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CIVIL WAR TIMES
APRIL 2017

60
WITHERING HISTORY
Jericho Mill slowly
molders away along
the North Anna River.

ON THE COVER: Joshua Chamberlain became a brigadier general for his nearly fatal Petersburg bravado.

22
22
Features
Joshua Chamberlain
at Petersburg
By Dennis A. Rasbach
New information about the June 18, 1864,
attack that almost killed the Union icon.

30
Norman Wiards
Unique Cannon
By Ronald D. Evans
An ordnance expert from Canada just might have
invented the wars best cannon.

36
Would P.G.T.
lead the A.o.T.?
By Stephen Davis
P.G.T. Beauregard was in the running for the top slot
of the Army of Tennessee after the fall of Atlanta.

42
Places of Sacrifice
and Courage
By David T. Gilbert
30 Hiking trails at Second Manassas provide an
intimate look at this important Confederate victory.


52
This Great Struggle
By Susannah J. Ural
Confederate surgeon Dr. Francis M. Robertsons diary
details the grueling 1865 Carolinas Campaign.

Departments
6 Letters Huzzah for nurses
8 News! Minnesota paintings stay put
10 Details Union battery at Petersburg
12 Materiel 5 drums of war
14
12 18
Insight War in the Far West
Interview Outlaw soldiers


21 Editorial Joshua Chamberlains punishing war
60 Explore Virginias North Anna River
66 Reviews Ulysses Grant, ambassador to the world
72 Sold ! Rebel carbine

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 3

 MICHAEL A. REINSTEIN CHAIRMAN & PUBLISHER
DAVID STEINHAFEL ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER

ALEX NEILL EDITOR IN CHIEF

EDITORIAL
DANA B. SHOAF EDITOR
CHRIS K. HOWLAND SENIOR EDITOR
SARAH RICHARDSON SENIOR EDITOR

STEPHEN KAMIFUJI CREATIVE DIRECTOR

BRIAN WALKER GROUP ART DIRECTOR
JENNIFER M. VANN ART DIRECTOR
MELISSA WINN SENIOR PHOTO EDITOR/SOCIAL MEDIA COORDINATOR

SHENANDOAH SANCHEZ PHOTOGRAPHER AT LARGE

ADVISORY BOARD
Edwin C. Bearss, Gabor Boritt, Catherine Clinton, William C. Davis,
Gary W. Gallagher, Lesley Gordon, D. Scott Hartwig, John Hennessy,
UNFINISHED RAILROAD CUT Harold Holzer, Robert K. Krick, Michael McAfee, James M. McPherson,

AT SECOND MANASSAS Mark E. Neely Jr., Megan Kate Nelson, Ethan S. Rafuse, Susannah Ural

A handful of man-made topographical features CORPORATE

affected the wars outcome. A great example is
ROB WILKINS DIRECTOR OF PARTNERSHIP MARKETING
the abandoned grade of the Independent Line
ROXANNA SASSANIAN FINANCE
of the Manassas Gap Railroad.
TOM GRIFFITHS CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT

CHAMBERLAIN REVEALS THE WAR GRAYDON SHEINBERG CORPORATE DEVELOPMENT

IN LETTERS HOME ADVERTISING

Joshua Chamberlains correspondence with his COURTNEY FORTUNE Advertising Services cfortune@historynet.com
wife during the war reveals a man plagued by RICK GOWER Regional Sales Manager rick@rickgower.com
the human foibles that confound us all. TERRY JENKINS Regional Sales Manager tjenkins@historynet.com
RICHARD E. VINCENT Regional Sales Manager rvincent@historynet.com
UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE DIRECT RESPONSE ADVERTISING
Guerrilla warfare did not play a major role
RUSSELL JOHNS ASSOCIATES 800-649-9800 CWT@russelljohns.com


in the military outcome of the Civil War,
but that isnt to say it should be ignored. 2 0 1 7 H I S T O RY NE T , L L C

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4 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017


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 FORTS AND SOUTHERN CHARM IN SAVANNAH, GA. MOSES MONTGOMERY?
I found Catherine Clintons February
2017 article on the raid along the
Combahee River fascinating. I have
long despised Union Colonel James
Montgomery after seeing his depiction
FROM DIXIE
TO JAPAN during the raid on Darien, Ga., in the
The Fearsome
Ironclad
film Glory, and my own reading on
Stonewall The his conduct. It was surprising to learn
Horrors
NIGHT HAVOC ! I Have of Harriet Tubmans success alongside
300 Rebels Smash
a Union Outpost Witnessed him, especially given the depth of his
BOTTOMS UP This nurse, known racism. As frustrating as it is to see racist
as Mary, served at
Civil War
Inspiration for
one of Washingtons Union men such as him leading black
wartime hospitals.
Craft Beer regiments, it is always good to read about
someone like Tubman defeating the odds
against her.
Emma Benun
NURSES POIGNANT LETTERS Lincoln, R.I.

ATLEES STATION CONNECTION

I read with interest the excellent article
Victory in the Pitch Black by Bruce
Venter in the December 2016 issue
DECEMBER 2016
HISTORYNET.COM
about the fight that occurred at Atlees
Station northeast of Richmond in early
March 1864. That region has particular
significance to my wifes family. Her
HUZZAH FOR NURSES great-great-grandfather on her mothers
side, Captain Daniel Blauvelt, Company
I enjoyed Chris Foards Nurses Poignant Letters article in the I, 8th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry, was
December 2016 issue. Its nice reading a letter right from the KIA three months later on May 31 in
pen of a nurse. Foard chose some fabulous letters with excellent the Totopotomoy Creek area of Atlees
content. I did not realize nurses assisted with the burial of soldiers. Station, just prior to the Battle of Cold
Thank you for the education and giving the public a better Harbor. I have read your magazine for
understanding of the roles nurses played during the war. many years and probably still have most
Dale Rose, Lewes, Del. if not all the copies that I received or
bought saved somewhere in the house.
You are continuing the tradition of
publishing a great source of information
FROM OUR FACEBOOK PAGE on an important segment of our countrys

 
history. Keep up the good work!
Comments from our recent post about
the 69th New York and the Irish Brigade: Bob Langford


Morristown, N.J.
Glenn Roberts: They were very brave soldiers but that bravery was
exploited and their brigade was made expendable by Union Brass
at Maryes Heights. God Bless the Fallen.
Joseph Maghe: Meaghers penchant for the smoothbore musket WE WANT TO
loaded with buck & ball and his belief in carrying with the HEAR FROM YOU !
bayonet cost his regiments in some battles.
e-mail us at cwtletters@historynet.com
Scott Bell: A shame these good Irishmen were in the wrong army. or send letters to Civil War Times,
They should have been in the Confederate army. 1919 Gallows Rd., Suite 400, Vienna, VA
22182-4083

6 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

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 PAINTINGS
STAY PUT IN ST. PAUL

Six turn-of-the-century paintings depicting Minnesota Civil War regiments will remain on display
in the state capitol in St. Paul, following settlement of an October 2016 dispute. During a renovation
of the statehouse, the Capitol Area Architectural and Planning Board recommended relocation of the
paintings, supporting a request by Governor Mark Dayton, who felt other artwork would better represent
the breadth of the states history. The paintings featuring Minnesota regiments at several notable
engagements, such as Gettysburg and Vicksburg, had been on display for more than a century. But their
proposed removal met resistance, as opponents argued they highlighted the states exemplary service
in the nations worst war. Dayton contended the resistance was driven largely by supporters of another
candidate for governor in the 2018 race. According to TwinCities.com, the Minnesota Historical Society
ruled on December 8 that the paintings, following restoration, will be displayed in their original location.

Minnesota regiments assault Shys Hill

on December 16, 1864, in Howard Pyles
1906 The Battle of Nashville, one of the
disputed paintings.

8 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

  
LINCOLN FORUM
HONOREES
AT THE 21ST ANNUAL
Lincoln Forum, held in Gettysburg
this past November 16-18, the follow-
ing awards were announced. James I.
Bud Robertson, Virginia Tech profes-
sor emeritus and Civil War historian,
was given the Richard Nelson Current
Award for Achievement. His most recent
book, After the Civil War: The Heroes, Vil-
lains, Soldiers, and Civilians Who Changed
America, is among more than 20 he has
written on the Civil War. Gettysburg
Foundation Chair Robert A. Kinsley
and Vice Chair Barbara Finfrock were
awarded the Wendy Allen Award for
Institutional Excellence.
Left to right: Harold Holzer, Lincoln
Forum vice chairman; award winner
Bud Robertson; and Frank Williams,
Lincoln Forum chairman.
QUI Z
WHAT BATTLE ROARED AROUND THIS
ELEGANT HOME? Send your answer via
e-mail to dshoaf@historynet.com or via regular mail
(1919 Gallows Road, Suite 400, Vienna, VA, 22182-4038)
marked Western Bloodbath. The rst correct answer
will win a book. Congratulations to last issues winners
Josh Hepler of Cape Girardeau, Mo. (e-mail), and
Arthur Trudel of Williamsburg, Va. (regular mail), who
correctly identied the location of Brawner Farm, Va.
7,000 ACRES !
The 2,500-acre Petersburg Battlefield will gain
more than 7,000 acres because of legislation passed by
Congress on December 8, 2016. The act follows a 2005
National Park Service recommendation to incorporate 18 additional
sites of combat that took place from June 1864 to April 1865. During
this period, three Union armies fought two Confederate armies
with combined forces of about 180,000 menand the area of combat
totaled 567 square miles. The confrontation is also significant for the
number of USCT troops involved: 16,000. A total of 15 of the 16 Med-
als of Honor awarded to USCT soldiers were for service at Petersburg,
and 14 were earned for service in the Battle of New Market Heights.
The legislation passed does not itself pay for the land but autho-
rizes the National Park Service to acquire the land and expand the
battlefield boundaries. The new boundary will include sites of the
following five battles: Five Forks, Peebles Farm, Reams Station, the
Crater, and the Petersburg Breakthrough.

