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S. NO. PARTICULARS
1. Certificate of Originality
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Objective
5. System Analysis
6. Identification of Need
7. Preliminary Investigation
8. Feasibility Study
9. Database
10. Forms
11. Queries
12. Bibliography
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
Date:
The matter embodied in this project is a genuine work done by the student
and has not been submitted whether to this University or to any other
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
System Analysis refers to the process of examining a situation with the intent of
improving it through better procedures and methods. System design is the process of
planning a new system to either replace or complement an existing system. But before
any planning is done, the old system must be thoroughly understood and the
what are the requirements that the proposed system should meet.
System analysis is an activity that encompasses most of the tasks that are
the term is often used in context that all dues it only to software requirement analysis
activities, but system analysis focuses on all the system elements- not just software.
system elements
Create a system definition that forms the foundation for all the
System Analysis is consisting of two main works i.e. Identify the need and
Preliminary Investigation.
defined output. The phases are performed in an order specified by the process model
being followed. The main reason for having a phased process is that it breaks the
quality and progress for given software during development (end of phases). One phase
would have to wait until the end what software has been produced. This will not work
for large system. Hence for managing the complexity, project tracking, and quality, all
the development process consists of set of phases. Various process models have been
proposed for developing software. Each organization that follows a process has its own
In general, we can say that any problem solving in software must consist of these
activities:
For small problem these activities may not be clearly defined, and no written
record of the activities may be kept. But for the complex and large system where the
problem solving activity may last couple of years and where many persons are involved
in development, and each of these four problem solving activities has to be done
formally. Each of these activities is a major task for large software projects.
IDENTIFICATION OF THE NEED
a detail study of the various operations performed by a system and their relationships
within and outside the system. The problem could be automating an existing manual
question is: what is needed for the system, not how the system will achieve its goal.
During analysis, data are collected on the available files, decision points, and
transactions handled by the present system. For large systems that have many features,
and that need to perform many different tasks, understanding the requirements of the
system is a major task. Data flow diagrams, interviews, on-site observations, and
common sense are required for collection of the information needed to do the analyst.
Once the analysis is completed, the analyst has a firm understanding of what is
to done. This task is complicated by the fact that there are often at least two parties
involved in software development-a client and a developer. The developer usually does
not understand the clients problem domain, and the client often does not understand the
issues in the software systems. This causes a communication gap between client and
developer. The goal of the requirement specification phase is to produce the software
person responsible for the requirement analysis is often called the analyst.
There are two major activities in this phase: Problem understanding or analysis
and requirement specification. In problem analysis, the analyst has top understand the
problem and its context. Analysis requires a thorough understanding of the system, parts
of which have to be automated. The goal of this activity is to understand the requirement
of the new system that is to be developed. The client may not really know the need s of
the system. The analyst has to make the client aware of the new possibilities, helping
both client and the analyst the requirements for the new system.
Once the problem is analyzed and the essentials understood, the requirement is
all the major uses interfaces frequently form a part of the requirement document.
The first step of system analysis process involves the identification of need. The
analyst (system engineer) meets with the customer & the end user (if different from
based system. The analyst assists the customer on defining the goals of the system:
The analyst makes sure to distinguish between customer needs and customer
wants. That is what the main aim behind the system is. Defining aim is very vital in
system work. If we do not know where we want to go, we will not know when we have
reached their. Once we know our aim, we can try to achieve it in the best possible way.
The user department has to define these objectives in terms of their needs. These
Once we know the output, we can easily determine what the input should be.
The essential elements of inputs are timeliness, accuracy, proper format and economy.
Concept Document. The customer before meetings sometimes prepares the original
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
advances relating to the particular are involved in particular systems which competitors
are developing.
speed in processing data, better accuracy and improved consistency, faster information
retrieval, integration of business areas, reduced cost and better security. The sources
also vary project proposals originate with department managers, senior executives and
systems analysis. Sometimes the real origin is an outside source, such as a government
agency, which stipulates systems requirements the organization must meet. When the
request is made, the first systems activity, the preliminary investigation, begins. The
activity has three parts: request clarification, feasibility study and request approval.
Request Clarification
Many requests from employees and users in organizations are not clearly stated.
