Chapter 7

Electrodynamics

Problem 7.1

(a) Let Q be the charge on the inner shell. Then E = 4;EO

~f in the spacebetweenthem, and (Va- Vb)=
- JbfaE. dr -- 41rEO
L Q Jbfa Jr~ dr -- ...sL 1- 1
41rEO ( a b' )

1=
I. =I
J da u E. da = u Q
100
= u 47ro(Va-
100 (I/a - I/b)
v,,) =
1
47rU (Va - Vb)
(I/a - I/b)
.

= Va -I =~ !- ! .
(b) R v"
47ru a
I
( )
b

(c)For large b (b a), the second term is negligible,and R = I/47rua. Essentially all of the resistance is in
theregionright around the inner sphere. Successiveshells, as you go out, contribute less and less, because the
cross-sectionalarea (47rr2)gets larger and larger. For the two submer ged spheres, R = 4 1rua
2 = 2 1rua
1
(one R as _ _
the current leaves the first, one R as it converges on the second). Therefore I = V/ R = I 27ruaV.I
Problem 7.2
(a) V = Q/C = IR. Because positive I means the charge on the capacitor is decreasing,

~~ = -I = - RICQ,so Q(t) = Qoe-t/RC. But Qo= Q(D)= avo, so Q(t) = CVoe-t/Rc.1 I

Hence let)
dQ
RC
1
= --'-dt = CVi0 -e-t/RC =
~o
-e-t/RC
R'
roo roo ~2 roo
(b)W=I!cVl.1 The energydeliveredto the resistoris Jo Pdt= Jo 12Rdt= ~ Jo e-2t/RCdt=

~ (- ~C e-2t/RC) [= ~CV02. ./

(c) Vo= Q/C + IR. This time positive I means Q is increasing: ~~ = I = RIC(CVo - Q) => Q ~~Vo =
1 1
-liCdt => In(Q - aVo) = - RCt + constant => Q(t) = avo + ke-t/RC. But Q(O) = 0 => k = -avo, so

IQ(t) = avo (1 - e-t/RC) .1 let) = ~~ = avo (Rlce-t/RC) = I ~ e-t/Rc.1

125
126 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

rOO V,2 roo V,2 V,2 00

(d) Energy from battery: Jo VoIdt= ~ Jo e-t/RCdt= ~ (-RCe-t/RC)lo = ~RC=ICV02.1

Since I(t) is the same as in (a), the energy delivered to the resistor is again I ~CV02
.1 The final energyin

the capacitor is also ~ cvl, I I so half the energy from the battery goes to the capacitor, and the other half
I I

to the resistor.
Problem 7.3

(a) I = IJ . da, where the integral is taken over a. surface enclosing the positively charged conductor. But
J = O'E, and Gauss's law says IE. da = (10 Q, so I = a IE. da = tiQ. But Q = CV, and V = IR, so

6]_
0
1= !LCIR, or R = a C '
(0
qed

(b) Q = CV = CIR => ~ = -I = - JcQ => Q(t) I = Qoe-t/RC 1 ' or, since V = Q/C, V(t) = Voe-t/RC. The
time constant is T = RC = ~
Problem 7.4
1= J(s) 27rsL => J(s)=I/27rsL. E=J/O'=I/27rsO'L=I/27rkL.

V = -la E.dl= -~(a-b). SOIR= ~.I

Problem 7.5
1 2R
I=~; P=I2R= 2R . dP _2
r+R (r + R)2' dR - [ (r + R)2 - (r + R)3 ] = 0 =>r + R = 2R => R I = r.1
Problem 7.6
= f E . dl = Izero Ifor all electrostatic fields. It looks as though [; = f E . dl = (a /o)h, as would indeed
be the case if the field were really just a/Eo inside and zero outside. But in fact there is always a "fringing
field" at the edges (Fig. 4.31), and this is evidently just right to kill off the contribution from the left end of
the loop. The current is ~
Problem 7.7

(a) = -~r = -BZ~~ = -Blv; = IR =>II = B~v.1 (Never mind the minus sign-it just tells you the
direction of flow: (v X B) is upward, in the bar, so downward through the resistor.)

(b)F=IlB=~, I B2Z2V I
to the left.
I I

(c) F = ma = m-dv
dt = --vB2Z2
R =>-dv
dt = -( -)v
B2Z2
Rm => v = voe--;;;]'f"t. I 82,2 I

(d) The energy goes into heat in the resistor. The power delivered to resistor is 12R, so
dW B2Z2V2 B2Z2 B2Z2 dW
- =I2R= -R= -v2e-2at wherea=-.
(it = amv5e-2at.
dt R2 R 0' - mR'
00 -2at
1 1
= amv5 _
00
The total energy delivered to the resistor is W = amv5 10 e-2atdt = amv5 ~ 2
- ao 1
2a = -mv5.
2
I
 127

Problem 7.8
s+a
1 +a
(a) The field of long wire IS B
.. /-LoI
= 211"8
cp,so <I>
=
A

!
B. da = 211"
/-LoI
!
s
-;(ad8) = ~
I
/-Lola
( ).
In ---;-
8

s+a ~dS _~d8 = /-Lola2v.

(b) [;=_d<I>=_/-Lola~ln
dt 211"dt 8
,and
( ) d8 =v,so_/-Lola
dt (
211" 8 + a dt 8 dt 211"8(8 )
+ a)
The field points out of the page, so the force on a charge in the nearby side of the square is to the right. In
the far side it's also to the right, but here the field is weaker, so the current flows counterclockwise.
I I

(c) This time the flux is constant, so [; = 0.1 I

Problem 7.9
Since V.B = 0, Theorem 2(c) (Sect. 1.6.2) guarantees that fB . da is the same for all surfaces with a given
boundary line.
Problem 7.10
<I> = B . a = Ba2 cos ()

Here () = wt, so (view from above)

[= -4Jt = -Ba2( - sinwt)w;
1[;= Bwa2 sin wt.1 B=~~
Problem 7.11
[; = Blv = IR => I = IJiv => upward magnetic force = IlB = B;t v. This opposes the gravitational force
downward:

mg - Rv
B2l2 = m dv
dt; dt
dv =9 - av, where a = mR'
- B2l2 9 - aVt = 0 =>Vt = 9 a= I
B2[2'
mgR I

dv 1
-
g-av
= dt => --In(g
a
- av) = t + const. =>9 - av = Ae-at; at t = 0, v = 0, so A = g.

av = g(l - e-at); v = ~(1- e-at) = vt(l - e-at).1 I

At90%of terminal velocity,v/Vt = 0.9 = 1 - e-at =>e-at = 1 - 0.9 = 0.1; In(O.l) = -at; In 10 = at;
t = lln
a
10,or I t90% = Vt9 In 10.
.

Now the numbers: m = 41].4.l,where 1]is the mass density of aluminum, A is the cross-sectional area, and
I is the length of a side. R = 4l / Ao-, where 0- is the conductivity of aluminum. So

P = 2.8 X lO-s n m
- 41]Alg4l - 161]g- 16g1]p d 9 = 9.8 m/s2
Vt - Ao-B2[2- o-B2 - B2 ,an 1]= 2.7 X 103kg/m3 .
{ B= IT }

= 11.2
SoVt = (16)(9.S)(2.7Xi03)(2.SXIO-S) cm/s; I t90% = 1.2~.lSO-2In(10) = 12.8ms.!
If the loop were cut, it would fall freely, with acceleration g.
128 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

Problem 7.12

a 2 7ra2 dq, 7ra2 E 7ra2UJ .

q,= 7r (2) B = TBo cos(UJt); E = -di = TBoUJsin(UJt).I(t) = Ii = l 4R Bo sm(UJt).