IS THAT
NAT
TURNERS
SKULL?
n
at Turner was killed in 1831 after leading a slave uprising in
southern Virginia. Now a skull said to belong to the slave
preacher is at the Smithsonian for genetic testing against
DNA of his descendants, according to National
Geographic. If the skull is determined to be Turners, it will be returned
to his descendants, who intend to bury it. In the summer of 1831, Turner
interpreted a solar eclipse and atmospheric disturbances as omens to
initiate his uprising. The insurrection killed more than 50 whites and
concluded with the retaliatory killings of some 200 blacks. Turner was
eventually seized and hanged on November 11, 1831. A local doctor who
handled Turners mutilated cadaver passed the skull along to his descen-
dants. Eventually it reached Richard Hatcher, a civil rights activist,
collector, and former longtime mayor of Gary, Ind. Recently Hatcher
offered the skull to Turners descendants, and they approached the
Smithsonian regarding DNA testing.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 9
 A DAY IN
THE SIEGE
ON JUNE 20, 1864, Mathew Brady and his team took several photos, including this one, of Captain
Andrew Cowans 1st New York Independent Battery inside the siege lines outside Petersburg, Va. The New Yorkers
were the new tenants of a sunbaked earthen fort known as Battery 5 that had once been a Confederate stronghold in the
Dimmock Line, built between 1862-64 to protect Petersburg. Union troops captured the fort during June 15 attacks on
the Dimmock Line. Battery 5, located northeast of Petersburg, was repurposed and the Federal artillerymen moved in
on June 18, frequently exchanging fire with rebel batteries beyond the Appomattox [River], according to Cowan. This
image was taken the day before the New Yorkers hitched up their guns and left for another location. The 1st New York
had helped repulse Picketts Charge at Gettysburg, where Cowan had reportedly pitched in to help fire a cannon, and
had seen action in most of the Eastern Theaters big battles. On July 9, 1864, the unit left Petersburgs stifling trenches
to join in the campaign against Jubal Early in the Shenandoah Valley, but the Siege of Petersburg lasted until April 1865.

gunner

1 4
2 5 3

A
C
B

10 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

A. Battery 5 was about a mile
behind the frontline trenches. A
number of Union troops stand fully
exposed, suggesting they didnt have
to worry about enemy sharpshooters.
B. A soldier reads a newspaper next
to canvas shelters. Artillerymen often
appropriated these sturdy covers,
intended to protect their cannons
from the elements, for their personal
use. Accoutrements and clothing,
including a pair of drawers, are
draped over the shelters frame. A
wheelbarrow lies in the foreground.
C. The batterys four 3-inch ord-
nance rifles are visible in the image,
and the gunnersmost stripped
to their shirtsleeves because of the
D
6 7
heatwere posed in the act of loading
their cannons. The gunner aimed the
gun and called for certain types of
ammunition. The No. 5 man placed
a round in the leather haversack and
ran it from the limber to the gun,
handing the round to No. 2, who
placed it in the muzzle to be rammed
home by No. 1. The No. 3 man
thumbed the vent, as he is doing here,
to cut off sparks, and also pricked
open the powder bag. No 4 , blurred
in the image because he apparently
moved during the exposure, pulled
the lanyard that fired the weapon.
D. The Nos. 6 and 7 men remained
at the ammunition limber, prepar-
ing rounds, cutting fuses, etc., for
No. 5 to carry forward. Just in front
of the limber, an officer sits in one of
several camp chairs scattered about
the scene.
E. This man is probably battery
commander Captain Andrew Cowan,
who would lead all artillery in the
Army of the Potomacs 6th Corps
by the end of the war. He was
discharged as a brevet lieutenant
colonel. To his right, another officer
rests a telescope on a wooden
stanchion.
F. Mathew Bradys trusted assistant,
Timothy OSullivan, probably took
this image. Its definite that Brady did
not, for he posed himself at the far
right, resting against a limber.
F
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 11
5
DRUMS
OF WAR
CIVIL WAR DRUMMERS
deftly executed flams, paradiddles,
and rolls on their instruments to play
intricate beats that ordered soldiers to
assemble in ranks, gather wood and water,
and complete myriad camp tasks. Battles
chaotic din, however, rendered drum calls Richmonds Confederate Drum Manufactory made the 13th
mostly useless once the shooting started, Virginia Infantrys drum. Drummers could use the woven cord
and drummers were frequently detailed as attached to the bottom rim as a sling when the instrument
stretcher-bearers during engagements. At was not in use, and it also served as a back up tensioning
the 1863 Battle of Rappahannock Station, system. When drums were being played, H.C. Harts 1861 manual
recalled Captain Francis Donaldson of the New and Improved Instructor for the Drum stated that they
118th Pennsylvania, the drummers were should rest against the left leg immediately above the knee.
ordered to put down their instruments and,
much against their will, follow the battle
line carrying stretchers. Nonetheless, drums
fulfilled an important communication func-
tion throughout the conflict. After the war,
drums became powerful symbols of cama-
raderie, and veterans often recalled when
their staccato calls roused sleeping camps
or energized tired legs during long marches.

Scenes of Union Maj. Gen. George G.

Meade and Zouaves were painted on
this drum after the war when it was
used at Northern veteran reunions.
The size of this example17 inches
in diameter, 14 inches tallis typical
for most of the 32,000 snare drums
the Union Army ordered between
1861 and 1865.

12 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017


The 1st Minnesota listed its extensive battle honors on the regiments
patriotically painted drum. Though the term drummer boy is
common, and while most drummers were young, older men could
also fill that role. Drummer Almon Laird of the 27th Massachusetts
was 48 years old when he died in a Rebel prison, and drummer David
Scantlon was 52 when he served as a musician in the 4th Virginia.
This 10th Connecticut drum provides a
good look at the leather toggles that slid
up and down on the ropes to tighten the
drumheads, made of calf or sheepskin.
Weather changes could affect the
drumheads, and musicians sometimes
had to dry them out over campfires
during wet or humid conditions. Snares,
strings stretched tautly across the
bottom head, gave the drums their
sharp crack, or buzz, when the top head
was struck with sticks.
Seven stars, for the first seven Confederate states to
secede from the Union, and an eagle decorate this
Confederate drum captured in 1861 at Beaufort, S.C.,
by Private Daniel Reed of the 50th Pennsylvania.
(Reed was later killed at the 1862 Battle of Ox Hill, Va.)
Bored soldiers often used flat drumheads as tables
for impromptu card or dice games.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 13
 By Gary W. Gallagher

MASSACRE
On November 29, 1864,
U.S. cavalrymen attacked
a Native American village
at Sand Creek, Colorado
Territory, killing dozens of
Indians, including many
women and children.

Kelmans own measured view is that

A CONFLICT
Sand Creek should be recalled as part
of both the Civil War and the Indian
Wars, a bloody link between interrelat-

APART
ed chapters of the nations history.
If asked to address this question, most
residents of the United States likely
would have pronounced encounters
between U.S. military forces and Native
BRUTAL BATTLES BETWEEN THE U.S. ARMY AND INDIANS Americans tangential to the fundamen-
WERE NOT CONSIDERED PART OF THE REAL WAR tal issues of the Civil War. The more
than 2,000,000 citizen-soldiers who
shouldered muskets, as well as the civil-
ian population, overwhelmingly waged
a war to restore the Union. The nations
THE CIVIL WAR WITNESSED numerous clashes be- political and military focus remained
tween Indians and the U.S. Army and territorial military units. Three of the most firmly fixed much farther east.
notable involved the Sioux in Minnesota in 1862-63, the Navajo in Arizona and Major General John Popes reassign-
New Mexico in 1863-64, and a group of Cheyenne and Arapaho at Sand Creek, ment from Virginia to Minnesota in
Colorado Territory, in 1864. In his multiple-prize-winning Misplaced Massacre: September 1862 is instructive. Exiled
Struggling Over the Memory of Sand Creek (2013), Ari Kelman usefully addresses to a military backwater, Pope put on
whether these kinds of events should be considered part of, or largely separate from, a stoic face. I could tell a sad story to
the Civil War. He quotes an Indiana soldier writing from Petersburg, Va., in 1865 you tonight, of recent events, he told
who, in Kelmans words, considered Sand Creek an aberration, a fit of frontier bru- a gathering in Chicago while en route
tality that threatened to diminish glorious achievements hard won during a terrible to Minnesota, but it is wiser and bet-
but ultimately just war. For Indians looking eastward, in contrast, Sand Creek fit ter that I should not tell it. Pope soon
into a Civil War waged for empire, a contest to control expansion into the West. learned the relative importance of deal-

14 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

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ing with the Sioux and of commanding
armies, as he had earlier in the Western
and Eastern theaters. On September 23,
from St. Paul, he informed superiors
in Washington that he lacked wagons,
mules, and men. Secretary of War Edwin
M. Stanton replied that Pope should not
detain in your department any more
troops than are absolutely necessary for
protection from the Indians. General in
Chief Henry W. Halleck also weighed
in, acidly observing that organization
of a large force for an Indian campaign
is...not deemed necessary.
Like Pope, many soldiers serving
against Indians nourished disappoint-
ment at being so far from what they
considered the real war. Early in 1862,
an Iowan affirmed that deployment in
Dakota Territory is not the height of
our ambition. We are anxious to take an
active part in this struggle for national
existence, and distinguish ourselves
in maintaining our countrys rights and
restoring peace and harmony to its now
torn and distracted States. Similarly, a
member of the 4th Minnesota Infantry,
a unit initially assigned to garrison duty
on the frontier, recalled how intimation

that the Fourth would be home guards
provoked a good deal of fun directed
at the expense of those who enlisted in
MANY SOLDIERS
SERVING AGAINST
INDIANS WERE
DISAPPOINTED
AT BEING SO FAR

