America was managed by two democrats:

1-John.F.Kennedy=) the new frontier (1961-1963).The

main focus on education, health insurance and workers
who were migrants. Thus he was shot in Dallas 1963 by
Lee Harry .It was concluded that Harry was the lone
gunman.
2-Lyndon Johnson=) came to office in 1963 from Texas
(ww2 veteran). His plan known as the GREAT SOCIETY
PLAN for more perfect and equitable society that US
could become.(war on poverty , economic opportunity
act /job corps/Medicare and medicaide .However, the
plan was not successful). He pushed Civil Rights Act
through congress .
Counterculture VS mainstream = Mainstream
Americans were very patriotic(the institution of
marriage and American dream)/They believed in
conformity= ordered society. In contrast, Counterculter
means individuality which was held by the beat
movement .
The hippies= happy/love / experimenting drugs.They
rejected the mainstream, arms reace, nuclear bomb
and conformist life style. They studied eastern religious
& philosophies.They distinct themselves from the
mainstream by living separately from them =living in
harmony with nature . However, the drug culture was
represented in Marijuana ,LSD,and magical mashroom=
the core of their rebellious spirit (new stage of
consciousness).
Nixon was a republican president after LBJ who took
advantage of the Vietnam disaster to destroy the
democrats = Vietnamization policy by withdrawing
American soldiers while training the Vietnamese to
fight against each other.
Counterculture legacy =Americans became casual and
open minded. Taboos were no longer restricted and
counterculture of the 60s is todays mainstream pop
art and film industry.

Movement =) collective practice organized by group to

voice certain demands. Types of social movement are:
Liberations movement=organized by members who
object against pre-existing.
 Equality based special movement = focuses on issues
affect particular oppressed groups.
Social responsibility movement =challenge certain
conditions /affect general population.
First wave feminism=)started from 1900s after the
African Americans had the right to vote .They
established the National Women Sufferage Association
led by susan Anthony and Elisabeth cady /MORE
RADICAL womens SUFFERAGE group which rejected
the 15th amendment. American Women Sufferage
Association by Julia ward and Lucy stone /More
moderate and allowed males participation yet after
ww2 women gave up and returned to the traditional
gender role.
Second Wave Feminism =) started in 1960s/ calling for
other demands such us equality in the work place .The
struggle began with the declaration of sentiments at
Senaca Falls convention (1840s).They rejected women
stereotypical as housewives/ sought equality in jobs .
NOW= Established by Betty Friendan (1966) which
promoted Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to the
constitution. She referred to the traditional gender role
stereotyping as the problem that has no name (aka).
Equal pay act 1963=First federal law prohibited sexual
discrimination.
Civil rights act 1964 =Banned discrimination on the
basis of color, race, religion or sex.
Presidential executive order =signed by LBJ ,it
prohibited bias against women in hiring by federal
government contractors.
The NOW attacked stereotype and identified two
priorities= passage of ERA and projection of womens
right of abortion and reproductive rights) .The purpose
is to achieve TRUE equality for all women.
Equal Rights Amendment=was proposed to guarantee
equality btw men & women.In 1973, the Supreme
courts decision in Roe.V.Wade granted women the
right to legal abortion .
AIM Movement=) Began as rallying group for the rights
of indian living in urban areas/ initiated a series of
protests .They complained that the government had
created the tribal councils on reservations in 1934 as a
way of perpetuating paternalistic control over native
american development.
 Latino Movement =) Latino population lived below
poverty line(discriminated against education).Politically
speaking the latinos had less power than the size of
population. They were excluded from being pury
members so they sticked to Spanish to be a part of
their curricular ,yet the government refused =sought
social equality.
Cesar Chavez (1960) he sought for better wages
,conditions and restrictions of deadly
He is known for the grape and lettuce boycotts in
California (he was supported by JFRs brother).
Chicano Movement =) Mexican American Youth
Organization looked for economic independence,
better education and political parties

The structive of the SC=the highest court in the system

made up of nine justices /1 chief justice and 8 associate
judges. Courts appeals have intermediate level in the
federal system including 12 regional circuit courts,
District courts the lowest .No appealant jurisdiction
(original jurisdiction over most cases).
 Role of judicial power= passive and active. It cannot
investigate the case nor resolve every issues that
comes before it. It was called the least dangerous
branch by Hamilton. It has the power only to decide
judicial disputes.
However, the criteria of cases must be ripe i.e. a case
appealed from the state or federal court. It must be
important in which had an impact on the whole society.
While cases cannot be neither political nor moot.
Sc jurisdiction =) Sc was established under article3
section 2 by the constitution. Federal and district courts
were created by the judiciary act of 1789 which
organizes judiciary and gives supreme court original
jurisdiction to issue writs mandamus .
Main Actors= Prosecutor a powerful actor in the
administration of justice. The authority to decide
wether to prosecute a case or not/To charge or not to
charge a person with a crime. The decision to plea
bargain most strategic source of power available to the
persecutor.
The defense Attorney= the 6th amendment to the
constitution guarantees the right to effective assistance
of counsel. He is appointed to represent the acused.
The contract Lawyer= a private lawyer. Criminal prefer
public defendants because they are knowledgeable in
criminal laws.
Marbury VS Madison=) case created the judicial review.
During Jefferson presidency Marbury appointment was
never delivered writs of mandamus. The SC has the
ability to review law cases, decisions etc and judge
their constitutionality. The decision of judiciary act ,
supreme court and john Marshall found that it was
unconstitutional bcs it gave power to the sc and
constitution DOESNT give congress power to do that.
After established the precedent that sc has final say on
all laws, the winner was john marshall who strengthen
the power of the sc.
Legacy of Marbury case ,established judicial
review(more power to judicial branch), Marshall court
strengthen the power of Federal government.

Media=4th pillar of American government/ power to

make the innocent guilty and controls the minds
masses. It is considered as informative bridge btw gov
and general public . The oldest type of media is PRINT
which is the most effective type(printed material) .The
other types are broadcast media and electronic media.
1st amendment to the constitution =) congress shall
make no law respecting an establishment of religion
and prohibiting free exercise thereof. Does the
freedom .
Internet free expression alliance i.e.it is a powerful and
positive forum for free expression. Int users ,online
publishers, academic grp and free speech share a
common interest in opposing the adoption of
techniques thet could limit vibrance of the int.
Censorship=) it is used simply to stop truths and ideas
emerge which draw attention to the powerful ppl or
govs. However, types of censorship can be political ,
religious, moral or even military. There exist Two
distinctive forms of censo which are = prior and post-
facto.
The SC VS Censorship =the issue of censo is to strike
the sc from many angles with regards to st rights
amendment . The internet interprets censo as a
damage bcs of the internets robust design that it is
impossible to block completely access to information
except in very limited conditions.
The right to privacy=) Refers to the concept that ones
personal information is protected from public scan.
Implicit in the 1st 4th 9th and 14th amendments . The
right to privacy often is protected by statutory law.
There are five principles of privacy protection:
awareness, choice, access ,security and enforcement .