Problem 7.13

q, = J B dx dy = kt2 loa dx loa y3 dy = ~ kt2 a5 . E =- ~~ = -I ~kta5 .1

Problem 7.14
Suppose the current (1) in the magnet flows counterclockwise (viewed from
above), as shown, so its field, near the ends, points upward. A ring of
~ pipe below the magnet experiences an increasing upward flux, as the magnet
approaches, and hence (by Lenz's law) a current (find) will be induced in it
pIpe-+-
such as to produce a downward flux. Thus Iind must flow clockwise, which is

falling
magnet
~
J~\
opposite to the current in the magnet. Since opposite currents repel, the force
on the magnet is upward. Meanwhile, a ring above the magnet experiences
a decreasing (upward) flux, so its induced current is parallel to I, and it
attracts the magnet upward. And the flux through rings next to the magnet

ring
-find is constant, so no current is induced in them. Conclusion: the delay is due
to forces exerted on the magnet by induced eddy currents in the pipe.

Problem 7.15
.. .. /LonIZ, (s < a);
I h B
n t e quasIstatIc approxImatIOn, = { 0, (s > a).
Inside: for an "amperian loop" of radius s < a,
dq, dI
q, = B7rS2= /LonI7rs2; f E. dl = E27rs = -di = -/Lon7rs2dt; I
2 dI
E = - /Lons
.~ dt cjJ. A I

Outside: for an "amperian loop" of radius s > .a:

dI
E = _/Lona2dI
~
A

q, = B7ra2 = /LonI7ra2; E27rs = -/Lon7ra2 dt; dt cjJ.

Problem 7.16

(a) The magnetic field (in the quasistatic approximation) is "circumferential". This is analogous to the current
in a solenoid, and hence the field is longitudinaL
--l-
I I

(b) Use the "amperian loop" shown. rr-

Outside,B = 0, so here E = 0 (likeB outside a solenoid).
.
So E dl = El = - ~r = - ft fB .da = - ft f: f~:, l ds!
... E = _l!:JJ..df
211"
!!.
dt In ( s ) . But df
dt = -LoUJsinUJt' z
a
I
/Lo10UJ
=- ()
A

so IE 27r
sin(UJt)In -S z.
 129

Problem 7.17

(a) The field inside the solenoid is B = /LonI. So ~ = 7ra2/LonI ~ = -7ra2/Lon(dIJdt).

In magnItude,
. then, = 7ra2/Lonk. Now = IrR, so Iresistor= 7ra2/Lonk
R . I I

B is to the right and increasing, so the field of the loop is to the left, so the current is counterclockwise, or
Ito the right, through the resistor.
I

(b) LH) = 27ra2/Lonl; 1 = dt

dQ = Ii
= -lidt
1 d~ ~ D.Q= IiD.~,
1.. ill magmtude. SO I
D.Q = 27ra2/Lonl
R . I

Problem 7.18

J. - . d a,. B -- /LO1 :i.. .To.- /Lola 2a ds -- /LolaIn 2., c..-

co -
R -- dQ R --
T - d~ -- - /LoaIn 2 dl .
' - fB 27rs
.
0/, ' -
27r 1a S 27r
.Lloop
dt dt 27r dt

dQ = _/L~:~2 dl ~ IQ = 1/L~::2.
The field of the wire, at the square loop, is out of the page, and decreasing, so the field of the induced
current must point out of page, within the loop, and hence the induced current flows counterclockwise.! I

Problem 7.19
.. .. ~;p
In the quasistatIc approxImatIOn B = 271"8' (inside toroid)',
, { 0, (outside toroid)
(Eq.5.58). The flux around the toroid is therefore

~ = /LoNI ra+w !hds = /LoNlh In 1 +

( W
)~ /LoNhw I. d~ = /LoNhw dI = /LoNhwk
27r }a S 27r a 27ra dt 27ra dt 27ra

Theelectricfield is the same as the magnetic field of a circular current (Eq. 5.38):

B = J.LoI a2
2 (a2 + Z2)3/2 z,
with (Eq. 7.18)

I~_~d~
/Lodt
=_Nhwk.
27ra
SoE=/Lo
2 (_NhWk
27ra ) (a2 + Z2)3/2z=
a2
I
-/LO Nhwka z.
47r(a2 + Z2)3/2

Problem 7.20

(a) From Eq. 5.38, the field (on the axis) is B = (b2+~22)3/2Z,
so the flux through the little loop (area 7ra2)
. /LO7r/a2b2
I
IS IIi = 2(b2 + z2)3/2 . ,

(b) The field (Eq. 5.86) is B =~

?-(2 cos0 r + sin0 9), where m = l7ra2. Integrating over the spherical "cap"
(bounded by the big loop and centered at the little loop):

~ = ! B. da = ~: 1;:2 !(2COSO)(r2sinOdOdc/J)= /Lo~a2 27r 16 cosO sin 0 dO

130 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

- . 2
I 2
e J.lO7rIa2b2
where r = Vb2 + Z2 and sin B = b/r. Evidently cI>= /10r7ra 8m2(J 0 = I I I
2(b2 + Z2)3/2 ' the same as in (a)!!

J.lO7ra2b2
(c) Dividing off I (cI>1 = M12h cI>2 = M21h): I M12 = M21 = 2(b2 + z2)3/2'
Problem 7.21

dcI> dI
E = -- = -M - = -Mk.
dt dt

It's hard to calculate M using a current in the little loop, so, exploiting the equality of the mutual inductances,
I'll find the flux through the little loop when a current I flows in the big loop: cI>= MI. The field of one long
wire is B = l!:Q2. 01
27r J.a2a la
01 =} cI>1= l!:Q2.
2 7rS S ds = /12
07rIa In 2, so the total flux is

if,.
'' = 2 if,. = J.loIaln2
''1
7r
=} M = 7r
=} ,,= 7r
, ill magnltu de.
J.loaln2 I" J.lokaln21' .
Direction: The net flux (through the big loop), due to I in the little loop, is into the page. (Why? Field
lines point in, for the inside of the little loop, and out everywhere outside the little loop. The big loop encloses
all of the former, and only part of the latter, so net flux is inward.) This flux is increasing, so the induced
current in the big loop is such that its field points out of the page: it flows I counterclockwise.!
Problem 7.22
B = /-LonI =} cI>1= /-LonI7rR2(flux through a single turn). In a length 1 there are nl such turns, so the
Il. The self-inductance is given by cI>= LI, so the self-inductance per unit length is
total flux is cI>= J.lon27rR2
1.c=J.lon27rR2.1
Problem 7.23
d-f
The field of one wire is B1 = ~ ~, so cI> =2. ~ . 1 ff ~s = /1~IlIn (d;f). The in the numerator is
negligible (compared to d), but in the denominator we cannot let -+ 0, else the flux is infinite.

L = J.lolln(d/)
7r
I. Evidently the size of the wire itself is critical in determining L.

Problem 7.24

(a) In the quasistatic approximation B = 2J.lO;p.

7rS
SO cI>1 = /-L
20I
7r
(b ~hds
Ja s
= J.loIh
27r
In(b/a).