FROM WHAT THEY
CONSIDERED THE
REAL WAR
the regiment. The enlistees, however,
held out hope for a chance to help save
the nation: Our men believed that the
war would be a long one, and that they
would have the opportunity to see all the
fighting that they would desire. Unlike
Pope, who never returned to a major
theater, the 4th saw action in Missis-
16 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017
MORBID ENTERTAINMENT Soldiers form up and civilians gather to watch the hanging of
38 Sioux Indians at Mankato, Minn. Abraham Lincoln pardoned 250 more Native Americans.
sippi and Tennessee later in the war.
Evidence from inside Lincolns cabi-
net, including the papers of Gideon
Welles, Salmon P. Chase, Edward Bates,
John G. Nicolay, and John Hay, under-
scores how little attention top policy-
makers accorded hostile Indians. Even
the fighting in Minnesota in August
September 1862, the toll for which
included more than 500 dead white
civilians (almost certainly a higher
number than Confederate civilians
killed during all of Shermans Georgia
and Carolinas campaigns), and the mass
hanging of 38 Sioux at Mankato later
that year received only passing mention.
Indeed, the best-known aspect of the
Minnesota drama relates to Lincolns
commuting death sentences of more
than 250 Indians.
It is useful to interpret wartime strug-
gles between Indians and the United
States as utterly predictablethe kind
of incidents that would have occurred,
at some place and in some fashion, in
the absence of the four-year slaughter
triggered by sectional wrangling. They
fit within a framework that connects
innumerable episodes from the Ches-
apeake and Pequot wars of the 17th
century to the conflicts between Native
Americans and the U.S. Army during
the post-Appomattox decades.
A few examples illustrate the conti-
nuities. In New Mexico Territory, Kit
Carson received orders to lay waste the
prairie with fire, a variation on attempts
to deny Indians food and shelter that
went back to feed fights of the Colo-
nial era or, more recently, to Colonel
William J. Worths actions during the
Second Seminole War. The forced relo-
cation of the Sioux in Minnesota and,
more famously, The Long Walk of
8,0009,000 Navajo from modern-day
Arizona to the Bosque Redondo near
Fort Sumner, New Mexico, (at least
200 perished on the 300-mile journey),
recalled the removal of the Five Civi-
lized Tribes from the Old Southwest to
what is now Oklahoma.
Wartime friction with Indians also
spawned the kind of debate about
methods that had arisen in virtually all
earlier eras. One side, often dominated
by white voices from frontier areas,
called for unrestrained war against the
Indians. Colonel John M. Chivington,
who led the Colorado and New Mexico
militia at Sand Creek, insisted that to
kill them is the only way we will ever
have peace and quiet in Colorado.
Others called for less brutal methods,
as when Senator Charles Sumner de-
nounced Sand Creek, where approxi-
mately 150 Indian men, women, and
children died, as an exceptional crime;
one of the most atrocious in the history
of the country.
After Appomattox, many Regular
Army officers returned to the kind of
service against Indians they had expe-
rienced before Fort Sumter. Few found
the satisfaction they had known in win-
ning a war to save the Union and kill
slavery.
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 with Matthew Hulbert

CWT: How did you get interested

in guerrillas and Civil War memory?
MH: A fascination with Frank and
Jesse James, which led to John Newman
Edwards, who was sort of the first architect
of the way we remember guerrillas from the
borderlands. Following that thread led to a
broad, uncharted topic.

CWT: What happened to Jesse James?

MH: Jesse James joined up in 1863 with
William Quantrills guerrillas. His brother
Frank is already a guerrilla. Frank joins
the regular forces early in the war and is
ROUGH RIDER paroled and comes home and joins up as a
Jesse James: guerrilla. Jesse James witnesses his step-
A youthful face father Dr. Reuben Samuel being tortured
and an outlaws by essentially Union guerrilla hunters who
heart. are looking for Frank because they know
he is riding with Quantrill. After that
Jesse joins as a teenager. Hes in the war
for 2 -3 years, and hes wounded a couple
of times. When it comes time to surren-
der, James falls in with men who were not
going to do thatthey are staying on the
highway, staying in the bush. They gradu-
ally consolidate into a crime ring.

CWT: Why are the James brothers famous?

MH: When the war in Missouri ends, its
very apparent to everyone who waged it
and experienced it in the borderlands that

GUERRILLA this does not look like the conflict that has
been fought in the Eastern Theater. The
Lawrence [Kan.] Massacre, the massacre at

WARFARE Centralia [Mo.], even the daily household

MATTHEW HULBERT STARTED
with Jesse James and ended up exploring how the
Civil War helped win the West. His 2016 The Ghosts
of Guerrilla Memory: How Civil War Bushwhackers
Became Gunslingers in the American West showcases
how guerrilla warfare in Missouri was remembered,
mis-remembered, or forgotten. Most guerrilla con-
flicts happen out in the woods or on somebodys front
porch, Hulbert says. Thats much harder to deal with
than, Hey well buy these acres of a battlefield and ev-
eryone can come visit and learn what happened here.
violence where a few guerrillas burn and
pillage a house, this doesnt look like what
we see at Gettysburg, Manassas, or Peters-
burg. John Newman Edwards is really the
first propagandist who sees an opportunity
to say, Hey, we have a different story to
tellWe might as well exploit that for
political purposes rather than hide from it
and sort of fabricate this past. He does it
in such a way that plays on their irregular-
ness, or their otherness. The James go on
to become arguably the most famous crimi-
nals in American history. Theyre right up
there with Bonnie and Clyde.
CWT: Edwards promotes a Missouri
Lost Cause.
MH: He starts out as sort of the publicist
for the James Gang, and he sees how easy

18 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

it is to morph them into Confederate
heroes: Theyre not stealing because
they want the money; theyre not steal-
ing because theyre greedy or lazy; they
are doing this to get back at the Union.
They are pro-Confederate terrorists.
He sees how well that works, and
he says I could do this with William
Quantrill and all these other really well
known guerrillas and I can blow this
up into something really much bigger.
And thats exactly what he does.
CWT: Were people eager to hear this?
MH: People are eager to hear this.
Missouri is split much in the way that
Kentucky wasdown the middle,
about half Confederate sympathizing
and half Union sympathizing. So when
Missouri fails to leave the Union, all of
those pro-Confederates are left in the
lurch. They can leave the state or they
can fight as guerrillas in the state, and
people do end up doing both, but after
the war, they are starved for a connec-
tion to the Confederacy proper, and
Edwards gives them that connection
and he does it in a way that doesnt sell
short their experiences. If you expe-
rienced the war as a guerrilla conflict,
you know you didnt experience it the
same way as someone whose main
experience was at Gettysburg or at
Manassas. Edwards is telling you thats
fine. We can still be Southerners, we
can still be Democrats, can still have a
fighting past with the Confederacy.
CWT: How does this shape
perception overall of the West?
MH: Theres a transition. It starts with
what I call outlaw histories, which
began competing with the John New-
man Edwards narrative in the 1870s.
These are very early histories of the
war, before history is a professionalized
[and carefully sourced]. Standards are
not high. These guys start the process
of pushing guerrillas out of the story or
pushing them west. And those outlaw
histories become the source or bedrock
for dime novels, predecessors to comic
books and cinemas. In illustrated dime
novels, and in fictional stories that peo-
ple assume are based on fact, the James
VERY FEW PEOPLE ARE
ARE FAMILIAR WITH
JESSE
JAMES
THE CONFEDERATE
GUERRILLA
brothers are portrayed as cowboys.
Theyre in Texas, theyre in Mexico,
theyre in Wyoming, theyre having
gunfights at high noon, theyre fighting
cattle barons. Theyre doing all these
things we expect of Western cowboys
not Civil War soldiers. Dime novels
gradually bleed over into cinema, and
on film everyone knows Jesse James
as the highwayman, the bank robber,
the gunslinger, but very few people are
familiar with him as a Confederate
guerrilla. He is by far the best known
figure and becomes the face of the
movement to Westernize.
CWT: What do you mean Westernize?
MH: In the book, I am most interested
in exploring how the West as an idea
gets used to cleanse the war and its
mainstream narrative of all those ugly
things, of the Lawrence Massacre,
of Centralia. There is a counter to
Edwards: Edwards says its okay to
have experienced the war this way, we
should play it up. But we have these
architects of memory in the East who
say, that makes the war ugly and were
turning the conflict into something
honorable and chivalrous. Were
holding up guys like Lee and Grant
who are heroes. We really dont want
William Quantrill and Bill Anderson
running around scalping people and
cutting off fingers and burning down
houses with women and children in
them, so were going to make them like
cowboys. If we send them out West,
thats exactly how we expect people to
behave on the frontier. Its not civilized
yet, so guerrillas get repurposed.
Rather than stock and trade Civil War
soldiers, theyre the people who bring
civilization in the rough and tumble
way to the West because when youre
going to burn down and kill and scalp
Indians or other nonwhite people
thats fine to audiences in the 1870s
and 1880s; you re just not supposed to
be doing it to other white people.
CWT: What surprised you most?
MH: I was surprised to find that if
youre in Missouri, youre supposed
to hold a grudge against Kansas, and
if youre in Kansas youre supposed
to hold a grudge against Missouri.
A lot of people seemed to know that,
but I was a little disappointed to find
out that not very many people knew
why. The grudge [dating from the
states differing stances on slavery]
has survived but not necessarily the
reasoning behind it. Public history in
the western borderlands, especially
Missouri and Kansas, is just so difficult
when you dont fight on battlefields,
when youre not part of organized
armies who have institutions behind
them and can commemorate them
after the war.
CWT: You say the war was
about more than emancipation.
MH: There are scholars looking at this
as a continental struggle: On one side
we have a war for emancipation going
on in the East, but the stakes of that
conflict are so much higher when we
realize that were not just deciding the
slavery question in the eastern half of
the United States, were also deciding
who is going to control the rest of the
country. What will it look like? Will it
be Confederate? Will it be controlled
by the Union? Someone is going to
establish an empire out of this, and
that is what were really fighting to
control. Missouri is sort of the portal
where those two halves get plugged in.
Interview conducted by Senior Editor
Sarah Richardson.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 19
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 PROFILE OF COURAGE
Joshua L. Chamberlains
bravery at Petersburg
in 1864 earned him
the brigadier generals
shoulder straps he wears
in this image.

