shear and assuming that the loads are carried wholly
by axial stresses. This however applies at points of shell which are removed some distance
away from the discontinuous edge. At the edges, the results thus obtained may be indicated
but are not accurate

The edge member and the adjacent hoop of the shell s must have very nearly the same strain
when they are cast integrally. The significance of this fact is usually ignored and the forces
thus computed are, therefore, subject to certain modifications.
Stresses in shells are usually kept fairly low, as effect of the edge disturbance, as mentioned
above is usually neglected. The shell must be thick enough to allow space and protection for
two layers of reinforcement. From this point of view 80 mm is considered as the minimum
thickness of shell.
3.7.1 MEMBRANE THEORY OF SHELLS OF REVOLUTION
Fig 3.1 shows a typical shell of revolution, on which equilibrium o f an element, obtained by
inter section of meridian and latitude, is indicated. Forces along the circumference are
denoted by N and are called meridian stresses and forces at right angles to the meridian
plane and along the latitude are horizontal and called the hoop stresses, denoted by N .
Neglecting variations in the magnitudes of N and N , since they are very small. The state
of stress in the element is shown in fig 3.2.
Fig 3.1
Fig 3.3

Fig 3.2 Fig 3.4
Shells of Revolution
Two forces N(rd ) have the resultant N(rd)d as shown in Fig.(c) and the resultant acts
normal to the surface pointed towards the inner side. Forces N(r1d) a gain have horizontal
resultant of magnitude N(r1 d) d as shown in Fig (d). It has a component N(r1d)dsin
directed normally to the shell and pointing towards the inner side. These two forces and the
external force normal to the surface and a magnitude Pr(rd ) must be in equilibrium.
Thus, N(rd)d + N(r1d)dsin + Pr(rd)(r1d)= 0.
Combining and as r = r2 sin from Fig. 3.1
N/r1 + N/r2 = -Pr = pressure normal to the surface
In this equation pr is considered positive when acting towards the inner side and negative
when acting towards the outer side of the shell. Values and N and N will b e positive when
tensile and negative compressive.
The equation is valid not only for shells in the form applied of a surface of revolution, but
may be applied to all shells, when the coordinate lines for = constant and = constant, are
the lines of curvature of the surface.

Fig 3.5 Forces in Shell
Force N act tangentially to the surface all around the circumference. Considering the
equilibrium of a segment of s hell cut along the parallel to latitude defined by the angle as
shown in Fig 3.5
2r N sin + W = 0,
Where W= total load in the vertical direction on the surface of the shell above the cut.
This gives, N = - W/2rsin
Equation is readily solved for N and N may then be determined by Eq. This theory is
applicable to a shell of any material as only the conditions of equilibrium have been applied
and no compatibility relationships in terms of deformation have been introduced. It is,
therefore, immaterial whether Hooke's law is applicable or not.

CHAPTER 4
DESIGN OF OVER HEAD WATER TANK IN

YAMUNA COLONY DEHRADUN

ABOUT YAMUNA COLONY
Yamuna colony is a locality in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand state. Present population of
this locality is 6000. There is problem of water supply in this area due to increasing
population . So we are proposing a new over head water tank in this locality.

4.1 POPULATION FORECASTING
Year Population Increase in Population % Increase in Increemental

Population Increase
2012 800
2014 1100 300 37.5
2015 1900 800 72.72 500
2016 2600 700 36.84 -100
2017 3400 800 30.7 100
= 650 = 166.6
(i) Arithmetic Increase

Pn = P + n. x
15
P2032 = 3400 + 650
10
2032 = 4375
(ii) Increamental Increase

n(n + 1)
Pn = P + n. x + .y
2
15 1.5(1.5 + 1)
P2032 = 3400 + 650 + 166.6
10 2
P2032 = 4688
(iii) Geometric Increase
t P2
r= 1
P1
4 3400
r= 1
800
r = 0.435 = 43.5%
r n
Pn = P (1 + )
100
P2032 = 3400(1 + 0.435)1.5

P2032 = 5845
Therefore, the Population to be taken=5900
(iv) Capacity of Overhead tank
Per capita demand = 135 lpcd
Capacity = Per capita demand Population
Capacity = 135 5900
Capacity = 800000 litres
4.2 DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TANK

1. Dimension of tank
Effective depth of water from capacity point of view = 6.75 m
If D is the diameter of tank in metre, we have

= ( ) 2 6.75 = 800
4
= 12.28
We have, H = 7m
Specific weight, w = 9800 N/m3
2. Design of roof dome