This is the flux through one turn; the total flux is N times cI>1:cI>= J.lO;:h In(b/a)Io COS(LVt).So
E =- d
27r In(b/a)IoLVsin(LVt) = (47r x 1O-7~(1O3)(1O-2)
t = J.loNh
dcI> 7r In(2)(0.5)(27r60)sin(LVt)
E 2.61 X 10-4 .
= I 2.61 x 10- 4 sin(LVt) (ill I
) /
. volts, where LV= 27r60 = 377 s. Ir = R =. 500.
( )
sm LVt
= 15.22 x 10-7 sin(LVt)I (amperes).

(b) Eb = -L ~;; where (Eq. 7.27) L = /1I:rr2h

In(b/a) = (47rXl0-7~~O6)(10-2)In(2) = 1.39 x 10-3 (henries).
Therefore Eb = -(1.39 x 10-3)(5.22 x 10-7 LV)COS(LVt)= 1-2.74 x 10-7 COS(LVt)I (volts).
 131

. amphtudes:
RatiOof . 2.74xX 10-4
2.61 10-7 27rR In (b/ a).
= I 1.05 x 10-31= /-LoN2lu.J
Problem 7.25
With I positive clockwise, = -L~: = Q/C, where Q is the charge on the capacitorj I = ~, so
~ = -lcQ = _VJ2Q, where VJ = k. The general solution is Q(t) = AcosVJt + BsinVJt. At t = 0,
Q = CV, so A = CVj1(t) = ~ = -AVJsinVJt + BVJsinVJt. At t = 0, 1= 0, so B = 0, and

1(t)= -CVVJsinVJt= I-v/f sin (Jfc) '.

If youput in a resistor, the oscillation is "damped". This time -L~: = +1R, so L~ +R~ + bQ =0.
For an analysis of this case, see Purcell's Electricity and Magnetism (Ch. 8) or any book on oscillations and
waves.
Problem 7.26

(a) W = ~L12.L = /-Lqn27rR2l(Prob. 7.22) I W = ~/-Lon27rR21I21.

(b) W = ~ f(A. I)dl. A = (/-Lon1/2)R~, at the surface (Eq. 5.70 or 5.71). So WI = ~JL02nI R1. 27rR,for one
turn. There are nl such turns in length l, so W = ~/-Lon27rR21I2.,(
(c) W = 2~0 JB2dr. B = /-Lon1,inside, and zero outside; Jdr = 7rR2l, so W = 2~0/-L6n2127rR2l =
!J.ton27rR2l12.,(
(d) W = 2~0 [JB2 dr - f(A X B) . da]. This time B2 dr = /-L6n2 J
127r(R2 - a2)l. Meanwhile,
A X B = 0 outside (at 8 = b). Inside, A = JL02nIa ~ (at 8 = a), while B = /-Lon1 z.
Ax B= ~/-L6n212a(~X z)
~ points inward ("out" of the volume)
I
..21
i;
S
f(A B) .da = J(~/-L6n212as)'[ad4>dz(-s)] = -~/-L6n212a227rl.
X
W -- -L 1I2n2127r(R2 - a2) l + 112n2127ra2l ] - 111 n2 12R27rl ,(
21'0 (,..0 ,..0 - 2,..0 .

Problem
7.27

= ~2/-LoJ B2dr = ~/-L6n212 ~ = 1

B = /-Lon1;
27rs
W
2/-Lo 47r2 J 82~hrd4>d8 = /-Lon212
87r2
h27rln
()
a 47r/-Lon2 12 h In(b/a).

,L= ~n2hln(b/a) I (same as Eq. 7.27).

Problem 7.28
2 2 /-Lo18
f . dl = B(27r8 ) = /-Lo1enc= /-Lo1s( / R) => B = 27rR2 .
B

W = 2- B2 dr = ~ /-L612 (R s2(27r8)l ds = /-Lo12l(84) R = /-Lol12 = ~L12.

2/-LoJ 2/-Lo47r2R4 10 47rR4 4 0 167r 2 I

So L = ~l, and.c= L/l = I /-Lo/87r, I independent of R!

Problem 7.29

(a) Initial current: 10 = o/R. So -L ~~ = 1R =>~~ = - ~ I =>1= 1oe-Rt/L, or 1(t) I = ~e-Rt/L.I

(b)P = 12R = (0/ R)2 e-2Rt/L R = ~ e-2Rt/L = d:.
= 6(0 + L/2R) = ~L (0/R)2 .
w = 6 roo e-2Rt/ L dt = 6
R 10 R (- ~e-2Rt/ L)
2R 1
00
0 R 2
 132 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

(c) Wo = ~LI5=! (ofR)2. .(

Problem 7.30
= ~r\Id3(al
(a) B1 .i)i - a1]' since m1 = I1a1. The flux through loop 2 is then
CP2= B1 . a2 =
4 n. fJ-O ~ It [3(a1 1M 4n
.i)(a2 .i) - a1 . a2] = MIl.
fJ-o
3[3(a1.i)(a2 . i) - a1 . a2].1 =
(b) 1 = - M %, d:; 11= -lIt = M It %. (This is the work done per unit time against the mutual emf in
loop I-hence the minus sign.) So (since It is constant) WI = MItI2, where 12 is the final current in loop 2:

I = ~[3(m1
W .
i)(m2 i) - m1 m2].1 . .
Notice that this is opposite in sign to Eq. 6.35. In Prob. 6.21 we assumed that the magnitudes of the dipole
moments were fixed, and we did not worry about the energy necessary to sustain the currents themselves-only
the energy required to move them into position and rotate them into their final orientations. But in this
problem we are including it all, and it is a curious fact that this merely changes the sign of the answer. For
commentaryon this subtle issuesee R. H. Young,Am. J. Phys. 66, 1043 (1998), and the referencescited
there,
Problem 7.31
The displacement current density (Sect. 7.3.2) is Jd = fO ~~ = f = ~ z. Drawingan "amperianloop"at
radius s,
I s2 fJ-oIs2
B . ell= B . 2ns = fJ-oIdenc = fJ-o~na . ns2 = fJ-oI2"
a =>B = 2
_nsa 2 j B = 2na2fJ-oIs A
<p.
yC

Problem 7.32
- a(t) z,
(a ) E -
A.
at( ) - -, z.
fo - na2 - ~'I
Q(t) na2 nfoa2
It A I

dE ~ 1 S2 fJ-oI A

Idene = Jdns2
(b) = fodinS2
= 0 J B.
dl = fJ-oIdene=> B 2ns = fJ-oIa2 => B = 2na2 s <p.
(c) A surface current flows radially outward over the left plate; let I(s) be the total current crossing a circle
of radius s. The charge density (at time t) is

a(t) = [I -ns2
I(s)]t

Since we are told this is independent of s, it must be that 1- I(s) = {3s2,for some constant (3. But I(a) = 0,
so {3a2 =1, or (3 = Ifa2. Therefore I(s) = 1(1- s2fa2).