FOUR YEARS,
FIVE WOUNDS
MAINES FAMOUS COLONEL SUFFERED
INCREDIBLE PHYSICAL PUNISHMENT

ACCORDING TO JACK D. WALSHS Medical Histories of Union Generals,

Joshua Chamberlain received his first wound at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862 when a
bullet grazed his ear. That was trifle compared to what followed. A piece of shell pierced his right instep
on the rocky slopes of Gettysburgs Little Round Top, where he also suffered a deep bruise to his left leg
when a slug smashed into his sword scabbard. Then came the ghastly wound at Petersburg on June 18,
1864 (P. 22). Incredibly, after five months of surgeries, fevers, and painful catheters, he returned to duty in
November 1864, though he had to be re-hospitalized. And there was one last wound. On March 26, 1865,
at fighting near the Quaker Road in Virginia, a bullet went through his horses neck, slammed into his chest,
ricocheted off a pocket mirror, and skidded around his ribcage until it came out his back. He managed to
stay in that fight, too. Chamberlain spent decades working in higher education, and its shocking to think
of the enduring pain he suffered because of his four short years as a soldier. When he died on February 24,
1914, his death certificate claimed the ailments that killed him were caused by his 1864 gunshot wound.
Fifty years later, the Minie ball that slammed into him at Petersburg had finally claimed its victim. D.B.S.

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 21

 
JOSHUA
CHAMBERLAIN

at petersburg

I

THE UNION COLONELS OWN

CLOUDED HINDSIGHT
HAS LED TO CONFUSION
ABOUT HIS 1864 HEROICS
BY DE N N IS A . RA S B A C H

J
UNE 18, 1864, WAS A NOT A GOOD DAY FOR THE ARMY OF
THE POTOMAC. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant had ordered
another series of assaults against the Confederate lines at Petersburg,
Va., hoping to capture the city before General Robert E. Lee could fully
reinforce the thinly held Confederate trenches.
Grant had about 67,000 men at his disposal to 20,000 for the Rebels,
but confusion, miscommunication, and the Confederates adept juggling
of reinforcements doomed the Union onslaughts. Rank after rank of blue
troops faltered under withering gunfire. The Second Battle of Petersburg,
which had opened on June 15, would end in Northern defeat and the
beginning of a protracted siege that would last for months.
Joining the June 18 attacks, on the far left of the Union lines in Brig. Gen.
Charles Griffins 1st Division of Maj. Gen. Gouverneur Warrens 5th Corps, was
a brigade of Pennsylvania regiments under Colonel Joshua Chamberlainthe
121st, 142nd, 143rd, 149th, 150th, and 187th. Chamberlain was already famous
in the Army of the Potomac for his Little Round Top heroics at Gettysburg the
previous July, and when he returned to active duty in April 1864 after an extended
illness, he was given command of the Keystone State regiments.
As the brigade struggled ahead, its standard-bearer went down with a wound.
Chamberlain grabbed the banner and, as he urged his men forward, a Mini ball

22 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

 IN HARMS WAY
Artist Dan Nances
depiction of Colonel
Joshua L. Chamberlain
at Petersburg on
June 18, 1864, wielding
his brigades flag
seconds before a Rebel
bullet found its mark.

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 23

 HELD HIS GROUND
Chamberlain was
awarded this Medal of
Honor for his defense
of Little Round Top at
Gettysburg, July 2, 1863.
slammed into his pelvis. I was standing so firmly on the ground at the
time that I did not fall at first, Chamberlain recalled. I thrust the point
of my sword into the ground and balanced myself over the hilt and held
myself in that position until the men of the first line had passed in charge.
I knew that if they saw their leader fall it would discourage them, so with
rigid features I held myself up although helpless in all other ways. They
saw me standing there like a statue leaning on my sword, but did not dream
that I had received a mortal wound.
When Grant heard of the colonels grievous wound, he promoted
Chamberlain to Brigadier General on June 20. Chamberlains gallantry
is undisputed. There are, however, two competing views on the location
of the June 18 attack that nearly killed him. While the charge occurred
near where the Baxter Road wound its way through the Confederate
earthworks near Pegrams (or Elliotts) Salient, many histories of that days
fighting place his charge and horrible wounding farther to the south near
Rives Salient, not far from the Jerusalem Plank Road. Where did that
second interpretation come from? From Chamberlain himself, it turns
outpresenting an interesting case study of how cloudy memory can
impact history.
C
hamberlain had recalled the events 35 years after the attack, in an
1899 memoir The Charge at Fort Hell. Interestingly, the actual text
of Chamberlains manuscript makes no specific reference to Rives
Salient, Fort Sedgwick, or Fort Hell; only the title alludes to this
location. Chamberlain claimed his brigade charged and carried the
position that subsequently became Fort Sedgwick, also known as
Fort Hell, after which the brigade advanced from the south along
the Jerusalem Plank Road against the permanent Confederate
works at Rives Salient, under murderous enfilading fire from Fort Mahone
to the west. But Fort Sedgwick did not exist when Chamberlain made his
famous charge. Perhaps he was confused, or perhaps his intent was to offer
a general point of reference with which others could connect, given the
sites subsequent notoriety.
Chamberlains other speeches and writings during the final years of
his life linked his charge with Fort Hell. Then a series of Chamberlain
biographers picked up on his lead, embracing the viewpoint in writings
spanning more than half of a century, including but not limited to
Willard M. Wallace (Soul of the Lion: A Biography of General Joshua L.
24 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017
Chamberlain, 1995); Alice Raines Trulock (In
the Hands of Providence: Joshua L. Chamberlain
& the American Civil War, 1992); Mark Nesbitt
(Through Blood and Fire: Selected Civil War Papers
of Major General Joshua Chamberlain, 1996);
Edward G. Longacre (Joshua Chamberlain: The
Soldier and the Man, 1999); and Diane M. Smith
(Chamberlain at Petersburg: The Charge at Fort
Hell, 2004).
With the exception of Smiths book,
the authors dedicated only a few pages to
Chamberlains experience at Petersburg on June
18, 1864. Smiths book is entirely devoted to the
June 18 attack, and she based her book on the
1899 The Charge at Fort Hell, which had remained
unpublished and largely forgotten in the Special
Collections Library at Duke University until
2004. Smiths extensive annotations and the fact
that it purports to present an accurate account
from Chamberlains pen gives Chamberlain
at Petersburg an aura of authority that has
influenced the historical record. Numerous
websites, for example, promote as historical
fact the idea that he was wounded near Rives
Salient, including the National Park Services
website for Petersburg National Battlefield,
which is perplexing since other NPS documents
support the Baxter Road site.
Chamberlain was so badly injured that he
did not leave a contemporaneous account of his
movements or activities on June 18. The only
official report of the action of Chamberlains 1st
Brigade comes from Colonel William S. Tilton,
who assumed command of the unit on the
evening of June 18, and Chamberlain himself
did not discuss his whereabouts at Petersburg
that day for nearly two decades. He apparently
did not revisit the battlefield until January 1882,
while returning from a winter trip to Florida.
He recorded his impressions in a letter to his
sister, penned January 29.
In that account, he described having spent
four hours trying to identify the spot where
he had fallen while leading his charge against
the Rebel works. All is changed there now, he
wrote. What was a solid piece of woods through
which I led my troops is now all cleared field, &
the hillside so smooth there is now grown up
with little clumps of trees.At last, guided by
the [Norfolk & Petersburg] railroad cut & the
well-remembered direction of the church spires
of the city, I found the spotor a space of 2030
feet within which I must have fallen.I looked
down & saw a bullet, & while stooping to pick
it up, another & another appeared in sight & I
took up six within as many feet of each other
and of the spot where I fell.
Because of his unfamiliarity with features of
the topography, Chamberlain resorted to using
MISSED OPPORTUNITY The unsuccessful Army of the Potomac attacks on June 18, 1864, were designed to invest the trenches protecting
Petersburg before they could be completed. As this maps shows, the incorrect scenario for Chamberlains assault has his brigade moving
left while skirmishing across a mile of open field toward Rives Salient, isolated from the rest of the army at least a mile to the north.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 25
 A BIT LATER
Union troops pose inside Fort Sedgwick, or
Fort Hell, after the Siege of Petersburg
ended. Chamberlain frequently referred to
the fort when describing the June 18, 1864,
attack, but it did not exist at that time.

the railroad cut and Petersburgs church spires to lead him to the spot and carried the enemys advanced position
where he fell. But the steeples are perhaps two miles from Chamberlains in front of Petersburg, known as Fort
supposed Rives Salient attack position, and a mile and a half from the Hell. There I had three batteries sent to
Baxter Road position. The similarity of perspective between the two sites, me to hold my position, which was in close
which are both southeast of the town, makes it difficult to fathom how proximity to Rieeves [sic] Salient, so called,
[which] was the enemys main entrenched
he could achieve accuracy in pinpointing a precise location based on the
line.With this force, I was more than a
distant landmarks. mile in advance of our army on the extreme
In September 1900, Chamberlain was featured in an article in a local right [sic]. At this moment, an aide dashed
Maine newspaper, the Lewiston Evening Journal. In it, Chamberlain up and gave me a verbal order from the
provided his most detailed recounting of the events that had transpired 36 commanding general to charge and carry
years earlier. It is important to reproduce it nearly in its entirety in order to the enemys main works in my front. To
fully understand this critical event and his memory of it: say that I was astonished would be putting
it mildly. I couldnt believe it possible that
During that summer, I had been assigned to a splendid brigade of six they meant for me to do this with only one
regiments, and on the morning of the 18th, I charged with this force brigade.I immediately drew my note

26 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

 book and wrote a letter to the commanding
general, stating the situation and asking if
there was a mistake in the order to charge.