Let the rise of the dome = 2m
And its thickness be = 100m
For live load of 1400 N/m3
The radius (r) of the dome is given by
R2 = (2r-rise).rise
6.52= (2r-2)*2
r = 10.455m
Self load of dome = 0.1*25000 = 2500 N/m2

Live load = 1400 N/m2
W=3900 N/m2
Sin = 6.15/10.455
=0.588
= 36.03 < 51.08
Hence, No Tension.
2 +1
Hoop Stress =

( 1+
)
For maximum hoop stress = 0

3900 10.455 1 + 1 1
= ( )
0.1 1+1
= 0.203 N/mm2
Hence, Safe
wr 1cos
Meridonal Stress =
t
( sin2
)
For maximum = 36.03

390010.455 1cos36.03
=
0.1
( sin2 36.03
)
=0.225 N/mm2
Hence, Safe
Provide minimum reinforcement @0.3% of area in each direction
0.3
As = 100 1000
100
= 300mm2
Using 8mm bars, A = 50mm2
100050
Spacing = = 160
300
Hence provide 8mm bars @ 160mm c/c in both directions.
3. Ring Beam Design

t = 100mm (thickness of dome)
Meridonal thrust per meter length of the dome at its base = 225000*0.1*1
=22500 N/m
Horizontal component T per meter length = 22500*cos36.03
=18230 N/m
12.3
Hoop tension trying to rupture the beam = 18230 = 112114.5 N
2
112114.5
Area of steel required = = 975mm2
115
975
Using 20mm bars, Number of rings = 314 = 3.1
Provide 4 rings of 20mm bars for symmetry.

Actually Ash = 314*14 = 1256mm2
Equivalent area of composite section of beam of cross section A is = A+(m-1)Ash

= A+(13-1)*1256
= A+15070
Allowing a stress of 1.2 N/mm2 in composite section we have,

112114.5
= 1.2
+ 15070
A = 78358mm2
Hence provide a ring beam of size 300mm*275mm.
Provide 6mm stirrups @ 200mm c/c to tie the ring in ring beam.
4. Design of Tank Wall

Tank wall assumed to be free at the top let the tank be assumed to be restrained at
bottom.
Let us design the wall on the basis of carpenters recommendation and co-efficient
(Reynolds Handbook)
H = 7m D = 12.3m
Let thickness of tank (T) = 3H+5
= 3*7+5 = 26cm = 0.26m = (da)
7
= = 26.923
0.17
7
= = 0.569
12.3
Hence from Reynolds table and by interpolation
F = 0.005 K1 = 0.25 K2 = 0.71
Mmax = FwH3
= 0.005*9800*73 = 16807 N-m/m
1
TH = 2 2
1
TH= 9800 7 12.3 0.71 = 299542 N/m
2
L = K1*H = 0.25*7 = 1.75m above base (or 5.25m below top)

299542
Area of ring = = 2605 mm2
115
1000113
Provide 12mm rings (A = 113mm2) on each face of wall spacing = = 86mm
2605/2

Provide the rings @50mm c/c on each face.
The spacing of ring may be increased towards the top and bottom from the section of
maximum hoop load.
21000113
Actual, Ash = = 4520 mm2
50
299542
Tensile stress in concrete = = 0.95 N/mm2 Hence safe
1000260+(131)4520
168071000
From B.M. point of view, d = = 112.8mm
10001.32
Using 12mm bars and clear cover of 25mm, cover to the centre of reinforcement = 25+6 =
31mm
Total thickness = 112.8+31 = 143.8mm
However, Provide a minimum thickness equal to the greater of following
1. 15cm
2. 3H+5 = 3*7+5 = 26cm
d=260-31=229mm
168071000
Ast = =748mm2
1150.853229
1000113
Spacing of 12mm bars = =151mm
748
Hence, provide 12mm vertical bars @150mm c/c at the water face.
Provide distribution reinforcement @0.3% of the area of concrete
0.3
Asd = 115 260 1000
Asd=678mm2 680mm2
Area of steel on each face =340mm2
100050.3
The spacing of 8mm bars= =148mm
340
Provide these @150mm c/c, this will take care of positive B.M in the wall.
5. Design of Base Slab

Assume 430mm thickness of slab.
Weight of water per m2of slab=7*1*1*9600= 63600N
Self weight per m2 of slab=0.43*1*1*25000= 10750N
Total weight (p) =79350N 80000N