Therefore, before any systems investigation can be considered, the project request must
be examined to determine precisely what the originator wants. A simple telephone call
may suffice if the requester has a clear idea but does not know how to state it. On the
other hand, the requester may merely be asking for help without knowing what is wrong
or why there is a problem. Problem clarification in this case is much more difficult. In
either case, before any further steps can be taken, the project requests must be clearly
states.
project is worthwhile. Problems with the current automated or manual system are
identified, as well as the benefits and costs of an alternative system. If the benefits seem
to outweigh the costs (especially when compared with competing projects), a green
signal may be given to continue the project, and detailed plans and schedules are drafted
dramatic change (completely new system) and slight change to the present system. If the
present system is manual and a computer system is proposed, the development project
will probably be very large. At the other extreme are small development project that
way or inserting subtotals or adding new columns to a report. The objectives of this
phase are:
of operation.
3. To establish a good working relationship between the user department and the
systems development.
5. To estimate the resources required for system development, live running and
maintenance.
6. To identify the likely benefits, which should accrue from the introduction
of the system.
FEASIBILITY STUDY
system feasibility, the likelihood that the system will be beneficial to the organization.
Four tests of feasibility are studies: technical, economical and operational. All are
equally important.
actually be constructed to solve the problem at hand. Some users expect too much of
computers, assuming that computers can accurately predict the future, immediately
reflect all information in an organization, easily understand speech, or figure out how to
handle difficult problems. Such systems, even if they exist, are not yet available for
widespread use.
The technical issues raised during the feasibility stage of the investigation are:
suggested?
2. Does the proposed equipment have the technical capacity to hold the data
5. Are there technical guarantees of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data
security?
For example, if the proposal includes a printer that prints at the rate of 2,000
lines per minute, a brief search shows that this is technically feasible. Whether it should
other hand, if a user is requesting audio input to write, read, and change stored data, the
benefits and costs may be tangible or intangible. Because of confusion between the
types of costs, it is sometimes very difficult to decide if the benefits outweigh the costs.
Tangible benefits may include decreasing salary costs (by automating manual
procedures), preventing costly but frequent errors, sending bills earlier in the month, and
increasing control over inventory levels. Such benefits may be directly estimated in
rupees without much trouble. Intangible benefits may include increasing quality of
monotonous work for employees, and developing a better understanding of the market.
Such benefits may be much more important than tangible benefits, but they may be
Tangible costs are easily estimated. They include the one-time cost of
developing the system and the continuous costs of operating the system. Examples of
development costs are the salaries of programmers and` analysts, the prices of the
computer equipment, and the expenses connected with user training. Operating costs
include the salaries of computer operators and the costs of computer time and computer
supplies. Intangible costs are usually not discussed because they are rarely large.
Examples of such costs include those associated with early user dissatisfaction and with
A system that can be developed technically and will be used if installed must still
be a good investment. That is, financial benefits must equal or exceed the financial
costs. The economic and financial questions raised by analysts during the preliminary
2. The cost of hardware and software for the class of application being
considered.
Cost and benefit estimates on each project provide a basis for determining which
projects are most worthy of consideration. Each estimate can be analyzed to determine
how rapidly costs are recovered by benefits, to calculate both the absolute and interest-
adjusted amounts of excess benefits, and to establish the ratio of benefits to costs. All of
these factors are considered when developing an overall sense of the project's economic
feasibility.
To be judged feasible, a project proposal must pass all these tests. Otherwise, it
is not a feasible project. For example, a personnel record system that is financially
feasible and operational attractive, is not feasible if the necessary technology does not
exist. Or a medical system which can be developed at reasonable cost but which nurses
they can be turned into information systems that will meet the organization's operation
requirements. Simply stated, this test of feasibility asks if the system will work when
developed and installed. Are there major barriers to implementation? Here are
1. Is there sufficient support for the project from the management and from
users? If the current system is well liked and used to the extent that persons will not see
2. Are current business methods acceptable to the user? If they are not, user may
welcome a change that will bring about a more operational and useful system.