The Worst Wound

I gave this note to the aide and told him
to carry it to General Grant at once, which
he did. It was an audacious thing for me to
do, and after the message was gone, I began
to realize that I had risked my shoulder
straps. It was a virtual disobedience of
orders to attack an enemy, which under any
CHAMBERLAIN SERVED IN 21 BATTLES, had five horses shot from
circumstances is a hazardous thing to do. I
under him, and was wounded six times. His June 18, 1864, Petersburg
expected to be placed under arrest at once, so
I communicated to my subordinate officers wound, however, was his worst and caused him pain for the rest of his
informing them of my probable immediate life. Shot through the pelvis with the Mini ball pic-
arrest and removal. tured at left, Chamberlain recalled his evacuation to
the field hospital of the 1st Division, 5th Corps.
In a short time, the staff officer who had taken
my message to the general commanding the After a while, an ambulance came galloping up to
army returned. Instead of placing me under the foot of the hill, and I was put into it and galloped
arrest, as I expected, he said that the general through rough stumpy fields to a cluster of pines
approved my course and the advice contained where our division had a rude field hospital..... The
in my message. He also said the whole army first thing done was to lay me upon a table impro-
would attack at once, but from my advanced vised from a barn-window or door, and examine
position, it would be necessary for me to lead the wound. I remember somebody taking a ramrod of a musket and
the assault. He asked when I would be able to running it through my body...to discover the bullet, which they did
attack, and I replied: At one oclock. not at first observe sticking up with a puff of skin just behind my left
hip joint. This they soon cut out, and closed the cut with a bandage.
Chamberlain still had a copy of the letter he Some slight dressing was put upon the round hole on the right side,
wrote to Grant, and transcribed it in entirety for and I was gently laid on a pile of pine boughs.
the newspaper:
The bullet had severed Chamberlains urethra. The surgeons wanted
Lines Before Petersburg, June 18, 1864, I to restore continuity of the drainage tract, but that was not successful.
have just received a verbal order not through Joshuas brother Tom, however, arrived on the scene with Dr. Abner O.
the usual channels, but by a staff-officer Shaw of the 20th Maine and Dr. Morris Townsend of the 44th New York,
unknown to me, purporting to come surgeons from Chamberlains former 3rd Brigade.
from the General commanding the Army, The pain wore into a stupor, Chamberlain later recalled. Then
directing me to assault the main works of the through the mists I looked up and saw dear, faithful Doctor Shaw, Sur-
enemy in my front.
geon of my own regiment .He and good Dr. Townsend sat down by me
Circumstances lead me to believe the
General cannot be perfectly aware of my and tried to use some instrument to stop the terrible extravasations that
situation, which has greatly changed within would end my life. All others had given it up, and me too, added the
the last hour. I have just carried a crest, an wounded officer. The doctors, continued Chamberlain, kept Toiling and
advanced artillery post occupied by the returning to the ever impossible task, the able surgeon undertaking to
enemys artillery supported by infantry. I am aid Dr. Shaw said, sadly, It is of no use, Doctor; he cannot be saved. I
advanced a mile beyond our own lines, and have done all possible for man. Let us go, and not torture him longer.
in an isolated position. On my right a deep Just once more, Doctor; let me try just this once more and I will give it
railroad cut; my left flank in the air, with no up. Bending to his task, by a sudden miracle, he touched the exact lost
support whatever. In my front at close range thread; the thing was done. There was a possibility, only that even now,
is a strongly entrenched line of infantry and
that I might be there to know in the morning. D.A.R.
artillery, with projecting salients right and
left such that my advance would be swept
by a cross-fire, while a large fort to my left LIFE SAVER The hospital ship Connecticut
enfilades my entire advance (as I experienced
in carrying this position.) took Chamberlain to the U.S. General Hospital
In the hollow along my front close up to at Annapolis, Md., where he arrived on June 20.
the enemys works, appears to be bad ground,
swampy, boggy, where my men would be
held at great disadvantage under destructive
fire.
I have got up three batteries and I am
placing them on the reverse slope of this
crest to enable me to hold against expected
attack. To leave these guns behind me
unsupported, their retreat cut off by the
railroad cut, would expose them to loss in
case of our repulse.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 27
TOUCHED BY FIRE Chamberlain (circled), and other members
of the Maine Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal
Legion of the United States at an October 2, 1902, gathering held
in Portland. MOLLUS, as the organization was commonly called,
was a veterans organization for Union officers.
Fully aware of the responsibility I take, I beg to be assured that
the order to attack with my single brigade is with the Generals full
understanding. I have here a veteran brigade of six regiments, and my
responsibility for these men warrants me in wishing assurance that no
mistake in communicating orders compels me to sacrifice them.
From what I can see of the enemys lines, it is my opinion that if an
assault is to be made, it should be by nothing less than the whole army.
Chamberlain then continued his letter to the paper:
At one oclock, I sounded the signal, and moved my brigade in the
lines of battle in front of my guns. The moment they could do so, my
batteries opened an awful fire over our heads. The enemy replied with
every missile known to war at pistol range. We were also enfiladed by
the heavy guns from Fort Mahone, or Fort Damnation, as the boys
called it. It was a case where I felt it my duty to lead the charge in
person, and on foot. My flag bearer had been shot dead at once. I picked
up the flaga red Maltese cross on a white fieldand with my entire
staff went forward. At the foot of the slope between us and the rebel
works we struck soft, spongy ground, where I saw that my men would
be caught. Accordingly, I faced towards them and ordered an oblique to
the left. As no mortal voice could be heard in such an uproar of fire, I
was waving my sabre and flag in the direction I wished my men to take,
when a Mini ball of the ten thousand that were darkening the air, struck
me as I was half facing to give this command. The ball entered in front
of the right hip joint, passing clear through my body and coming out
behind the left hip joint.
28 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017
I
n October 1903, shortly after a second visit
to Petersburg, Chamberlain presented
a paper before the Commandery of
the State of Maine, Military Order of
the Loyal Legion of the United States,
titled Reminiscences of Petersburg and
Appomattox. In it, he recounted the
impressions made upon me by a recent visit
to Petersburg and Appomattox Court House,
Virginia, the first and last battlefields of the final
campaign of the Army of the Potomac and the
Army of Northern Virginia.
Chamberlain readily admitted that he had
not had the opportunity to revisit the site of his
near-mortal wounding in the years immediately
following the battle. In fact, he viewed this lack of
opportunity in a positive light. The intervening
39 years, he thought, was time enough to cool
ones blood, so as to gather the various data for
mature judgment, more reliable perhaps than
confused recollections of personal experience.
His recollections do seem reliable regarding
the directions of his movements, and the
substance of his conversations with other officers,
but his grasp of the larger context of the fight
is lacking. The 5th Corps arrived at Petersburg
less than 24 hours prior to its engagement there.
The morning of the 18th found Chamberlains
brigade advancing against a newly entrenched
opponent on the high ground east of the city.
Within a matter of just a few hours, the stricken
colonel was being evacuated from the field in
of these points becomes highly debatable as one carefully considers the
historical record.
The details of Chamberlains own account of his actions on June 18
regarding terrain, direction and distance of movements, landmarks, artillery
placements, etc., conflict with his interpretation. Abundant external
contemporaneous testimony from multiple other sources also seems to


