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SEMINAR REPORT
On
“EFFECT OF VARYING MIXING & COMPACTION
TEMPERATURE ON MARSHALL PROPERTIES OF
BITUMINOUS CONCRETE MIX”
M.Tech
In
HIGHWAY TECHNOLOGY
By
SHIVA KUMAR.M.J
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction that accompanies the successful completion of any task would be
incomplete without mentioning of the people who made it possible. Many responsible for
the knowledge and experience gained during the work course
I express my heartfelt gratitude to the entire teaching faculty who relentlessly tried
to get the best out of me. It is because of their great efforts and encouragement that I am
here on the verge of becoming a Post Graduate ready to take up the challenges that come
in my professional life.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. B.R.Srinivas murthy,
honorable Chief Co-coordinator PG Certificate course in Road Technology for his
excellent guidance and kind co-operation throughout.
I am very thankful to Prof. Krishnamurthy for his excellent teaching, his
correlation of knowledge and practical approach, which gives me an idea to solve
complicated things effectively.
I am very much thankful to Mr. K.S.Aithal , Mr. Anjaneyappa and Mrs.G.
Kavitha, Faculty members of Rasta Road Institute for their valuable and inspiring
guidance at every stage and their accessibility which made me to understand the subject
to its fullest depth and its usage.
I am thankful to all my classmates, friends and non-teaching staff of RASTA,
Centre for Road Technology for their co-operation.
Last but not the least, I wish to thank M/S VOLVO Construction Equipment
Company., Bangalore who have pioneered the course to RASTA, Centre for Road
Technology.
SYNOPSIS
CONTENTS
Page no
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General 1
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
3. PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS
4.1. Aggregates 11
4.2. Bitumen 12
Properties
6. REFERENCES 25
List of Tables
Table 3.2 Mixing temperature and Compaction temperature for different grade 10
of bitumen
Table 4.4: Marshall Values at OBC for mid limit Gradations of BC using 60/70
Grade bitumen 16
Concrete Mix 18
Concrete Mix 19
Concrete Mix 20
List of Graphs
Graph 4.1-5: Graphs of BC mixes using 60/70 grade bitumen to determine OBC 13
Graph 4.6: Effect of Mixing and compaction temperature to the Bulk specific 21
Gravity of the BC mix
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The design of bituminous mixture by Marshall Method involves the proportioning
of the aggregates and bitumen to produce a mix that will have the optimum qualities and
properties. The purpose is to develop a design, by trial means, which will contain
optimum amount of bitumen, having adequate voids, satisfactory flow properties and
possess a planned combination of stability, durability and flexibility, based on the
climatic condition, traffic density and loads it is intended to carry.
Premix is one type of Hot mix asphalt (HMA) widely used in road construction
worldwide. It is considered by many highway engineers as premier paving product
available anywhere at any cost and the most popular as paving material with high skid
resistance, high comfort ability and low maintenance cost. HMA paving consist of a
combination of aggregate uniformly mixed and coated with asphalt cement. Term of "hot
mix" comes from aggregate and bitumen dried and heated for proper mixing and
workability and mix together with desired temperature.
The aggregate and asphalt will be combined in an asphalt mixing plant in which it
will be proportioned, heated, and mixed to produce the desired paving mixture. After the
plant mixing is complete, the mix will be transported to site and spread with paving
machine in loosely compacted layer to uniform , smooth surface. Then the mix will be
compacted by heavy roller to produce smooth and well consolidated course.
Compaction is one of major issue in HMA and important criteria in process to
produce good quality of hot mix asphalt. Temperature controls asphalt cement viscosity
which affect its ability to coat and provide adequate lubrication for aggregates and slides
with each other and pack into dense mass during compaction.
There are various instances where surface layer has failed due to carelessness in
maintaining proper temperature during mixing and compaction.
Good physical Properties of bituminous mixtures can be achieved by proper
selection of ingredients of the mixture. Even after the proper selection of materials,
specifications and proper mix design, the properties of bituminous mixes are governed by
other factors also. These factors include time and temperature of heating, Mixing, type of
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Flexible pavements with bituminous surfacing are widely used in India. The high
traffic intensity in terms of commercial vehicles, over loading of trucks and significant
variations in daily and seasonal temperature of the pavement have been responsible for
early development of distress symptoms like raveling undulations, rutting, cracking,
bleeding, shoving and pot holing of bituminous surfacing. A factor, which causes further
concern in India, is very high and very low pavement temperatures in some parts of the
country. Under these conditions, flexible pavements tend to become soft in summer and
brittle in winter.
