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Abstract: In this study, the performance of optical code-division-multiple-access (OCDMA) systems using 2D optical codes,
taking into account an optical channel in local area network context is investigated. The authors demonstrate that one can
enhance the 3-dB multi-mode fibre baseband bandwidth up to 4GHz by exciting only two mode groups with the optimal axial
launching. It has been demonstrated, that the OCDMA system performance can achieve a very low bit-error-rates in the range
of 9dBm. Furthermore, a large number of simultaneous users can be supported. In the authors treatment, the effect of both
multiple access interference and modal dispersion are considered. Nonetheless, an OCDMA successive interference
cancellation receiver is used to foster a better system performance.
1Introduction security, low bit-error rates (BERs), and high data rates to ensure
good quality of services (QoS). On one hand, the high-security
In a matter of fact, it is known that optical code-division-multiple- levels can be assured through the use of 2D, time and wavelength
access (OCDMA) is an advantageous technique for sharing the domains, optical codes. On the other hand, low BERs in the range
total bandwidth of the optical channel. The common problems, in of 9dBm can be achieved using MMF with a 3-dB baseband
this case, are due to the effects of multiple access interference bandwidth that is more than 4GHz (i.e. exciting a limited number
(MAI), optical beat noise and channel dispersion. Previous works of mode groups) [16, 17].
have shown that optical beat noise can be minimised by choosing a In addition, we have performed the modal dispersion of MMF
longer code with minimal cross-correlation constraint [1]. in [16] with different kind of excitation techniques. Hence, this
OCDMA technique based on code attribution for each user using study is the logic continuity of our previous works [1, 16], and we
the system. There exist three families of OCDMA codes, 1D try to investigate system performance of 2D-OCDMA codes using
optical codes, 2D optical codes [2] and 3D optical codes [3]. The MMF channel in LAN context. We also try to employ the OCDMA
2D optical codes are used to avoid problems associated with long SIC receiver to enhance the system performance.
codes and low weights of 1D optical codes. Several families of 2D The rest of the paper is organised as follows. In Section 2, the
optical codes, such as 2D OOC [4], prime hop system (PHS) and system model is presented. In Section 3, we investigate a
hybrid code (HC) [5] can be generated. In this paper, we try to performance analysis of the OCDMA system, in terms of BER
investigate an analytic study with the help of the error probability with considering an analytic model. Nonetheless, in Section 4, a
of OCDMA system using 2D-OCDMA codes. The performance of power budget calculation of the proposed system is performed.
OCDMA systems can be improved using a successive interference Finally, our conclusions are deduced.
cancellation (SIC) based receivers compared with conventional
correlation receiver (CCR) [1]. This improvement is translated into
a very low error rates, and an enhancement of system performance. 2System model
Recently, optical communication has shown to play an As shown in Fig. 1, the system model is composed of three main
important role in multimedia transmission through the Internet elements; an OCDMA transmitter, an optical star channel model
using a fibre channel. In literature, there are two families of fibres, and OCDMA receiver. After the channel model, an OCDMA
such as, multi-mode fibre (MMF) and single mode fibre (SMF). On receiver is used to recover the transmitted user data.
one hand, MMFs are used in short distance, like local area network
(LAN) and metropolitan area network [6, 7]. On the other hand, 2.1 Transmitter model
SMFs are used in long haul system, such as wide area network, and
wavelength-division multiplexing system [8, 9]. The OCDMA transmitter is composed of OCDMA encoder
According to IUT recommendation G651.1 [10] for MMF, one followed by a vertical-cavity-surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). In
can support from 10Mb/s to 10Gb/s and hence their deployment this work, a VCSEL is used to couple a small number of mode
as backbone architecture in LANs, storage area networks and groups into the MMF core in order to improve the MMF baseband
wireless LANs [11]. Several applications using MMF in many bandwidth and penalty signal in the LAN context.