1
Centrifugal moment (M)c = 16 2
1 12.3 2
= 16 80000 ( )
2
=189112.5Nm
(M)e =0
1
Radial moment (Mr)c = + 2 = 189112.5Nm
16
2
(Mr)e = - 2 = -378225Nm
16
1 1 12.3
Radial Shear (Fr) = = 2 50000
2 2
= 246000N
The radial moment is zero at radius given by
1
Mr=0= 16 (2 3 2 )
12.3
r= = =3.55m
23 23
12.3
i.e. distance of point of contra flexure 3.55 = 2.6 from edge
2
3.78105 1000
d= =535mm
10001.32
Using 30mm bars and a clear cover of 30mm, total thickness = 535+30+15=580mm
Provide total thickness =600mm
Available d= 600-15-30 =555mm
3.781000105
Ast for ve B.M = = 6943mm2
1150.853555
Spacing of 30mm bars having A= 706.9mm2

1000706.9
Spacing= = 101mm 100mm
6943
Hence provide 30mm radial bars @ 100mm c/c from edge to a distance of 2.6 m at the
water face of slab. Provide 2 rings of 30mm wires to support these.
Check for Shear:
Fr= 246000N
246000
v= = = 0.44N/mm2
1000555

100 1006943
= =1.25
1000555
100
Hence, for M20 concrete and for =1.25 we get

c =0.413N/mm2
Hence, the slab is safe in shear.
Positive B.M: Using 20mm bars
d= 600-25-10 =565mm for one layer and 565-20 =545mm for other layer.
Reinforcement for +ve Mr and M is given by
1.891000105
Ast= =3535mm2
1150.853545
Spacing of 20mm bars =88mm

Hence, provide 20mm bars @ 80mm c/c in both directions.

Fig 4.1 Sectional Elevation

Fig 4.2 Reinforcement in base slab

CHAPTER 5
ABOUT STAAD Pro

STAAD or (STAAD Pro) is a structural analysis and design computer program originally
developed by Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, CA. In late 2005, Research
Engineers International was bought by Bentley Systems.
STAAD Pro logo
An older version called Staad-III for windows is used by Iowa State University for
educational purposes for civil and structural engineers.
The commercial version STAAD Pro is one of the most widely used structural analysis and
design software. It supports several steel, concrete and timber design codes.
It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static analysis, 2nd
order p-delta analysis, geometric non linear analysis or a buckling analysis. It can also make
use of various forms of dynamic analysis from modal extraction to time history and response
spectrum analysis.
In recent years it has become part of integrated structural analysis and design solutions
mainly using an exposed API called Open STAAD to access and drive the program using an
VB macro system included in the application or other by including Open STAAD
functionality in applications that themselves include suitable programmable macro systems.
Additionally STAAD Pro has added direct links to applications such as RAM Connection and
STAAD Foundation to provide engineers working with those applications which handle
design post processing not handled by STAAD Pro itself. Another form of integration
supported by STAAD Pro is the analysis schema of the CIM steel Integration Standard,
version 2 commonly known as CIS/2 and used by a number modelling and analysis
applications.

CHAPTER 6
STAAD Pro Analysis and Design

CODE INDIAN
DESIGN COLUMN 1001 TO 1006 1014 TO 1019 1027 TO 1032 1040 TO 1045
1053 TO 1058 1066 TO 1071
C O L U M N N O. 1001 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M30 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)
LENGTH: 3000.0 mm CROSS SECTION: 750.0 mm dia. COVER: 40.0 mm
** GUIDING LOAD CASE: 2 END JOINT: 67 SHORT COLUMN
REQD. STEEL AREA : 13269.61 Sq.mm.

REQD. CONCRETE AREA: 428516.88 Sq.mm.
MAIN REINFORCEMENT : Provide 43 - 20 dia. (3.06%, 13508.85 Sq.mm.)
(Equally distributed)
TIE REINFORCEMENT : Provide 8 mm dia. circular ties @ 300 mm c/c
SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED (KNS-MET)
Puz : 9915.14 Muz1 : 694.26 Muy1 : 694.27
INTERACTION RATIO: 0.99 (as per Cl. 39.6, IS456:2000)
SECTION CAPACITY BASED ON REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED (KNS-MET)
WORST LOAD CASE: 2

END JOINT: 67 Puz : 9986.38 Muz : 718.15 Muy : 717.88 IR: 0.93


Puz : 8577.26 Muz1 : 342.83 Muy1 : 342.84
WORST LOAD CASE: 2



Puz : 8670.56 Muz1 : 355.54 Muy1 : 355.54
WORST LOAD CASE: 2



Puz : 8763.84 Muz1 : 368.24 Muy1 : 368.24
WORST LOAD CASE: 2



Puz : 8789.66 Muz1 : 371.76 Muy1 : 371.76
WORST LOAD CASE: 2





----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 8784.48 Muz1 : 347.00 Muy1 : 347.00