During winter, bitumen contracts due low temperature, since the pavements are
constrained, they cannot contract, hence the thermal stresses starts building up. If the
temperature falls below the critical temperature Tcr, the stresses exceed the strength of the
binder and pavement cracks. Due to the length to width ratio of roads, transverse cracks
appear first, which are followed by longitudinal cracks. This process results in a
phenomenon referred to as block cracking. The cracking due to temperature is not severe
in southern India but can occur in northern India. Subsequently at higher temperature the
mix looses its strength.
There are various instances where surface layer has failed due to carelessness in
maintaining proper temperature during mixing and compaction. Bitumen is a thermo
plastic material. It means that the consistency of the material changes with change in
temperature. Bitumen softens whenever it is heated and becomes more viscous (i.e. high
resistance to flow) when cooled... Consistency of bitumen binders generally accepted in
India is based on standard tests namely, penetration, ductility and softening point. The
physical properties of bitumen mixtures are very much influenced by the rheological
properties of the binder. The requirement of bituminous mixtures is to have high
compressive strength to resist the deformation caused by the traffic load. It is also
desirable for the mixture to have an adequate tensile strength to resist wheel friction and
tension caused by contraction. The bituminous surface should also have certain elastic
property to prevent developments of cracks due to deformation. In addition to have
sufficient stability to prevent crushing, the bituminous pavements should be sufficiently
dense to make it water proof and durable to preserve these qualities. The above properties
Therefore, the effect of density should not be significant since all samples had
similar values.
In addition to the two previous studies, McBee at al (1978) has observed density
effect in laboratory with asphalt pavement recycled with sulfur. The Marshall stability
samples were compacted at the temperature varies at 88°C to 149°C and the relatively
hard brittle nature of the mixture is evidence by the rather high Marshall stability values
CHAPTER 3
PRESENT INVESTIGATIONS
In the present study, the mix type chosen is bituminous concrete grade-2. The mix
design is done based on Marshall Method to meet the requirements as specified in
MoRT&H (IV revision) Specification.
aggregates.
Fine aggregates: Fills the voids in the coarse aggregate and stiffens the binder.
Filler: Fills the voids between the fine aggregates, stiffens the binder and offers
taken as filler. Filler may be stone dust, cement, fly ash & lime.
The aggregate gradation for bituminous concrete mix Grading-2 mid limit gradation
was chosen as per Table-500-18, of MoRT&H (IV revision) specifications.
The bituminous mix was designed by using Marshall Method of mix design. The
Marshall test is used to obtain the optimum bitumen content based on ASTM D-1559-96
the procedure of testing is given below.
Pre mixed bituminous materials, including BM, DBM, SDBC & BC shall be prepared in
hot mix plant of adequate capacity and capable of yielding a mix of proper and uniform
quality with thoroughly coated aggregates.
Approximate mixing temperatures and compaction temperatures can be found in table
500-5 of this specification:
TABLE 3.2 MIXING TEMPERATURE AND COMPACTION TEMPERATURE
FOR DIFFERENT GRADE OF BITUMEN AS PER MoRT&H TABLE 500-5
Therefore we tried for BC mix using for 60/70 grade bitumen and varying Mixing
temperature and Compaction temperature to test the effect on Marshall Properties of the
mix.
As per the above standard table the maximum mixing temperature is 165°C and minimum
compaction temperature is 90°C.
For the study we varied mixing temperature from 130°C to 180°C i.e. 130°C, 157.5°C &
180°C and also we varied compaction temperature from 70°C to 130°C i.e. 70°C ,
90°C,110°C& 130°C.
4..1 Aggregates
The following tests were conducted on Aggregates and results are presented in the
Table no 4.1.1
1. Specific gravity
i) Coarse aggregate 2.5-3 2.65
ii) Fine aggregate 2.71
a) Filler
Specific gravity of fillers have been evaluated and shown in Table 4.1.2
Table 4.1.2: Physical properties of fillers (Specific gravity)
4..2 Bitumen
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Effect of varying Mixing & Compacting Temperature On Marshall properties
The bitumen used in this study is 60/70 grade bitumen. The engineering tests were
conducted and the results are presented in Table – 4.2
The bituminous mix was designed by using Marshall Method of mix design. The
Marshall test is used to obtain the optimum bitumen content based on ASTM D-1559-96.