fields are developed, such as, Ethernet [12], MIMO system using As depicted in Fig. 2, the transmitter architecture is composed
MGDM techniques [13] and fibre-channel redundant array of of an OCDMA encoder, a multiplier and a VCSEL optical
independent disks system [14]. Furthermore, there are two kinds of transmitter. The OCDMA encoder generates the 2D-OCDMA code
MMF related to the shape of index, such as, step-index used in ck(t), and a VCSEL transmitter converts the electrical signal to
short distance and graded-index to mitigate modal dispersion optical signal using an optical carrier.
related to step-index and can reach a distance over then 100km At the end of each user transmitter system we have the
[15]. following output signal:
In LAN context, communication is characterised by a short
distance and a small number of simultaneous (active) users, MMF = exp 2c (1)
is a good candidate used in the 850 and 1300nm region [15]. In
such networks, communications should support high levels of
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1/2
1() 1 2() 0
(, ) = (5)
1()[1 2()]1/2
Where bk(t) is the kth user data, and ck(t) is the optical code of the Maxwell's equations. In this case, guided optical modes can be
kth user, exp() is the exponential function, and fc is the optical grouped into families of modes with propagation properties
carrier of the VCSEL transmitter. described by the same propagation constant. In an MMF, the total
It is known that for PHS and HC generated with a prime number of mode groups that can be guided is given by:
number (P), the OCDMA system can support P(P1) and P(P+1)
users, respectively, and the cross correlation varies between 0 and 1 1() () 1/2
() = 2 . (6)
[1]. In our development, we employ both PHS and HC due to their +2
attractive features such as the large multiplexing capacity and good
correlation properties. The modal transfer function of the MMF is represented by [17]:
1
2.2 Channel model modal(, , ) = 1/
2(, , , )d (7)
As shown in Fig. 3, the star channel model of the proposed system
is composed of a coupler, a MMF channel and a number of spans where z is the fibre transmission length, represents the baseband
block loop. The role of the number of the spans block loop is to angular frequency, (, , , ) is the modal power distribution,
provide the number of MMF to meet the length link user and x is the normalised mode group number, defined as x=m/M()
requirement. with m being the principal mode number. Note that the mode
At the coupler output, the overall transmitted signal through the number m is a discrete integer parameter which takes values
optical fibre s(t), can be expressed as: ranging from unity to M(). The modal power distribution is
described by the following power flow equation:
() = ()()(2) (2)
(, , , )
=1
= (, ) + (, )(, , , )
1 (, , , ) (8)
where N is the total number of active users. + d(, )
The received OCDMA signal at the MMF output is given by:
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Fig. 4 Receiver architecture
optical fibre is in the range of 0.160.65 whereas the numerical performance for both ideal and realistic MMF channels. Table 1
aperture of the beam spot is approximately given by the relation presents the system parameters used in our study.
N.A.=/w, with w being the spot beam radius measured from the
core centre. We can reasonably assume that for a relatively large 3.1 Ideal channel
spot size, the N.A of the Gaussian beam is smaller than that of the
optical fibre at w. In this case, the excited number of mode groups For comparison purposes, we first consider the BER of OCDMA
with the Gaussian beam is: systems in ideal channels. Let the number of interfering users be
modelled as a binomial distribution with parameter N1 and PrI
2
1 2 ( + 2)/(2) (the average probability of hits). Then, the probability of error can
GB() = () + 2221()() . (9) be expressed as [1]:
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Fig. 5 OCDMA system performances with an ideal channel
(a) PHS, (b) HC
for 5 stages respectively. Hence, the Q-factor when using (14) is In Fig. 6, we present the BER of the OCDMA system using 2D
equal to 11.40, and 14.98dB, respectively. optical codes and SIC receiver with three and five stages of
As a result, we can conclude that the SIC receiver can improve interference cancellation and taking into account the effect of
the system performance by about 14.9811.40=3.39dB at 300 modal dispersion. The system performance is reported with the
active users. optimal axial launching technique for excitation in the case of P=
17.