B 2ns = fJ-oIenc= fJ-o[I- I(s)] = fJ-oa2

S2 => B = ~sfJ-o I
<p.
A I
.(

Problem 7.33

(a) Jd n cos(wt)
= fOfJ-O~OW2 In (af s) z. But 10 cos(wt) = I. So Jd 2n
= fJ-ofow2Iln(af s) z.
r
I

(b) Id = I Jd' da =
fJ- f W2I
0;n
2 2
Jo In(afs)(2nsds) =
2 a
L
fa
fJ-ofow2IJo (slna
L
- slns)ds
2 fJ-OfOW2 I a2
= fJ-Ofow2I [(Ina)82 - ] [ ]=
~2 ~2

82 Ins + 84 0 = fJ-Ofow2I y.na

l - y.na + a4 ---:t
 133

I 2 2
(C) S. - 1/C,2 I d/1 -- (l.JJa 2 - -3
/2 c.) If a - 10 m, an d 11.. - 1 h wa - 1
I
7d -- 4 a .
/lofOI.JJ I
mce /lofo - I - 100' so t at 2C - 10'
(;)= .1...- 5 X10-3 m ' or I.JJ= 0 6 X lOll / s -16
lOa - 3X108m/s . - X 1010 / s.1
'21T
/I =~ ""',
,...,1010 Hz or 104 me g
ahertz . (This is the
microwave region, way above radio frequencies.)
Problem 7.34
Physically, this is the field of a point charge -q at the origin, out to an expanding spherical shell of radius
vt; outside this shell the field is zero. Evidently the shell carries the opposite charge, +q. Mathematically,
using product rule #5 and Eq. 1.99:

V.E = 8(vt - r)V.

(-~.!L ) - ~.!L
47rfOr2
f
47rfOr2
f. V[8(vt - r)] = _!!...J3(r)8(vt- r) - ~.!L
fO 47rfO r2
(f. f) ~8(vt - r).
or

But J3(r)8(vt - r) = J3(r)8(t),and tr8(vt - r) = -J(vt - r) (Prob. 1.45),so

p = fOV . E = l-qJ3(r)8(t) + 47rr

q 2J(vt - r).

(For t < 0 the field and the charge density are zero everywhere.)
Clearly V . B = 0, and V x E = 0 (since E has only an r component, and it is independent of () and cjJ).
Thereremains only the Ampere/Maxwell law, V x B = 0 = /loJ + /lofoaE/at. Evidently
aE q a
J = -fO-at = -fa ---
{ 47rfor2at
[8(vt - r)] r
} ~
= I
-vJ(vt
47rr2
q
- r)r.
~I
(The stationary charge at the origin does not contribute to J, of course; for the expanding shell we have J = pv,
as expected-Eq. 5.26.)
Problem 7.35
From V.B = /loPm it follows that the field of a point monopole is B The force law has the = ~~.t.
form F exqm (B - -by X E) (see Prob. 5.21-the C2is needed on dimensional grounds). The proportionality

constant must be 1 to reproduce "Coulomb's law" for point charges at rest. So F 1 = qm (B - ~v X E) .1

Problem 7.36
Integrate the "generalized Faraday law" (Eq. 7.43iii), V x E = -/loJm.- ~~, over the surface of the loop:

/ (V x E) . da = f E. dl = [; = -/lo / Jm . da - ~ / B. da = -/loImen. - ~~.

dI dI /lo 1 dip /lo 1 . .
But = -L dt' so dt = LImen.+ Ldt' or I = L!::>.Qm + L!::>.ip,where !::>.QmIS the total magnetIc charge
passing through the surface, and!::>.ip is the change in flux through the surface. If we use the flat surface, then
tJ.Qm= qm and !::>,ip = 0 (when the monopole is far away, ip = 0; the flux builds up to /loqm/2 just before
it passes through the loop; then it abruptly drops to -/loqm/2, and rises back up to zero as the monopole
disappears into the distance). If we use a huge balloon-shaped surface, so that qm remains inside it on the far
side, then !::>.Qm
= 0, but ip rises monotonically from 0 to /loqm' In either case,

/ = /l01m.1
II:""
- --

134 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

Problem 7.37
V 1 V aD a a Va COS(271"vt) fVO .

E = d:::}Jc = aE = pE = pd' Jd = at = at (fE) = fat [ d ] = d [-271"vsm(271"vt)].

The ratioof the amplitudes istherefore:

Jc Vo d 1
Jd = pd 271"VfVo = 271"Vfp = [271"(4x 108)(81)(8.85 x 1O-12)(O.23)r1 = 12.41.1

Problem 7.38
The potential and field in this configuration are identical to those in the upper half of Ex. 3.8. Therefore:

1= !J.da=a !E.da

where the integral is 0"'"' the hemisphedca1 surface jnst outside the sph",e. Qm....

But I can with impunity close this surface: ~

(because E = 0 down there
anyway-inside a conductor).
~ ~.......

So I = a E.da = !l...Qenc
J EO = !l...
EO J
ae da, where ae is the electric charge density on the surface ofthe hemisphere-
to wit (Eq. 3.77) ae = 3fOEo cosO.

!
a ~/2
cosOa2sinOdOdcjJ = 3aEoa2271" sin 0 cosO dO = 3aEO7l"a2.
1= -3fOEo
~ ~
,
0
~ '

Sin2(} ~/2_!
2 1 0 - 2

But in this case Eo = Void, so 1= 3a7l";oa2.1

I

Problem 7.39 z
Begin with a different problem: two parallel
wires carrying charges +>' and ->. as shown.
y
Field of one wire: E =_
2 >.
~EOS 8; potential: V = -- 2 >' In (s / a) .
~EO
x
Potential of combination: V = 2;EO In(L/s+),
-
or V(y, z) -
>.
4~EO In { (Y+br+Z2
(y-b 2+Z2 }.
Find the locus of points of fixed V (Le. equipotential surfaces):

(y+b)2+z2
e4~EOV/>'
==J..t=
(y - b)2 + Z2
=:::}J..t(y2- 2yb + b2 + Z2) = y2 + 2yb + b2 + Z2;

y2 (J..t- 1) + b2(J..t- 1) + z2 (J..t- 1) - 2yb(J..t+ 1) =0 =:::} y2 + Z2 + b2 - 2yb(3= 0 ((3 ==~ ~ ~) ;

(y - b(3)2+ z2 + b2 - b2(32= 0 =:::} (y - b(32)+ Z2 = b?((32- 1).
 135

This is a circle with center at Yo = b(3 = b(I<+I ) and radius = b 2 - 1 = ~ b /(1<2+21<+1)_(1<2_21<+1)= 2b.,jii.
, 1<-1 Y IF - .1 V (It-I)' It-I
This suggests an image solution to the problem at hand. We want Yo = d, radius = a, and V = Vo.These
determine the parameters b, J.l,and>' of the image solution:

b l:d:!
~=~ = ( It-I ) = J.l + 1. Call ~= a.
a radius 2b.,jii
It-I 2"fji a -
4a2 J.l = (J.l+ 1)2 = J.l2+ 2J.l+ 1 ===} J.l2+ (2 - 4a2)J.l + 1 = 0;
J.l = 4a2 - .
2::1:y4(1-
2
2a2)2 - 4
= 2a2 - 1::1:yl- 4a2 + 4a4 - 1 = 2a2 - 1::1:2ay a2 - 1;
r;;--.

47n:oVo I . .
. Th at ' s t h e Ime ch arge m t he Image pro blem.
\ 411'EOVo '
- = n J.l===} 1\ = In ~
>. (2a2 - 1 ::I:2ava2 - 1)
1=
!.
J da = 0'
! E. da = O'..!..Qenc= ~>.l.
EO EO

. .. I 0'>. 411'0'Vo .
= -z = -EO = In
'
Th e current per Unit Iengt h IS ~ ~ ,
Wh lCh sIgn d 0 we want, ? Suppose
(2a2 - 1 ::I:2av a2 - 1)
the cylindersare far apart, d a, so that a 1.