3. Have the users been involved in the planning and development of the project?
Early involvement reduces the chances of resistance to the system and change in
4. Will the proposed system cause harm? The following questions are related to
this issue:
Operational feasibility is a measure of how people are able to work with the
system. For example, a system may require managers to write BASIC, COBOL, or
FORTRAN programs to access data. However, managers probably receive the greatest
help from a system when they can concentrate on the problems to solve rather than on
DFD Level 0
Student or Applicant
Fee
Depos
Admi it Book
ssion Reque
Form Fee st
Depos Issue/
it Retur
Valid/ n
Invali Repor
d t
School
Managemen
t System
Reports
ADMINISTRATOR
DFD Level 1
L ib ra r y In f o .
2 .0
L ib ra ry
S tu d e n t R e c o rd M anagem ent
P ro ce ss
1 .0
S tu d e n t S tu d e n t M a s te r F ile
A d m is s io n F e e D a ta b a s e
P ro cess
F e e S tru c tu re
M a rk s D a ta b a s e
M o n th ly F e e
4 .0 R e c o rd
E x a m in a tio n
3 .0
T C D a ta b a s e M o n th ly F e e
5 .0 C o lle c tio n
T C R e co rd
U p d a tio n
S tu d e n t R e c o rd D e ta ils
S tu d e n t R e c o rd
S tu d e n t D e ta il
1 .1 1 .2
U p d a tio n R e q u e s t
C o n firm
R e g is tra tio n A d m is s io n
M ark s
F e e D a ta b a s e
A d m is s io n D e ta il
F e e B ill D e ta il
F e e S tr u c tu r e
S tu d e n t D e ta il
M a rk s D a ta b a s e
1 .3
F e e B ill
G e n e ra tio n
1 .5
B ill D e ta ils
S tu d e n t D e ta il
E x a m in a tio n S tu d e n t M a s te r F ile
M o n th ly F e e R e c o rd
T C D a ta b a s e
F e e D e ta ils
T C D e ta il
1 .6 1 .4
T C R e c o rd M o n th ly F e e
U p d a tio n C o lle c tio n
Data Flow Diagram Level 2 for School Management Process
B o o k D e ta ils
C h a n g e S ta tu s In fo ra m tio n B o o k D a ta b a s e
C h a n g e S ta tu s In fo ra m tio n
F e e D a ta b a s e
B o o k D e ta ils
F in e D e ta ils
S tu d e n t D a ta b a s e
S tu d e n t S tu d e n t
2 .1 D e ta il D e ta il
2 .2
Issu e R e tu rn
Issu e B o o k R e tu rn B o o k
D e ta il D e ta il
Is s u e D a ta b a s e
E-R Diagram:
B o o k _ Id SR _N o. B o o k _ T itle
B o o k _ Id A u th o r
H as S tu _ L ib _ R e c o rd K eeps L ib _ In fo
P u b lic a tio n
N am e T u itio n _ F e e T o ta l_ F e e
SR _N o. C la s s C la s s E xam _Fee
S tu d e n t_ R e c o rd S e a rc h F e e _ S tru c tu re SR _N o.
A p p ears Fee SR _N o. D a te
P a id
S tu d e n t_ F e e
SR _N o.
S u b je c t B a la n c e
E xam
T C _ S ta tu s
TOOLS:
Monitor
Mouse
CD-ROM/DVD Drive
Printer
SECURITY MECHANISMS:
Security is provided at administrative and user level by introducing the concept
of passwords for authentification purpose.
Password is categorized as :
Administrator - Complete
User - Student Record Display
- Faculty Display
- Time Table read only
- Results Read only
FUTURE SCOPE, FURTHER ENHANCEMENT AND LIMITATIONS:
This project will be useful for any schools and colleges with slightly
modification. It may be used for English Medium School as well as Hindi Medium
Schools. Project is flexible i.e. any change / modification in data base may be perform
easily. Also this project could be made web enabled.
This project may be upgraded with some more modules such as sports module,
prize module, student attendance module, employee salary module, annually receipt
and expenditure reports generation etc. This project can also be made for multi-user
environment.
PROCESS LOGIC
The process logic for our project is depending on program structure.
Form Payments
Report
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. An Introduction to Databse Management System by Bipin C Desai.