shock. He was then absent from the Army of render untenable the scenario of an attack by Chamberlains brigade on
the Potomac for five months. Rives Salient from the south, along the Jerusalem Plank Road.
Chamberlain, understandably, may not have The evidence strongly suggests that Chamberlains own false premise
possessed an accurate grasp of precisely where conceived the myth that has come down to usa myth perpetuated through
he was on June 18, or of who was opposing faithful repetition by a long line of biographers over many decades.
him. Having learned, in retrospect, that Griffins
division had initiated the construction of Fort
Sedgwick, and knowing that he was in a fierce
fight in the vicinity, Chamberlain may have A MILE AWAY
assumed he was part of the assault that took
and fortified the ground that became famous AUTHOR DENNIS A. RASBACH, whose
throughout the siege as the hottest point of
interest in the Petersburg Campaign was
contact of the hostile lines.
sparked by the service of an ancestor in
In his later years, Chamberlain seems to have
been driven to flesh out the larger context of the the 21st Pennsylvania Cavalry, exhaus-
fateful engagement. He may not, however, have tively lays out the case for the location
been terribly thorough in his preparation: There of Chamberlains Petersburg attack in his
is no reference to the official reports of his own book, Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain and
army, or those of his Confederate foes; there is the Petersburg Campaign: His Supposed
no mention of an extensive correspondence with Charge from Fort Hell, His Near-Mortal
fellow officers to clarify specific details; there is
Wound, and a Civil War Myth Reconsid-
no evidence of his having spent time consulting
historical maps that survive to this day. ered, from which this article is adapted.
During the 1903 visit, Chamberlain did go to In March 2016, based on the information
the trouble of touring the battlefield with a local in Rasbachs book, the Virginia Department of Historic Resources, with the
guide, consulting a lone, worn Confederate war support of the National Park Service and other agencies and historians,
map, collecting souvenir bullets, and exchanging relocated a Petersburg, Va., highway marker that discussed Chamberlains
reciprocal experiences with an anonymous old wounding and on the spot promotion. The marker was moved from the
Confederate officer who may or may not have
historical vicinity of Rives Salient nearly a mile to the split of Route 460
opposed him on the field of combat. His role,
and the Winfield Road to more accurately designate the correct location of
however, seems to have been more one of a
spectator and casual sightseer rather than that Chamberlains brigades attack. Rasbach, a surgeon, resides in Michigan.
of researcher.
With the benefit of the supplemental
information acquired on the second visit,
Chamberlain composed his speech for the
enlightenment and entertainment of comrades
and admirers at the MOLLUS assembly.
Given the purpose of the manuscript, it is
not necessarily the most reliable of historical
primary source documents. In Reminiscences,
he speaks of his proximity to the Jerusalem Plank
Road. He tells of his brigade having taken and
fortified ground that afterwards became strongly
entrenched under the name of Fort Sedgwick.
He mentions having confronted the infantry of
Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaws Mississippians,
Georgians, and South Carolinians, as well as
Alabama troops who had replaced Maj. Gen.
Bushrod Johnsons Division in the trenches early
HIGHWAY STAR Chamberlains marker celebrates his on the spot
the previous evening. (Review of the historical promotion, but Grant actually gave him the brigadiers star on June 20.
record will show that Kershaw relieved Johnson
on the evening of June 18, not June 17.) Each

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 29

NORMAN a Canadian
may have
WIARDS invented
the civil
UNIQUE wars best
fieldpiece
CANNON BY RONALD
D. EVANS
ALL SORTS OF NEW WEAPONS
were developed during the Civil War. Breechloading rifles,
repeating rifles, and metal-cased ammunition all made their
mark on battlefields. But such innovations were not limited to
small arms. One inventor in particular, Norman Wiard, devel-
oped a number of cannons and boat howitzers that incorporated
new ideas. Two fieldpieces that he developed, a 6-pounder rifle
and a 12-pounder smoothbore, were particularly ingenious and
innovative.
For example, Wiard applied the concept of interchangeable
parts to the wheels of his gun carriages. Typical wheels were
made as one unit, so if a wheel was damaged in battle or transit,
it had to be replaced in its entirety. But Wiards wheels were
made in a series of sections, with a set of spokes attached to a
felloe, the arched pieces that made up the wheels circumfer-
ence, which were held together by bolts and wedges. During a
demonstration, Wiard handed an ax to an artillery officer and
told him to destroy the wheels of his gun as fast as he could. The
officer vigorously hacked away, but Wiard calmly unbolted the
damaged portion of the wheel and replaced it with a spoke and
felloe combination. Interchangeable parts for small arms were
common during the Civil War, but no one had ever seen inter-
changeable wooden wheel parts.
Wiard, a foundry foreman originally from Ontario, Canada,
came from a family of blacksmiths and metalworkers, and had
been an inventor his whole life. Before the war, he obtained a
patent for a steam-powered boat that could transport passengers
and cargo over ice and snowdrifts. He also patented a steamship
boiler that he sold to the U.S. and Japanese governments for
$72,000 and $80,000, respectively. The boiler was placed on all
32 U.S. warships.
During the Civil War, Wiard served as the Union Armys
superintendent of ordnance stores, which placed him in intimate
contact with the long arm of the battlefield. Frustrated that Fed-
eral forces were using no less than nine different calibers of rifle
and smooth-bore guns he developed two unique cannons he
believed would be viable alternatives to the Norths fieldpiece
needsa 2.6-inch 6-pounder rifle and a 4.62-inch smoothbore
12-pounder howitzer.
The barrels were made out of what he called semi-steel, a
mixture of low-carbon cast iron and scrap steel instead of just
iron. That meant the tubes could withstand the enormous pres-
sure of 110,000 pounds per square inchfar in excess of any
comparable field gun of the day. The 6-pounder rifle, for exam-

Inventor Norman Wiard made both 6-pounder rifles, like

this one, and 12-pounder howitzers. Both barrels could be
used interchangeably on the same size carriage. Most contemporary
cannons could elevate to five to ten degrees, but Wiards cannon could
elevate to 35 degrees to fire shells like a mortar, due to the carriages
unique construction. Both the front and rear sights contained crosshairs
for accurate aiming, and the rear sight could be adjusted for windage.

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 31

 A MAN AND HIS GUNS
Norm Wiard proudly poses with
a few of his innovative cannons
stored at the Washington Arsenal.
Wiard employed more than 1,000
workers at his Trenton, N.J.,
foundry. Despite the advantages of
his cannons, he sold only about
66 guns to the Union.

Union ordnance officers pose overlooking the

Potomac River with two of Wiards 6-pounder rifles.
32 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017
ple could fire a shell 800 yards with only one ounce of powder,
and up to 1,200 yards with two ounces. With a 12-ounce
charge of powder, the rifle could fire a shell for four miles, and
the shell would remain airborne for 34 seconds.
Wiard considered the physics of a cannons recoil. Object-
ing that carriage design had not changed much since the
French system of Gribeauval of 1765 and that many
axles are bent, broken, or twisted out and away from
their fastenings because of the guns tendency to
recoil jarringly, Wiard designed his cannon car-
riage with a large flat steel plate on the bottom
of the trail, with a perpendicular keel that would
cut into the earth. The plate allowed the gun to
slide freely when it recoiled, and the keel helped
the gun recoil straight back. Wiards guns kicked
back only an average of 20 inchesabout half
the recoil of a standard gun. The short distance,
and the straight recoil, helped gunners return the
cannon more quickly to its firing position and
aim it for another shot.
The carriages also had unusually high, wide-
spaced curved cheekpieces that rested directly
on the axles and permitted Wiards cannon bar-
rels to elevate to 35 degrees, much higher than the 5 and 10
degrees of elevation that most cannons could reach, allowing
the howitzers to function like mortars. Another advantage
was that both the 6-pounder and 12-pounder tubes fit on the
same carriage.
Wiard realized that by the second year of the war
more than 600 types of ammunition were being used
for Union artillery pieces. Wanting to standardize and
economize such projectiles, he designed his own.
His 6-pounder shell, for example, contained only
10 ounces of fine gunpowderrather than the
commonly used coarse powderand produced a
higher shrapnel count of 4060 pieces. A further
benefit was that Wiards 6-pounder shell could
be produced at less of a cost than any other
rifled projectile, and 80 of those rounds could be
Wiard was particular about the type of shells used
by his cannons, and preferred Hotchkiss-style pro-
jectiles, like this one, which he claimed his 6-pounder
rifles fired with wonderful precision. Hotchkiss
shells used a lead sabot, or ring, to engage the rifling.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 33
The illustrations on this page come from a treatise Wiard published in 1863 titled, Wiards System of
Field Artillery. In it, Wiard discussed the features and advantages of his cannon system, which he said
had been approved by the ablest officers of the day, and which will, I think, if common sense prevails,
revolutionize that worn-out routine system, which seems to act as a damper upon the inventive genius
of the country.... He also took the opportunity to lambast Brig. Gen. James Ripley for the wretched
mismanagement which distinguishes the Army Ordnance Department.... His Wiard wheels, as he called
them, were made out of separate parts held together by bolts and wedges. An artilleryman with the aid
of a suitable wrench, claimed Wiard, could rotate a battle-damaged wheel until the mangled section was
accessible, and then insert new parts, which, after a proper setting up of the bolts, make the wheel as
complete as before. Wiards canister round, upper right, was carefully designed so it would not catch
the spiral grooves of a rifled barrel, which would distort the pattern of the canister shot.

34 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

carried on a single limber chest as opposed to only 40 for
standard guns.
Firing canister from rifled guns had always been problem-
atic, as centrifugal force caused the round to revolve with such
velocity that the shot would spread in every direction after
leaving the muzzle. But Wiards canister round consisted of
two end-castings sandwiched around nine intermediate cast-
ings, with the shot completely encased within. A wire running
internally through the length of the canister held the castings
together, tightened at each end by bolts. The canister case
was designed with rounded edges so that only a minute area
touched the rifling when the gun was fired. Consequently,
the charge would not expand into the rifling, distorting the
shots pattern.
Despite the proven advantages of Wiards cannons and
carriages, both Brig. Gen. James W. Ripley, chief of ordnance
for the Union Army, and Brig. Gen. William F. Barry, chief
of artillery for the Army of the Potomac, preferred the more
traditional Parrott rifles and 3-inch ordnance rifles, mean-
ing only 11 Union batteries would be equipped with Wiard
cannons. All saw heavy action, however. On October 1, 1862,
Brig. Gen. Franz Sigel wrote to Wiard that the mobility,
accuracy, and rangetogether with their remarkable facility
for adjustment and repair on the field, were the subject of
This drawing shows a Wiard cannon hitched to a
limber. The shoe in front of the wheel was used
as a brake to slow the cannon during descents.
As illustrated, it could be slid under one wheel
to stop its rotation. The curved cheekpieces set
high above the axle allowed the barrel to elevate
like a mortar. Interestingly, the elevating screw
passing through the cascabel is a feature that
is not found on surviving Wiard rifles.
general remark among officers and men. In my judgement,
the Wiard guns and equipment are superior to any field artil-
lery I have ever seen in service.
Captain A.C. Johnson of the 12th Ohio used his Wiard
guns at the 1862 battles of McDowell, Cross Keys, White
Sulphur Springs, and Second Bull Run. At Cross Keys he
reported firing at least 600 rounds from his Wiards. One had
the wood cover of the iron axle, but the gun continued to fire
another 200 rounds with no additional damage to the axle
or the carriage. Johnson considered the accuracy of the guns
unequaled, and also appreciated their shorter recoil.
Although his guns were not widely accepted during the
war, Wiard stayed in arms production after the conflict, and
had a successful career. He died in 1896 at age 71. A number
of Wiard guns survive and can be seen displayed on the bat-
tlefields at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Fredericksburg, Pea Ridge,
Petersburg, and at West Point.
Ronald D. Evans writes from Hillsborough, N.J. He retired
after 38 years on Wall Street, and enjoys competitive black
powder shooting and historical research.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 35
 WOULD P.G.T.
LEAD
THE A.o.T.?

pierre gustave toutant beauregard
almost took command of the army
of tennessee in 1864. almost.