() = 2a2 -1::1: 2a2yl-1/a2 = 2a2 -1::1: 2a2 1- ~

2a2
- ~ +.. .
8a4
[ J

4a2 - 2 -1/2a2 +'" ~ 4a2 (+ sign),

= 2a2(1::1: 1) - (1::1: 1) =F ~::I:'" =
4a { -1/4a2 (- sign),

The current must surely decrease with increasing a, so evidently the + sign is correct:

i = 411'0'Vo d
In (2a2 -1 +2aya2 -1)' where a =~.

Problem 7.40
(a) The resistance of one disk (Ex. 7.1) is dR = :A = ~ dz, where r = (bI:a) Z + a is the radius of the
disk. The total resistance is

~ -1 = ~
R = !!..
11'10
{L 1
[(bI:a)z+a]
2 dz = !!..
11' b-a ( ){ [(bI:a)z+a] } 0
I
L pL
1I'(b-a) [
-
(b-a+a)
1 +
aJ
b- a
( ) =~rPLl
pL
= 1I'(b-a) ~
(b) In Ex. 7.1 the current was parallel to the axis; here it certainly is not. (Nor is it radial with respect to
the apex of the cone, since the ends are fiat. This is not an easy configuration to solve exactly.)
(c) This time the flow is radial, and we can add the resistances of nested spherical shells: dR = ~ dr, where
{(J (J
A = 10 r2 sin () d() d<l>= 211'r2( - cos()) 10 = 211'r2(1 - cos()),
~b
~
L
136 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

R =
27r(I-cosO)
p
ITo
Tb
-1 dr=
r2
P
27r(I-cosO) ( rarb )
rb- ra
., . Now -
a
ra
=-b = .
rb
slOB.

p(b-a)
- sinO. .ButsmO = b-a and cosO = L ---.

27rab (1 -cosO) ./L2 + (b -a)2 ./2 + (b - a)2

p(b -a)2 1
27rab [./2 + (b - a)2 - L] .

1 (b -a)2 '" p(b -a)2 1 -

[Note that if b - a
L, then ./2 + (b - a)2 S:! L [1 + 2 2 ] ,and R = 27rab (b- a)2j2L -
PL
b'
7ra as in (a).]

Problem 7.41
00

~n(s,4 =
k=l
L skbk sin(k4, (s < a);

From Prob. 3.23,

00

Vout(s,4 = L
k=l
s-kdk sin(k4, (s > a).

(We don't need the cosine terms, because V is clearly an odd function of 4>.) At s = a, ~n = Vout= Vo4>j21r.
Let's start with ~n, and use Fourier's trick to determine bk:

~akbkSin(k4 = ~o: => ~akbk 1: Sin(k4sin(k'4d4>=~ 1: 4>sin(k'4d4>.But

1: sin(k4sin(k'4d4> = 7rl5kk',and

1: <psin(k'4 d4> = [(k\2 sin(k'4- t COS(k'4] Lr = - ~~ cos(k'4 =- ~~ (-I)k'. So

k Vo 27r k Vo 1 k Vo~ 1 s k .
7ra bk = 27r [ -T( -1) ] , or bk= - 7rk( -~ ) ' and hence ~n(s, 4 = --; 6 k (-~ ) sm(k4.

Similarly, Vout(s, 4 = - ~ k=l

f ~ ( -~f sin(k4.Bothsumsareof the formS == f ~(-x)k sin(k4(with
k=l
x = sja forr < a and x = ajs
00
for r > a). This series can be summed
00
explicitly, using Euler's formula

(eiD = cosO + isinO): S L

= 1m k=l ~(-x)keik<l> L
= 1m k=l ~ (-xei<lk.

1 1 1 00 1 .
But In(l + w) =w - -w2 + -w3 - -W4... = - ~ -( -w)k so S = -1m [In(1 + xes<l]
2 3 4 6k' .
Now In (ReiD) = InR + iO, so S = -0, where

- 1m(1+xei<l- ~ [(I+xei<l- (l+xe-i<l] - x(ei<l>-e-i<l - x sin 4>

tan 0 - Re (1 + xei<l - H(1 + xei<l+ (1 + xe-i<l] - i [2+ x (ei<l>
+ e-i<l]- 1 + x cos4>.
 137

Vo -1 s sin ~
~n(s,~) = -;-tan (a+scos~ ) , (s < a);

Conclusion:I Vr -1 ~ a sin
j Vout(S,~) -- 'Tr
Q.tan ( + acos~) '
S
(s > a).

(b) From Eq. 2.36, u(~) = -100{a~:ut Is=a- a~n Is=a}'

aVout Vo 1 (-aSin~) Va asin~

8S = -;- asin.p
2
(s + acos~)2 = --;- [ (s+ acos~)2+ (asin~)2]
{
1
[ + (s+acost/J) ] }
Vo asin~
= - -;- ( S2 + 2as COB~+ a2 ) ;

a~n Vo 1 [(a+SCOS~)Sin~-SSin~cos~] Vo asin~

as = -;- ssin.p
2
(a + scos~)2 = -;- [ (a+ SCOS~)2 + (ssin~)2 ]
1
{ [ + a+scost/J ] ( ) }
Vo asin~
= -;- ( s2 + 2ascos~ + a2 ).
a~n = - aVant = sin~
as I s=a as I s=a
Vo
(
2'Tra 1 + cos~ ), so u(~) = fOVO sin~
'Tra (1 + cos~)
= I
fOVO tan(~/2).
'Tra

Problem 7.42
(a) Faraday's law says VxE = -~~, so E = 0 => ~~ = 0 => B(r) is independent of t.
(b) Faraday's law in integral form (Eq. 7.18) says E. ell = -d~/dt. In the wire itself E = 0, so ~ through
the loop is constant.
(c)Ampere-Maxwell=>
V xB = JLoJ+ JLofo~~' so E = 0, B = 0 =>J = 0, and hence any current must be
at the surface.
(d) From Eq. 5.68, a rotating shell produces a uniform magnetic field (inside): B = !JLoulAJai.So to cancel

3 Bo Now K = uv = ulAJasinOcp,so I K = -2j;;

such a field, we need ulAJa= -2Po' 3Bo sinOcp.I ~ ~

Problem 7.43
(a) To make the field parallel to the plane, we need image monopoles of the same sign (compare Figs. 2.13
and2.14),so the image dipole points I down(-z).1
(b) From Prob. 6.3 (with r -+ 2z):

1/4
= I3JLo m2 3JLo m2 ! 3JLom2
F
2'Tr (2z )4 . 2'Tr (2h)4 = Mg => h = I 2 (2'TrMg) .
 138 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

m
(c) Using Eq. 5.87, and referring to the figure:

B = ~; (r~)3 ([3(mz. r1) r1 - mz]+ [3(-mz. r2)r2 + mz]}

= 3/-lom3 [(z.A r1
A A A
) r1 - ( z. r2 ) r2.]
A A A
B u t z" r1
A

= -z
A

. r2
A

= cos ()
"
411" (r1 )

3J.lom A A

B
AA

2
. ()
A

8( )
= - 411"(rd3
cos r1 + r2. ut r1 + r2 = sm r.

= - 23~O~3
11"r1 sin() cos()r. But sin () = ~,
r1 cos() = ~,
r1 and r1 = vr2 + h2. -m
3/-lomh r A

= - 211" (r2 + h2)5/2r.