3.2 MMF channel From Fig. 6, it can be observed that the number of simultaneous
users is smaller than the ideal case for both the PHS and the HC
When considering a realistic channel such as the MMF, both MAI due to the effects of modal dispersion.
and modal dispersion need to be examined. Here we examine the According to Fig. 6, at 200 users for the PHS code, the BER
impact of modal dispersion caused by the propagation of several value is equal to 105 and 106 for the SIC receiver with three
groups of modes in MMF standard core on system performance. stages and the SIC receiver with five stages, respectively, with
The probability error of OCDMA system considering the MMF considering modal dispersion. Hence, the Q-factor when using (14)
channel can be written as: is equal to 11.4, and 12.59dB, respectively.
As a result, we can deduce that the SIC receiver with five stages
1 1 1
Pe
1
2
1/
= Th
( Pr )(1 Pr ) 1 2(, , , can improve the system performance compared with SIC receiver
with three stages by about 12.5911.4=1.19dB for the given
number of active users.
)d As depicted in Fig. 6, at 300 users for the HC code, the BER
value is equal to 106 and 107 for the SIC receiver with three
(15)
stages and the SIC receiver with five stages, respectively, with
considering modal dispersion. Hence, the Q-factor when using (14)
Table 2Users capacity with P=17 and BER equal to 9 is equal to 12.59, and 13.54dB, respectively.
dBm As a result, we can conclude that the SIC receiver with five
stages can improve the system performance compared with SIC
Parameter PHS HC
with three stages by about 13.5412.59=0.95dB at 300 active
theoretical number 272 306 users.
ideal channel with CCR 70 55 Fig. 7 shows the BER of the OCDMA system using 2D optical
ideal channel with SIC 120 150 codes and SIC receiver with five stages of interference cancellation
MMF channel with SIC 110 140 and different axial launching techniques (i.e. full mode excitation,
MMF channel with optimal axial launching 120 150 optimal axial excitation, and mode field matched axial launching).
From these results, one can see that the system can support a large
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Fig. 7 OCDMA system performances as a function of various axial launching techniques
(a) PHS, (b) HC
Table 3Bubget power calculation OCDMA system is equal to 18 and 37.5 for LED and VCSEL
Parameter LED VCSL respectively.
emitted average power (dBm) 13 6.9 As a result, we retrieve that the maximal distance between the
transmitter and the receiver for the proposed system is equal to
-connectors attenuation (dB) 2 2
5.14 and 10.82Km for LED, and VCSEL respectively.
-star coupler attenuation (dB) 3 3
-system margin (dB) 6 6
5Conclusion
-received average power (dBm) (42) (42)
=available attenuation (a) 18 37.5 We have analysed the performance of OCDMA systems with 2D
5.14Km 10.82Km
optical codes taking into account the effect of both MAI and modal
maximal fibre length dispersion caused by the MMF channel in LAN context. We have
demonstrated that optimal axial launching is upper bounded by the
full mode excitation and lower bounded by the mode matched axial
launching. It has shown also that using SIC-based receiver, the
number of active users for the PHS and HC when the optimal axial
OCDMA system can deliver high QoS with BERs lesser than 9
launching is used. However, the user capacity can be enhanced
dBm with large user capacity for both PHS and HC. A numerical
further by employing mode field matched axial launching with P=
result is given express that OCDMA system can reach a capacity
17.
user equal to 120 and 150 for PHS and HC, when taking into
According to Fig. 7, at 200 users for the PHS code, the BER
account MMF channel with optimal axial launching and MAI for a
value is equal to 9.4 107, 4.8107 and 1.1107 for the full mode prime number equal to 17.
excitation, optimal axial launching and mode field launching,
respectively. Hence, the Q-factor when using (14) is equal to 12.62,
12.92 and 13.5dB, respectively. 6References
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