BY STE P H E N DAV IS

Atlanta gone, Mary Boykin Chesnut wrote in her diary in early September 1864. Wellthat
agony is over.
With that blunt statement, Chesnut summarized how many in the embattled Confederacy digested
the news that General John Bell Hoods Army of Tennessee had evacuated Atlanta on September 1,
allowing Union Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman to move in and capture the city the following day.
To be sure, Hood had struck manly blows to somehow save Atlanta that summer, as President
Jefferson Davis later remarked. Yet both Davis and Hood came in for their share of criticism for the
disaster: Hood for not preventing Shermans forces from finally taking the city after a bloody, four-
month campaign; Davis for his decision to relieve cautious General Joseph E. Johnston as Army of
Tennessee commander on July 17 and replace him with the more aggressive Hood.
General Robert E. Lee, who had commanded Hood in the Army of Northern Virginia earlier in the
war, was among those not confident Hood was up to the task. As Davis began contemplating replac-
ing Johnston, Lee expressed reluctance. When the president asked him about Hood, Lee pointedly
answered that Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee had more experience. Then, on July 15, after the Confeder-
ate Cabinet had voted unanimously to relieve Johnston, Lee informed Secretary of War James Seddon
that he was against the move, that if Johnston could not command an army, we had no one who could.
Lee, however, held his tongue after Atlanta fell; others did not. Some historians have exaggerated
this storm of criticism against Hood, as T. Harry Williams characterized it. In his 1955 biography
of General P.G.T. Beauregard, Napoleon in Gray, Williams wrote without citing a source: At Hoods
camp many of his generals said openly that he should be replaced by Johnston or Beauregard.
Yet Davis did in fact appoint Beauregard to a high position in the Western Theater. How that came
about is an interesting story, one whose chief element has long been overlooked.

36 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

 CREOLE COMMANDER
Pierre Gustave Toutant
Beauregard deserves more
recognition for his capable
leadership. His disagreements
with Jefferson Davis helped
to dim his reputation.

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 37

 BEAUREGARD HAD
BECOME DISSATISFIED
WITH HIS ROLE IN THE
CONFEDERATE COMMAND
STRUCTURE WELL
BEFORE ATLANTAS
FALL IN SEPTEMBER.
He wanted to lead a field army, as he had done in 1861-62 at
places like Manassas and Shiloh. But he had been passed over
since then. My greatest desire has always been to command a
good army in the field, he wrote a friend on August 30, 1864.
Will I never be gratified?
By the fall of 1864, in fact, he would have settled for just
about any departmental post beyond Virginia. As commander
of the Department of Southern Virginia and North Carolina
at this stage of the war, his headquarters were at Petersburg,
Va., where he exercised no real authority with Robert E. Lee
so close. Because Lee probably was aware of this, and might
ATLANTA IS GONE
Iron wheels are about all that is left of
General John B. Hoods ordnance train,
destroyed during the evacuation of the
important Confederate city.
38 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017
also have wanted to let him transfer from Virginia, he sug-
gested in early September that Beauregard head to Wilming-
ton, N.C., on an inspection tour. It was beneficial that North
Carolina Governor Zebulon Vance had expressed interest in
having the Creole take charge of the Wilmington defenses.
The administrations uncertainty as to Hoods future plans
after the fall of Atlanta led to another possibility: Davis, as
he had done with Joe Johnston in 1862-63, was considering
creating a super-department in the West and putting Beaure-
gard in charge of itmeaning, over Hoods Army of Tennes-
see and also over Lt. Gen. Richard Taylors forces in Alabama
and Mississippi. Not only would Beauregard get away from
Virginia and Lee while gaining a position of respectable,
though nebulous, authority, Davis would now have an experi-
enced general to look over Hoods shoulder.
Some historians, such as Williams, Tom Connelly, and Jack
Davis, claim that the president asked Lee to find out whether
Beauregard would accept such an assignment. They base that
claim, however, on suspect evidence, assuming that Davis
asked Lee to talk with Beauregard because of a remarkable
letter Lee had written to the president on September 19, 1864.
Not one of Hoods three principal biographersOConnor
(1949), Dyer (1950), or McMurry (1982)even mentions
the letter (printed below), though it was an obvious effort
by Lee to persuade Davis to relieve Hood and
replace him with Beauregard.
Mr. President. I have had conversation with
General Beauregard with reference to the
army and operations in Georgia, Lee began
his letter, indicating by his choice of words
that he might well have approached Beaure-
gard on his own.
Lee continued:
I have endeavored particularly to explain
to him the necessity of the commander in
Georgia developing the latent resources of
the department, drawing to him all absentees
from the army, concentrating its strength,
restoring its confidence, and, in a word, cre-
ating the means with which he must operate
against the enemy and the impracticability at
present of giving him any extraneous aid.
That pretty much sums up the Confederates
situation in Georgia after the loss of Atlanta.
Strengthening and bolstering his forces for
future operations was what Lee had done after
Gettysburg with the Army of Northern Vir-
ginia. His implication here, that General Hood
lacked the administrative ability and energy to
do the same for the Army of Tennessee, reminds
one of Lees remark to Davis the previous July:
Hood is a bold fighter. I am doubtful as to
other qualities necessary.
Of all this he is fully sensible, and while
strongly impressed with the responsibility of
the station and fearful of not being equal to
the present emergency, being anxious to do all
in his power to serve the country, he says he
will obey with alacrity any order of the War
Department placing him in command of that
army, and do his best to expel the enemy.
The words of that army are important. If WHAT TO DO?
Davis and Lee had had any conversation about President Davis, left,
bringing Beauregard to Georgia, it would cer- had a mess on his
tainly not have been about his taking charge of hands in the Western
the Army of Tennessee. Jefferson Davis had too
Theater. General Hood,
much pride to admit that he had made a mistake
in replacing Joe Johnston with Hood. Besides, as
center, had lost Atlanta
Robert Kean (head of the War Bureau in Rich- and thousands of men
mond) had written a few months before, when with his aggressive
the government wrestled over who could suc- tactics. Did the Army of
ceed Joe Johnston, the only solution is to send Tennessee need a new
Beauregard, but the President thinks as ill of him commander? General
as of Johnston. No, to change generals twice in Robert E. Lee, right,
two months was something Jefferson Davis was wrote a letter to Davis
fundamentally incapable of doing. on September 18, 1864,
So if the president was not considering replac- preserved in the Official
ing Hood with Beauregard, one must conclude Records of the War of
that this was Robert E. Lees own idea. Entering
the realm of presidential decision-making was
the Rebellion, Vol., 39.2,
most uncharacteristic of Lee. That he evidently p. 846, that indicates
did so here suggests Lees sense of urgency for he thought Beauregard
the situation in Georgia, and for the cause in should lead that resil-
general. Yet the mannerly way in which Lee ient force.
couched his recommendation of Beauregard was
very characteristic:
Should you deem, therefore, a change in the
commander of the army in Georgia advan-
tageous, and select General Beauregard for
that position, I think you may feel assured
that he understands the general condition of
affairs, and the difficulties with which they
are surrounded, and the importance of exert-
ing all his energies for their improvement.
Two things seem evident here. By saying,
A change in the commander of the army in
Georgia.and select General Beauregard for
that position, Lee wanted to make absolutely
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 39