Now B = /-lo(K x z) => z x B = /-lo z x (K x z) = /-lo [K - z(K . z)] = /-loK. (I used the BAC-CAB rule,
and noted that K. z = 0, because the surface current is in the xy plane.)
1 3mh r 3mh r :i.
K (
A

B) ( ) d
A A

= /-lo z x = - 211"(r2 + h2)5/2 z x r = - 27r (r2 + h2)5/2'1'" qe

Problem 7.44 z
Say the angle between the dipole (md and the z axis is () (see diagram).
~+
m1
The field of the image dipole (m2) is

B(z) = ~; (h : z)3 [3(m2 .z)z - m2]

h
x

for points on the z axis (Eq. 5.87). The torque on m1 is (Eq. 6.1) _

But m1 = m(sin()x + cos()z),

N = m1
m2
x B = 411"~oh)3[3(m2 . Z)(m.1 x z) -
= m(sin()x - cos()z), so m2. Z =
(m1 x m2)] .
-mcos(), m1 x Z = -msin()y,
~ m2
0 +
and
m1 x m2 = 2m2 sin ()cos ()y.
/-lo 2 . A 2 . A /-lom2. A
N= 411"(2h)3
[3m sm()cos()y - 2m sm()cos()y)] = 411"(2h)3sm() cos() y.
Evidently the torque is zero for () = 0, 11"/2,or 11""But 0 and 11"are clearly unstable, since the nearby
ends of the dipoles (minus, in the figure) dominate, and they repel. The stable configuration is () = 1r/2:
I parallel to the surface (contrast Prob. 4.6).
I

In this orientation, B(z) = - 41Tr~;z)3x, and the force on m1 is (Eq. 6.3):

2 3 2 3 2
F =V /-lom = /-lom z = /-lom z
[ 411"(h
+ z)3 ]1 z=h 411"(h
+ Z)4 1z=h 411"(2h)4.
At equilibrium this force upward balances the weight M g:
1/4
3/-lom2 ~ 3/-lom2
411"(2h)4 = Mg => h = I 2 (
411"Mg ) .
 139

Incidentally, this is (1/2)1/4 = 0.84 times the height it would adopt in the orientation perpendicular to the
pla~e (Prob. 7.43b).
Problem 7.45
f =v X B; v = U)a sin B (bj f = U)aBosin B((b X z). t: = If. ell, and ell= a dBO.
X z) . OdB.
SO = wa2 Bo Io1</2sinBb But O. b X z) = z. (0 X (b) = z. f = cosB.
('/2 . sin2B 1</2 . . . ~
[; =wa2Bo Jo smBcosBdB = wa2Bo [~]
Problem 7.46
10 = ~
(same as the rotatIng disk m Ex. 7.4).

(a) In the "square" orientation (0), it falls at terminal velocity Vsquare = ~;~ (Prob. 7.11). In the
"diamond" orientation (0), the magnetic force upward is F = IBd (prOb

The flux is ~ = B [l2

so ~ = B [l2 - (l//2 -
. = -~~ = -2B (l//2
- (d/2)2],and d/2 = l//2 - y,
y)2].
- y) ~. But ~ = -v.
So = 2Bv (1//2 - y) = IR =>1= 2~V(1//2 - y); F = 2. 2~V (1//2 - y)2 = mg (at terminal velocity).
~ ' 5.40);

er-
y
1

Vdiamond= mgR 2.1 (This works for negative y as well as positive, if you replace y by Iyl.)
4B2 (1//2 - y)
Vsquare mgR In In
Thus. Vd,amond= 2 l 2.

toward the halfway mark (y

(B ) 4B;- (/1,;2-
mg R y)' = (v2 - ). I
( )
2y/l 2 I
At first y -1/v2
0), the "square" falls twice as fast; then the diamond again takes over. The
the "diamond" falls faster;

total time it takes for the square to fall is:

tsquare =_
v square = m gR
1 I B2131

(assuming it always goes at the terminal velocity, which-as we found in Prob. 7.ll-is close to the truth, if
the field is strong). For the diamond, t is
0
3
-
/ dy =- 8B2
/ - 1/v'2 - Y 2 dy
( ) = 8B2 [ ! (1/v'2- Y) ) 0 = 8B2 !~ = 2/2 B213 .
Vdiamond mgR mgR 3 11/..!2 mgR 32/2 1
3 mgR
1/..!2

Sotsquare/tdiamond= 3/2/2 = 1.06. The "square"falls faster, overall. If free to rotate, it would start out
in the "diamond" orientation, switch to "square" for the middle portion, and then switch back to diamond,
alwaystrying to present the minimum chord at the field's edge. z
(b) F = IElj ~ = 2B I~a ya2 - X2dx (a = radius of circle).
1/2
[;= -~~ = -2Bva2 - y2~ = 2Bvva2 - y2 = IR. x
I = 2~Vva2 - y2 j 1/2 = va2 - y2. So F = 4~V (a2 - y2) = mg. 1
mgR
Vcircle= ;
4B 2 ( 2 2
a -y ) JY
4B2 4
tcircle=
i -a
+a
dy
--
V
4B2
= -mg R 1-a (a2 - 0
y2)dy = mg
4B2
- R (a2y -
1 0
-3 y3) -a 1
= mg
- R (-3 a3) =
16 B2a3
3mgR'
140 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

Problem 7.47
(a) In magnetostatics

V. B = 0, V x B = JLoJ ~ B(r)
JLo
= 47r ! J(r/) x ~
~2 dr/.

For Faraday electric fields (with p = 0), therefore,

=_2.~
V.E=O
,
VxE=_aB
at
~ E (r t )
.'. 47rat ! B(r/t)X~dr'
~2

(with the substitution J -t - :0~.)

(b) From Frob. 5.50a,
A( r,t ) -- 2.
47r ! B(r', t) x ~ d '
~2
- - aA .
r, so E - at
[Check: V x E = - tt (V x A) = - ~~, and we recover Faraday's law.]
(c) The Coulomb field is zero inside and 4;fO f = 4;fO tT4;2R2 f ~ =$
f outside. The Faraday field is - ~~'
where A is given (in the quasistatic approximation) by Eq. 5.67, with I..Va function of time. Letting w ==dJ..Jjdt,

JLORWU rsin (JA. (r < R),

E(r, O,~,t) = I{ UR:.

-r+
or2
I'<>R:':U
3
sinO
r2
<i> (r > R).