----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 2
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 67



----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 9913.95 Muz1 : 694.06 Muy1 : 694.06

----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 2



----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 8576.52 Muz1 : 342.74 Muy1 : 342.74

----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 2



----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 8669.87 Muz1 : 355.44 Muy1 : 355.44

----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 2



----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 8763.22 Muz1 : 368.15 Muy1 : 368.15

----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 2



----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 8789.09 Muz1 : 371.69 Muy1 : 371.69

----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 2



----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 8783.97 Muz1 : 346.93 Muy1 : 346.93

----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 2
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 71



----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 10186.00 Muz1 : 754.07 Muy1 : 754.07

----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 2



----------------------------------------------------------
Puz : 8576.34 Muz1 : 342.72 Muy1 : 342.72

----------------------------------------------------------
WORST LOAD CASE: 2

ELEMENT DESIGN SUMMARY
----------------------
ELEMENT LONG. REINF MOM-X /LOAD TRANS. REINF MOM-Y /LOAD

(SQ.MM/ME) (KN-M/M) (SQ.MM/ME) (KN-M/M)
151 TOP : 3931. 504.09 / 2 3940. 505.04 / 2

BOTT: 492. 0.00 / 0 492. 0.00 / 0
215 TOP : 3579. 465.21 / 2 3604. 468.00 / 2

BOTT: 492. 0.00 / 0 492. 0.00 / 0
265 TOP : 3841. 494.22 / 2 3896. 500.28 / 2

BOTT: 492. 0.00 / 0 492. 0.00 / 0
266 TOP : 3907. 501.48 / 2 3908. 501.59 / 2

BOTT: 492. 0.00 / 0 492. 0.00 / 0
372 TOP : 3802. 490.02 / 2 3785. 488.07 / 2

BOTT: 492. 0.00 / 0 492. 0.00 / 0
638 TOP : 3947. 505.78 / 2 3960. 507.20 / 2

BOTT: 492. 0.00 / 0 492. 0.00 / 0
846 TOP : 3913. 502.07 / 2 3935. 504.46 / 2

BOTT: 492. 0.00 / 0 492. 0.00 / 0

B E A M N O. 61 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
LENGTH: 6150.0 mm SIZE: 275.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm
SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 1537.5 mm 3075.0 mm 4612.5 mm 6150.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 168.98 168.98 168.98 168.98 168.98
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
BOTTOM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12 3-12
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)
BOTTOM 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10


SHEAR 2 legged 8 2 legged 8 2 legged 8 2 legged 8 2 legged 8
REINF. @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c @ 110 mm c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08
BOTTOM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 3-10 3-10 3-10 3-10 3-10

BOTTOM 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08 152.08
BOTTOM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

----------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

TOP 3-10 3-10 3-10 3-10 3-10
BOTTOM 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10 2-10


----------------------------------------------------------------------------
APPLIED JOINT EQUIVALENT LOADS
JOINT FORCE-X FORCE-Y FORCE-Z MOM-X MOM-Y MOM-Z

586 0.00000E+00-4.31822E+01 0.00000E+00 3.06336E+00 0.00000E+00 5.30590E+00
587 0.00000E+00-2.75684E+01 0.00000E+00 6.12672E+00 0.00000E+00-7.87499E-07
588-4.28190E-07-4.31822E+01 0.00000E+00 6.12672E+00 0.00000E+00-7.87499E-07
589 0.00000E+00-4.31822E+01 0.00000E+00 6.12672E+00 0.00000E+00-7.87499E-07
590 0.00000E+00-4.31824E+01 0.00000E+00 6.12672E+00 0.00000E+00-7.87499E-07
591 0.00000E+00-4.31824E+01 0.00000E+00 6.12672E+00 0.00000E+00-7.87499E-07
592 0.00000E+00-4.31822E+01 0.00000E+00 6.12672E+00 0.00000E+00-7.87499E-07
STATIC LOAD/REACTION/EQUILIBRIUM SUMMARY FOR CASE NO. 1

LOADTYPE DEAD TITLE LOAD CASE 1
CENTER OF FORCE BASED ON Y FORCES ONLY (METE).