The results of the Marshall tests conducted on the bituminous concrete – II mix
with varying Mixing & Compacting Temperature have been shown in the following
tables. Here in Marshall Test, 75 blows of 4.5 kg weight on both sides are applied through
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Effect of varying Mixing & Compacting Temperature On Marshall properties
fall of 45.7 cm each time.
For the study we varied mixing temperature from 130°C to 180°C i.e. 130°C, 157.5°C &
180°C and also we varied compaction temperature from 70°C to 130°C i.e. 70°C ,
90°C,110°C& 130°C.
Binder
Content (%)
Stability (kg) 930 1124 1282 1458 900
Flow (mm) 2.90 3.40 3.75 4.40 2-4
Bulk Density(g/cc) 2.242 2.293 2.332 2.376 -----------
Total air voids, Vv 9.614 7.550 5.987 4.321 3-6
%
VMA, % 22.143 20.366 19.019 17.506 13
VFB,% 56.588 62.944 68.523 75.929 65-75
Observations:-
1) Bitumen is having high viscosity thereby Mixing (i.e. Workability) is difficult at
130°C temperature and high total air voids.
2) Bulk density (g/cc) is less.
3) Stability will increase as the increase in compaction temperature.
4) Total Air voids Vv decrease in increase in temperature.
Blow 75 75 75 75 75
Observations:-
1) Bitumen is having less viscosity thereby Mixing (i.e. Workability) is easy at
157.5°C temperature and total air voids is as per standard requirement.
2) Bulk density (g/cc) is increasing.
3) Stability will increase as the increase in temperature.
4) Total Air voids Vv decrease in increase in temperature.
5) At 157.5°C mixing temperature and 110°C & 130°C, mix fulfills all the
requirement of the BC grade-2
)
Blow 75 75 75 75 75
Optimum 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5-7
Binder
Content (%)
Stability (kg) 1101 1151 1588 1619 900
Vv %
VMA, % 19.226 18.198 17.599 17.113 13
Observations:-
1) Bitumen losses its physical properties(rheological property) at high temperature of
180°C therefore less stability and bulk density compared to mixing temperature
157.5 °C
2) less stability and bulk density compared to mixing temperature 157.5 °C
Graph 4.6: Effect of Mixing and compaction temperature to the Bulk specific
Graph 4.7: Effect of Mixing and compaction temperature to the Marshall stability
of the BC mix
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
From Marshall Mix design, optimum bitumen content is 5.7% for a Bituminous
Concrete mix and it was meeting the requirement as per the MoRT&H IV revision
specifications Table 500-18 & Table 500-19
2) Bulk Specific gravity value at mixing temperature 70°C, 90°C, 110°C and 130°C
3) Stability value at mixing temperature 70°C, 90°C, 110°C and 130°C were found
to be 930, 1124, 1282 and 1458 thereby Stability will increase as the increase in
compaction temperature.
1) Bulk Specific gravity value at compaction temperature 70°C, 90°C, 110°C and
2) Stability value at compaction temperature 70°C, 90°C, 110°C and 130°C were
found to be 1264, 1617, 1850 and 1899, which gives maximum stability
3) With the increase in temperature from 70 to 130°C degrees the air voids are
3) Stability value at compaction temperature 70°C, 90°C, 110°C and 130°C were
4) With the increase in compaction temperature from 70 to 130°C degrees the air
voids are reduced by 6.227, 5.034, 4.338 and 3.774% respectively.
5.3 CONCLUSION:-
1) Flow of the mix reduces with reduction in Mixing & Compaction temperatures. The
2) There is an increase in air voids, which will increase the cracks and there will be
3) Voids filled with bitumen will increase, due to increase in mixing temperature &
compaction temperatures.
temperature
5.4 RECOMMENDATION
The ideal mixing temperature for BC grade-2 comes out to be 157.5°C (i.e. in between
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Effect of varying Mixing & Compacting Temperature On Marshall properties
150 to 165°C)
The ideal compaction temperature for BC grade-2 comes out to be 110°C & 130°C as per
CHAPTER 6
REFERENCES