Problem 7.48

qBR = mv (Eq. 5.3). If R is to stay fixed, then qR~~ = m ~~ = ma = F = qE, or E = R~~.. But
dip dip 1 dip dB 1 1
f E.dl=-dt' soE27rR=-dt' so -27rRdt=Rdt' orB=-'2 (7rR2<P+
) constant. Ifattimet=O
the field is off, then the constant is zero, and B(R) = ~ (7r~2 <p) (in magnitude). Evidently the field at R
must be half the averagefield over the cross-sectionof the orbit. Qed
Problem 7.49
Initiall y, mv2
r _
19ftr ~ T = -21mv2 = _21_
= 4 1rfO 1 !&..
41rfO r After the magnetic field is on, the electron circles in a
new orbit, of radius rl and velocity VI:

-mvi =
rl
_4 1
7ro rl
qQ
2""" +qvIB ~ TI = -2 mVI = _2 -47ro -rl + -2qvIrIB.
1 2 1 1 qQ 1

But rl = r + dr, so (rd-I = r-I (1 + d;)-I s:!r-l (1- d;), while VI= V+ dv, B = dB. To first order, then,
1 1 qQ dr 1 qvr 1 1 qQ
TI = ---
2 47ro r (1- - ) + -q(vr)dB, andhencedT =TI -T = -dB
r 2 2
- ---dr.
2 47ror2

Now, the induced electric field is E = ~~~ (Ex. 7.7), so m ~~ = qE = 9f ~~ ' or m dv = 9fdB. The increase in
kinetic energy is therefore dT = d( !mv2) = mv dv = 'l!JfdB. Comparing the two expressions, I conclude that
dr = O. Qed
 141

Problem 7.50
= - dd = -a. So the current in R1 and R2 is I = R 1 a+ R 2 ; by Lenz's law, it flows counterclockwise. Now
t <.I>

the voltage across R1 (which voltmeter #1 measures) is VI = IR1 =1 R;:~21 (Vb is the higher potential),
~
and V2 = -IR2 =~ (Vb is lower).
Problem 7.51

dI dv ~v hBdI hB hB
=vBh=-Ldt; F=IhB=mdt; dt2 =~ dt =-~ (L ) v, I~v
dji=-w 2v, I.wlth~~
Problem 7.52
A point on the upper loop: r2 = (acos<P2,asin<P2,z); a point on the lower loop: rl = (bCOS<Pl,bsin<Pl,O).
1].2= (r2 - rl)2 = (a cos <P2- bcos<pd2 + (a sin <P2- bsin<pd2 + Z2
= a2 COS2 <P2 - 2ab cos <P2COS<PI+ b2 COS2<PI+ a2 sin2 <P2- 2ab sin <PIsin <P2+ b2 sin2 <PI+ Z2
= a2 + b2 + Z2 - 2ab( cos <P2COS<PI+ sin <P2sin <PI)= a2 + b2 + z2 - 2ab cos( <P2- <PI)
= (a2 + b2 + Z2) [1 - 2{3COSP2- <pd] = ~ [1 - 2{3COSP2- <pd].

dl1= bd<pl~1 = b d<pd - sin <PIx + COS<PIy]; dl2 = a d<P2~2 = a d<P2 [- sin <P2x + cos <P2y], so
.
dl1 dh = ab d<Pl d<P2[sin <PIsin <P2+ COS <PIcos <P2] = ab cos( <P2- <PI) d<Pl d<p2.

M = /-Lo11 dl1 . dl2 = /-Lo

411"JJ I]. 411" Vabj{3j}
ab r rVI - 2{3cos(<P2
-COSP2
- <PI)
<pd d<P2 d<pl.

integral first, letting u ==ct>2 -

Both integrals run from 0 to 211".Do the ct>2 ct>1:

21<-<1>1 21<
cosu cosu
/
-<1>1
du-
yI- 2{3cosu - /
0
yI- 2{3cosu
du

(sincethe integral runs over a complete cycle of cosu, we may as well change the limits to 0 ~ 211").Then the
~1 integral is just 211",and
21< 21<

M = 411"
/-Lo ab{3211"
~ ~0 cosu
yI- 2{3cosu
du = /-Lo
2
vab{3
~0 cosu
yI- 2{3cosu
duo

(a) If a is small, then {3 1, so (using the binomial theorem)

21< 21<
1 21< COS U
~I+{3cosu,and du~ cosudu+{3 cos2udu=0+{311",
yI- 2{3cosu ~0 yI - 2{3cosu
.
~0 ~0
r::i7i3 /-LO1l"a2b2 .
and hence M = (/-Lo1l"j2)yab{33.Moreover, (3 ~ abj(b2 + z2), so M ~
I

2(b2 + z2)3/2 I(same as In Prob. 7.20).

142 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

(b) More generally,

-1 / 2 1 3 2 5 3 1. 3 2 2 5 3 3
(l+f) =1--f+-f --f +...=> =1+,8cosu+-,8 CoS U+-,8 cos u+"',
2 8 16 Vl- 2,8cosu 2 2
so

{21r {21r 3 {21r 5 {21r

M= ~Ovab,8 { Jo cosudu+,8 Jo cos2udu+2,82 Jo cos3udu+2,83 Jo cos4udu+", }

= /-L..jCiJJ
2 [
0 + ,8(7r)+ ~,82(0) + ~,83(~7r) +" .
2 2 4 J = I
2 vab,83
/-Lo7r (1 + 15,82+ 8 (),84 +.. . .
) Qed

Problem 7.53
Let q> be the flux of B through a single loop of either coil, so that q>1= N1 q> and q>2= N2q>, Then

dq> 2 N2
1 = -N dq> 2 = -N2-, so - = -, Qed
Idj' dt 1 N1

Problem 7.54
~a) Suppose current II flows in coil 1, and 12 in coil 2. Then (if q>is the flux through one turn):
L1 M L2 M
q>1 = ItLI + MI2 = N1q>; q>2 = I2L2 + MIt = N2q>,
or q> = It N1 + 12 N1 = 12 N2 + It N2 '

I I - 0 h M - .0.., 'f I - 0 h h - M '

D d' '
,M - h - 2
n case 1- , we ave Nt - N2' 1 2 - , we ave Nt - N2'. IVI mg, Lt - M' or L 1L 2 - M ,qe d

(b) -1 - C - ~ - fu
dt - L 1 dt + M !ll.2.- TT ( t) ., -O2c -- ~dt -- L 2 !ll.2.
dt - vI COSW
fu
dt + M dt
- I R
- - 2 ' qed
(c) Multiply the first equation by L2: LIL2% + L2!!ftM = L2 VI coswt, Plug in L2!!ft = -I2R - M5!Jt.

M2% - MRI2 - M2!!Jt = L2V1coswt =>II2(t) = - ~~ coswt.1

Ll% + M (~~wsinwt) = VI coswt,
dII VI L2. VI 1 L2
( )
,

dt = L1 cQswt - RW smwt => II (t) = L1 ~ smwt + R coswt

I ( ) ,

Vout I2R -~~ coswtR L2 = - -N2 . The ratio of the amplitudes is N2 .

(d) -~n = v,1 cos wt = v,1 COgwt =- M N1 N1 Qed

VI 1 L2 (Vr)2 1 L2 2
(e) Rn = ~nIt = (V1coswt)(L; ) ~sinwt+ Rcoswt ( )= T (
,

~smwtcoswt+ RCOS wt ) ,

Pout = VoutI2 = (12)2R = I(~~~2 COS2

wt.1Average of COS2
wt is 1/2; average of sinwtcoswt is zero.
1 2 L2 1 (L2)2 1 2 (L2)2 (Vr)2 L2
So (Rn) = 2(Vl) (L;R ) ; (Pout)= 2(Vr) 2
[ M2R J = 2(Vr) [ L;L;,R;J (Rn) = (Pout)= 2L1R .
Problem 7.55
(a) The continuity equation says !!It= - V. J. Herethe right sideis independentof t, so wecan integrate:
p(t) = (- V. J)t+ constant. The "constant" may be a function of r-it's only constant with respect to t. So,
putting in the r dependence explicitly, and noting that V.J = -p(r,O), p(r,t) = p(r,O)t+ p(r,O), Qed
 143

(b) Suppose E = 4;'0 J~dr and B = ifrJJ~.tdr. We want to show that V.B = 0,VxB = J..toJ+J..too
~~j
V.E = 10 p, and V XE =- ~~ ' provided that J is independent of t.