(FORCES IN NON-GLOBAL DIRECTIONS WILL INVALIDATE RESULTS)
X = 0.624797675E-07

Y = 0.479444724E+01
Z = -0.848699572E-08
***TOTAL APPLIED LOAD ( KN METE ) SUMMARY (LOADING 1)

SUMMATION FORCE-X = 0.00
SUMMATION FORCE-Y = -38186.42
SUMMATION FORCE-Z = 0.00
SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGIN-

MX= -1.4693297E-04 MY= 1.0533464E-05 MZ= -2.1702592E-03
***TOTAL REACTION LOAD( KN METE ) SUMMARY (LOADING 1)

SUMMATION FORCE-X = 0.00
SUMMATION FORCE-Y = 38186.42
SUMMATION FORCE-Z = 0.00
SUMMATION OF MOMENTS AROUND THE ORIGIN-

MX= 1.4296483E-04 MY= -8.9240349E-06 MZ= 2.1641956E-03
MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENTS ( CM /RADIANS) (LOADING 1)

MAXIMUMS AT NODE
X = -2.39284E-01 5
Y = -4.69502E+00 473
Z = 2.68437E-01 1
RX= 8.78997E-03 428
RY= 4.61024E-04 140
RZ= -7.63599E-03 87

Fig 6.1 Overhead Circular Water Tank
Fig 6.2 Bending in Y direction

Fig 6.3 Bending in Z direction
Fig 6.4 Shear Force in Y and Z direction

CONCLUSION
Storage of water in the form of tanks for drinking and washing purposes, swimming pools for
exercise and enjoyment, and sewage sedimentation tanks are gaining increasing importance
in the present day life. For small capacities we go for rectangular water tanks while for bigger
capacities we provide circular water tanks.
Design of water tank is a very tedious method. Particularly design of underground water tank
involves lots of mathematical formulae and calculation. It is also time consuming. Hence
program gives a solution to the above problems.
There is a little difference between the design values of program to that of manual
calculation. The program gives the least value for the design. Hence designer should not
provide less than the values we get from the program. In case of theoretical calculation
designer initially add some extra values to the obtained values to be in safer side.

REFRENCES
1. Dayaratnam P. Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures. New Delhi. Oxford & IBH
publication.2000
2. Vazirani & Ratwani. Concrete Structures. New Delhi. Khanna Publishers.1990
3. Sayal & Goel .Reinforced Concrete Structures. New Delhi. S.Chand publication.2004.
4. IS 456-2000 CODE FOR PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

OVERHEADTANK

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CHAPTER 1

Overhead Tank Page 1

Overhead Tank Page 2

Overhead Tank Page 3

Fig 2.2 Resting On Ground Fig 2.3 Underground

Overhead Tank Page 4

Fig 2.5 Rectangular Fig 2.6 Spherical

Fig 2.7 Intze Fig 2.8 Conical Bottom

Overhead Tank Page 5

1. Hoop stress or circumferential stress it is in tangential direction

2. Axial stress parallel to the axis of the cylinder

3. Radial stress It is perpendicular to the symmetry axis but is coplanar

2.2 RECTANGULAR TANK

2.3 INTZE TANK

2.4 OVERHEAD TANK

Overhead Tank Page 6

Types of water Tanks may be

(a) Square-open or with cover at top

Overhead Tank Page 7

POPULATION AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Overhead Tank Page 8

1. Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tear , etc.

3.2 POPULATION FORECASTING METHODS

1. Incremental Increase Method

3.3 WATER QUANTITY ESTIMATION

Overhead Tank Page 9

Table 1.Water Consumption for Various Purposes

3.5 DESIGN REQUIREMENT OF CONCRETE (I. S. I)

In water retaining structure a dense impermeable concrete is required therefore, proportion of

Overhead Tank Page 10

(i) Provision of joints

(ii) Pressure on Walls.

(iii) Walls or Tanks Rectangular or Polygonal in Plan.

Overhead Tank Page 11

(iv) Walls of Cylindrical Tanks

(i) Floors of tanks resting on ground.

(ii) Floor of tanks resting on supports

Overhead Tank Page 12

Overhead Tank Page 13

3.7.1 MEMBRANE THEORY OF SHELLS OF REVOLUTION

Overhead Tank Page 14

Overhead Tank Page 15

Overhead Tank Page 16

DESIGN OF OVER HEAD WATER TANK IN

Overhead Tank Page 17

Overhead Tank Page 18

Year Population Increase in Population % Increase in Increemental

(i) Arithmetic Increase

(ii) Increamental Increase

(iii) Geometric Increase

Overhead Tank Page 19

(iv) Capacity of Overhead tank

Per capita demand = 135 lpcd

Capacity = Per capita demand Population

Capacity = 135 5900

Capacity = 800000 litres

4.2 DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TANK

2. Design of roof dome

Self load of dome = 0.1*25000 = 2500 N/m2

For maximum hoop stress = 0

Overhead Tank Page 20

For maximum = 36.03

Hence provide 8mm bars @ 160mm c/c in both directions.

L = K1H = 0.257 = 1.75m above base (or 5.25m below top)