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Abstract The advent of power electronics and computerized response and its initial cost and running cost are high fig 1
equipment in recent decades has brought enhanced efficiency and shows a combination of active filter and shunt passive filter,
improved system but at the same time also created harmonics and shunt passive filter connected in parallel with load suppresses
waveform distortion to the power system network [1]. Poor quality of the harmonic current produced by the load, whereas the active
electric supply is a major issue of modern power system which is filter connected acts as harmonic isolator between the source
normally caused by power line disturbances such as transients,
notches, on linear loads momentary interruptions, voltage sag and
and the load
swell, over-voltage, under-voltages and harmonic distortions. In this assignment we will discuss some active, passive and
Different filters are used for improving the power quality of system. hybrid (combination of active & passive) filter to eliminate
Active and Passive filters eliminate major fluctuating factors. Hybrid specific no. of harmonics in our power circuit according to the
filters are the combination of active and passive filters. Conventional system requirements. Moreover we will also make a little
Active Filtering also reduces the harmonics. Total Harmonic comparison of these filters keeping in view of some
Distortion (THD) can be reduced by implementing combination of parameters, efficiency and cost of the filters.
active and passive filters. To design a hybrid power filter to reduce
the harmonics for enhancing the quality of power [2]. II. ACTIVE FILTER
Key words--- Active filters, Passive Filter, Hybrid filters, Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD)
An active filter is a type of analogue electronic filter,
distinguished by the use of one or more active components i.e.
I. INTRODUCTION voltage amplifiers.
Harmonic Interference in power system which are produced III. PASSIVE FILTERS
by harmonic producing load such as diode or thyristor
converter or cyclo-converters have been serious problem to A passive filter is a kind of electronic filter that is made
solve[1]. Passive filters consisting of a bank of tuned LC only from passive elements in contrast to an active filter, it
filters and or a high pass filter have been broadly used to does not require an external power source (beyond the signal).
suppress harmonics because of low initial cost and high Since most filters are linear, in most cases, passive
efficiency. But Passive filter suffers with a major disadvantage filters are composed of just the four basic linear
that parallel resonance between a source and filter causes elements resistors, capacitors, inductors, and
amplification of harmonic currents on the source side at transformers
specific frequencies. Also these filters fall into series More complex passive filters may involve
resonance with source so that voltage distortion produces nonlinear elements, or more complex linear
excessive harmonic currents flowing through this filter [1]. elements, such as transmission lines.
IV. TYPES OF FILTERS
Filter can be classified as:
Series Passive filter
Shunt Passive filter
Series Active filter
Shunt Active filter
Hybrid filters
i. Serier Passive filter:
Fig 1. Combination of series active and shunt passive filter.
This type is used to filter all harmonics frequency by
varing amount. It can only improve harmonic distortion.
With progresses in power electronics devices, active filters
consisting of voltage or current source PWM inverters have But it cant create system resonance. Fig.2 shows the
been studied and put into practical use because they have the series passive AC reactor.
ability to overcome the disadvantages caused by passive filters.
However the difficulties faced with active filters are difficult
construction of large rated current source with rapid current
v. Hybrid filter:
Passive filter has a disadvantage of resonance and does not
properly work for load variation. Then Active filter is used in
place of passive filter, because of their good dynamic response
in load and harmonic variation.
Active filter also use for the compensation of more than one
harmonics and reactive power compensation. But active filter
Fig.2 Series Passive ac Reactor has some disadvantage. Economically it is not good option for
power quality improvement. For such cases hybrid filter is
ii. Shunt Passive filter:
use. Which is the combination of both Active filter and
This is a commonly used filter which is mostly Passive filter? Mainly used to reduce the rating of active filter.
connected at load end. It offers low impedance path to It can used with already existing passive filter. With these
tuned harmonics component connected to load end. But active filters the dynamic performance of the overall filter can
problem with these can occur when it resonate with the be improved. [4]
system and it import harmonics from other sources. It Hybrid filter can be further classified in the following types
can also classified as single tuned and double tuned. Hybrid of series active and parallel passive
Fig. 3 shows the shunt passive filter.[2] Hybrid of parallel active and series passive
Series combination of parallel-passive and parallel-
active
Parallel combination of series-passive and series-
active
Combined system of series-active and parallel-active
Combined system of parallel-active and series-active
a) Series active & parallel passive filter:
Fig.3 Series Passive ac Reactor
In Fig 6, the shunt passive filter is located at the load side and
iii. Series Active filter: can be used to compensate for the load harmonics. On the
It is connected before the load in series with the main using other hand, the series portion is at the source side and can act
matching transformer. In this filter is act as a controllable as a harmonic blocking filter. This topology has been called
voltage source. Fig.4 shows the series active filter. the Unified Power Quality conditioner. The series portion
compensates for supply voltage harmonics and voltage
unbalances, acts as a harmonic blocking filter, and damps
power system oscillations. The shunt portion compensates
load current harmonics, reactive power, and load current
unbalances.
Shunt /parallel active series passive filters are used for the
cancellation of harmonics and for Q control as well. These
type of filters are economical to use in low power applications.
Fig.7 shows a parallel active and series passive filter.