Weknowfrom Ch. 2 that Coulomb's law (E = 4;'0 J dr) satisfies V.E = 1op and V XE = O. Since B is ~
constant(in time), the V.E and V XE equations are satisfied. From Chapter 5 (specifically,Eqs. 5.45-5.48)we
knowthat the Biot-Savart law satisfies V.B = O. It remains only to check V XB. The argument in Sect. 5.3.2
carries through until the equation following Eq. 5.52, where I invoked Vi . J = O. In its place we now put
V' . J = - p:
J..to -t
VxB = J..toJ - 471" j -------- (J. V) ~2 dr (Eqs.5.49-5.51)

(-JtpVI)~ (Eq.5.52)
Integration by parts yields two terms, one of which becomes a surface integral, and goes to zero. The other is
~V/.J
'" = ~:(-p). So:
J..to .t .0 1 pi" oE
V xB = J..toJ - 471" j ~2 (-p)dr = J..toJ + J..too at { 471"0 j ~3 dr } = J..toJ + J..tOFt. qed
Problem 7.56

(a) dE z
- 1 (-A)dz . e
- 471"0
2 sm
~
-z
sin e= -; ~ = vi Z2 + S2
E -
z -
~j
471"fO (z2
zdz
+ S2)3/2
- ~
- 471"0 [ vi Z2
-1
+ S2 J vt-,
I
vt
vt - -Z v't
Z

E -~ 1 - 1
{ J(vt - )2 + S2 J(vt)2 + S2 } .
z - 471"0

(b)
a
<l>E=~ r 1 - 1 271"SdS=~ J(vt-)2+s2_J(vt)2+s2 ]l 0
471"010 { J(vt - )2 + S2 J(vt)2 + S2 } 20
[

-, ~
20 [ J(vt - f)2 + a2 - J(vt)2 + a2 - ( - vt) + (vt) ] .

(C)Id=Od<l>E= ~ v(vt-) - v(vt) +2V '

dt I
2 { J(vt - f)2 + a2 J(vt)2 + a2 }
Asf -t 0, vt < f also --*0, so Id --* ~(2v) = AV = I. With an infinitesimal gap we attribute the magnetic field
to displacement current, instead of real current, but we get the same answer. qed
Problem 7.57

= !~ = =-~ = O:::}~
(a) V2V
s as ( sO(Zf)
as ) + 02(zf)
OZ2 s ds ( ds ) ds ( ds ) = O:::}sdf
sdf
ds = A (a constant)
sdf :::}

s = df:::}f = Aln(sjso)
Ads (soanotherconstant).But (ii) :::}f(b) = 0, so In(bjso)= 0, so So= b, and
144 CHAPTER 7. ELECTRODYNAMICS

. 2 Ip 1 Ipz In(sjb)
V(s,z) = Azln(sjb). But (1)::} Azln(ajb) = -(Ipz)j(7ra ), SOA = - 7ra2In(ajb)j V(s,z) = - 7ra2In(ajbf

(b)E=-VV=_8Vs_8Vz=lpz
8s 8z
1
7ra2s In(ajb)
s+lpln(sjb)z=
7ra2In(ajb)
Ip
7ra2In(ajb) (::s+ln
s (~b') z)
Ip Z olpz
(c) a(z) = o [Es(a+) - Es(a-)] = o [ 7ra2In(ajb) (a ) - a ] = 7ra3In(ajb).
Problem 7.58

-H

.
tg 1
I
1 Q
fl'B

Q fowl ~
(a) Parallel-plate capacItor: E = oaj V = Eh = o wlh::} C =V =h ::}CIJ
(b) B = JloK = Jlo-;w1 <I> = Bhl = Jlol
-hi
w
= Ll::} L = -l::}
w
Jloh
~ = -.w
oh

(c) C ==Jloo = (47rx 10-7)(8.85 X 10-12) = 11.112X 10-17 s2jm2 .1

I I

(Propagation speed l/m = 1/ v'Jloo= 2.999 X 108 mjs = c.)

(d) D=a, E=Dj=a/, so~ustreplaceo PYj
H = K, B = JlH = JlK, so Just replace Jloby Jl. } IC= Jl,.1 Iv=I/JJl.1Jl
Problem 7.59
(a) J = a(E + v X B)j J finite, a = oo::} E + (v X B) = O. Take the curl: VxE + Vx(v X B) = O. But
8B 8B
Faraday's law says VxE = -7Ft. So 7Ft = Vx(v X B). qed
(b) V.B = a::} B. da = a for any closed surface. Apply this at time (t + at) to the surface consistingof
S, S', and n:
f B(t + at) . da + f B(t + at) . da - f B(t + at) . da =a
is' in is
(the sign change in the third term comes from switching outward da to inward da).

d<I> = is'f B(t + at) . da - isf B(t) . da = isf lB(t + at) - B(t)j . da - in
~
f B(t + at) . da
~~ dt (for infinitesimal dt)

d<I>= {l ~~ . da} dt -In B(t + at) . [(dl X v) at] (Figure 7.13).

Since the second term is already first order in at, we can replace B(t + at) by B(t) (the distinction would be
second order):

d<I> = dt l a: .da-dt i~(v XB).dl = dt{l (~~) .da-l Vx(vXB).da}.

 145

dip
dt
= r aB -VX(v
is [ at
X B)
]
.da=O. Qed

Problem 7.60
(a)

V. E' = (V E) cosa + c(V. B) sin a = ~Pe cosa + c/1oPmsin a

0

fO
1 0 1 1. 1,/
= .fO
- (Pecosa+c/1ofoPmsma ) = fO
- (Pecosa+ -Pm sma ) = fO
C
-Peo"

V. B' = (V. B) cosa - ~(V' E) sina

C
= /10Pm cosa - 2-Pe sin a
CEO

= /10(Pm cosa - ~Pe

C/1ofo
sin a) = /10(Pm cosa - CPesin a) = /10P'm..(
. aB aE .
V x E' = (V x E) cosa + c(V x B) sma
a
(-/1oJm - {it ) = ( cosa + C /1oJe + /10f{it ) sma
,aB' 10

-/10 Jm cosa - cJesma ) - at (B cosa - ~E sma ) = -/1oJm - 7ft.

0

(
= .(
, 1 aE
0 1 aB
=( ) ( )
0

V xB = (V x B) cosa - ~(V x E) sma {LoJe+ /10f{it cosa - ~ -/1oJm - {it sma

= /1o(JeCosa+~Jmsina)+/1ofo~
C ut (Ecosa+cBsina) =/10J~+/10fOa~'0.(
ut
(b)
1
F' = q' (E' + v x B' ) + q' (B' - -v
e m C2
x E')

= (qe cosa + ~qmSina) [(ECOSa+ cBsina) + v x (Bcosa - ~Esina)]

+ (qmCOg
a - cqesina) [ ( B COga - ~E sina) - c~v x (E COga + cB sina) ]
= qe [(ECOS2a + cBsina cosa - cB sinacosa + Esin2 a)

+v x (Bcos2a- ~Esinacosa+ ~Esinacosa+Bsin2a)]

+qm[(~Esinacos~ + B sin2a + BCOS2a - ~Esinacosa)

+v x
( ~Bsinacosa-
c c12Esin2a- c12Ecos2a- ~Bsinacosa
c )]
= qe(E + v x B) + qm( B - :2v x E) = Fo Qed