OLD ARMY Beauregard was an 1838 West Point graduate with
a good pre-Civil War military resume, including Mexican War
service. In this image, taken early in the Civil War, he still wears
his United States Army uniform with majors shoulder straps.
certain the president knew that he was not recommending
Beauregard for a loose supervisory role over Hood, but that he
was recommending that Beauregard replace Hood. By adding,
You may feel assured, Lee wanted to convince Davis that
Beauregard knew the challenges of the situation in Georgia
and felt capable of facing them.
40 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017
Having made his recommendation that Beauregard be
sent to Georgia, Lee took the additional step of suggesting
that when the Louisianan went out west he take with him
his chief of staff, chief quartermaster, and a few other officers.
His chief of staff and quartermaster are conversant with that
army and country, he added. (Notice that throughout his let-
ter Lee has not named that army, much less identified Gen-
eral Hood as the commander to be replaced. But his intent is
unmistakable.)
Lee closed in his usual gentlemanly style: Committing
this whole subject now to your Excellencys good judgement,
I am with great respect, your obedient servant, R.E. Lee,
General.
R
einforcing Lees remarkable letter is a memorandum
drafted and signed by Beauregard himself on Septem-
ber 19. Probably at Lees request and after their con-
versation, Beauregard composed the memo, using just such
language (anxious to do all in my power; obey with alac-
rity) as Lee used in his letter to the president. And like Lee,
Beauregard never referred to the Army of Tennessee, stating
only that he was ready to follow any War Department order
which may put me in command of that army.
There is no evidence that Davis acknowledged or replied
to this letter, which arrived just as the president was preparing
to leave for Georgia. In the last week of September, Davis
would visit Hood and discuss strategic plans; deal with Gen.
William J. Hardees request for transfer to another command;
and deliver uplifting speeches to the people at whistlestops
along the way. Coincidentally, on September 20, John B.
Jones, the War Department clerk, entered into his diary after
noting that Beauregard was in Wilmington, [T]he whole
country is calling for his appointment to the command of
the army in Georgia. Jones was no doubt being hyperbolic in
declaring the whole country, but the fact that Robert E. Lee
was calling for such an appointment is undeniable.
Davis, however, was unswayed. It is apparent that even
before he met with Hood, Davis had decided to appoint
Beauregard as commander of a new Military Division of the
West, comprising Hoods Department of Tennessee with
Richard Taylors Department of East Louisiana, Mississippi,
and Alabama. Davis informed Hood of his decision during
his visit to the Army of Tennessee at Palmetto, Ga., from
September 25-27. Nevertheless, some of Hoods men talked
of a change in the armys leadership. An Alabama officer,
Benjamin L. Posey, who penned occasional columns for the
Mobile Advertiser & Register, wrote the paper after Davis had
left Palmetto. I am informed by a friend, who has the run
of Headquarters secrets, Posey divulged, that Gen. Hood is
to remain in command. The reason assigned is, that time is
precious, and there is not time to get a successor.
After explaining his idea for Beauregards military division
to Hood, the president traveled to Montgomery, where he did
the same to Dick Taylor. Then he headed back east, meeting
Beauregard in Augusta, Ga., and laying out the plan. Despite
his wish for a field command, the Creole accepted his new
appointment.
In the meantime, someone let the cat out of the bag. A
Savannah newspaper, the Republican, reported that, accord-

ing to the Charleston Mercury, President Davis
has tendered to Gen. Beauregard the command
of the Army of Tennessee. This result, it learns,
has been brought about by the earnest inter-
vention and counsel of General Lee. We hail
with delight this announcement, the Republi-
can declared, because the appointment of this
gallant chieftain will have the effect of inspir-
ing confidence among the troops of that army.
Others chimed in. It is deemed certain that
Gen. Beauregard will go to Georgia, declared
the Augusta Chronicle & Sentinel on Septem-
ber 30; this is an auspicious sign. But then
the press backtracked. The Mercury opined on
September 26 that the President has gone to
the army in Georgia to endeavor to arrange mat-
ters without putting General BEAUREGARD
in commandthat is, to reconcile, if possible,
the army to General Hoods continuation in its
command.
That is exactly what happened. Davis kept
Hood, and Beauregard watched over Hoods
next campaign, which would take the Army of
Tennessee into its home state and to the battle-
fields of Franklin and Nashville.
W
e will never know whether Beauregard JUST FOR MEN
would have done better than Hood in Beauregard suffered
command of the Army of Tennessee from a number of
following Atlantas capture. A few years ago, the illnesses during the
Civil War community was pleasantly surprised
by news that a descendant, Stephen M. Hood,
war, including a chronic
had discovered a previously unknown cache of
throat ailment that
John Bell Hoods personal papers. Those papers required surgery
have since been published, allowing us to learn a in early 1862. The
noticeable change in his
great deal more about Hood. We also will con-
tinue to learn even more about Hood by re-read- hair color, evident in
ing the documents that have already been before the two wartime images
us for more than 100 years. above, was not caused
by illness or stress,
however, but reportedly
because the hardships
of war played havoc on
Longtime Atlantan Stephen Davis is author of
the regular delivery of
several books on the Atlanta Campaign, including his hair dye.
What the Yankees Did to Us: Shermans
Bombardment and Wrecking of Atlanta
(2012). Retired from his day job, he currently
serves as book reviews editor for Civil War News,
a monthly newspaper for enthusiasts.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 41
 STONE HOUSE
Used as a hospital at
both Bull Run battles

42 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

P L A C E S O F

SACRIFICE
AND COURAGE

SECOND MANASSAS HIKING TRAILS
TAKE YOU FROM RAILROAD CUTS
TO BEAUTIFUL STONE HOMES

BY DAVID T. GILBERT

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 43

 
ROBERT TILNEY, A VETERAN OF Army of the
Potomacs 5th Corps, perhaps said it best when he wrote: How
often the words Cruel War, are uttered, and how glibly peo-
ple beyond the reach of its influence talk of the misery caused
by itbut not one thousandth part of the real misery is even
guessed at by those who are not eye witnesses of its horrors.
Other soldiers shared this profound and deeply felt sentiment,
including a Confederate veteran of Shiloh who wrote, O it
was too shocking too horrible. God grant that I may never be
the partaker in such scenes again.When released from this I
shall ever be an advocate of peace.
Historians estimate that about 10,500 engagements occurred
during the Civil War, ranging from major battles to minor skir-
mishes. While only a small percentage of thousands of related
sites have been preserved, hiking across these landscapes pro-
vides a crucial connection with the soldiers who fought there.
By visiting these places and walking their trails, you are passing
across the same fields and woods, hills and valleys, roads and
rock outcroppings, and rivers and streams that significantly
influenced the strategy and tactics of each battle.
Connecting with battlefields and the stories they tell, and
with the social, economic, and political events that swirled
around them is essential to understanding their legacy. The
Civil War touched the lives of every American at the time, and
it continues to do so today. The legacy forged by the war forms
a seamless web of American values, traditions, and priorities.
Spend time in one of these places, read a book about the events
that happened there, and walk in a soldiers footsteps across
a landscape once stained with blood. We should honor their
commitment to battle by ensuring such a tragic war never hap-
pens again. The trails highlighted in this article will take you
across the Second Battle of Manassas (Second Bull Run), a
momentous fight that changed the course of the war.

44 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

 ARTILLERY POSITION
ON HENRY HILL
Union troops held
this ground during
the 1862 fighting.

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 45

 
THE SECOND HALF OF 1862 WITNESSED INCREASINGLY
bloody battles. After Maj. Gen. George B. McClellans retreat from Richmond at the
bitter,

end of the Seven Days Battles, President Abraham Lincoln divided the Union forces in
Virginia into two armies. He reluctantly left McClellan in charge of the Army of the
Potomac, which had withdrawn to Harrisons Landing along the James River. But he
stripped Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowells 1st Corps from McClellan and combined it with
the armies of Maj. Gen. John Frmont and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel Banks from western
Virginia, forming the Army of Virginia under Maj. Gen. John Pope.
Confederate General Robert E. Lee, satisfied that McClellans army posed no further
threat to Richmond, ordered Lt. Gen. Thomas Stonewall Jacksons wing of the Army
of Northern Virginia to block Popes advance toward Gordonsville and the Virginia
Central Railroad. But Lee had larger plans in mind. Since the armies of both McClellan
and Pope were now widely separated, he saw an opportunity to destroy Popes forces
before turning his attention back to McClellan. When he learned that McClellans army
was departing the Virginia Peninsula to join forces with Pope in early August 1862, Lee
ordered Lt. Gen. James Longstreets wing to join Jackson.
In a daring move, Lee ordered Jackson to execute a sweeping flank march across the
Rappahannock River and around Popes right on August 25. By sunset on the following
day, the Confederates had completed a remarkable 55-mile march, striking the Orange
& Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station in Popes rear and subsequently capturing
Popes supply depot at Manassas Junction. With their line of supply in jeopardy, the
Union forces abruptly abandoned their position along the Rappahannock and retreated
north to pursue Jackson.
As the Union forces advanced on Manassas Junctionscene of the bloody First Bat-
tle of Bull Run the previous yearJackson slipped away, deploying his forces along an
unfinished railroad grade north of the Warrenton Turnpike near Groveton. Longstreets
column was just a day behind him. The two wings of Lees army totaled about 55,000
men. Popes Army of Virginia, composed of three divisions, totaled 51,000 men.
Fighting at Second Manassas began about 6:30 p.m. on August 28, as a Federal col-
umn advanced east along the Warrenton Turnpike near John Brawners farm. Jackson,
concerned that Pope might be withdrawing his army behind Bull Run to link up with
McClellan, ordered his men to attack. Savage fighting at the Brawner Farm lasted until
dark, with neither side gaining an advantage.
Pope believed that Jackson was attempting to escape; he ordered his scattered forces
to converge on the Confederate line along the unfinished railroad grade, where fighting

46 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

 HENRY HILL
The current
Henry House is a
reproduction. It was
a ruin by the time
of Second Manassas.

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 47

48 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017
 
resumed on August 29. He was certain he could
destroy Jacksons forces before Lee and Long-
street could intervene. Throughout the day, in a
series of uncoordinated attacks, Pope hurled his
men against the Confederates. In several places
the assaults momentarily breached Jacksons
line, but each time the Federals were pushed
back. During the afternoon, Longstreets troops
arrived on the battlefield and, unknown to Pope,
deployed on Jacksons right. Lee urged Long-
street to attack the exposed Union left flank,
but Old Pete demurred, arguing that circum-
stances did not yet favor an assault.
The morning of August 30 was quiet as
Pope pondered conflicting reports on the ene-
mys disposition and intentions. Around mid-
day, still convinced that the Confederates were
retreating, the Union commander ordered his
army forward in pursuit. The pursuit ended
quickly. Skirmishers found Jacksons forces still
ensconced along the unfinished railroad grade.
Pope then ordered another assault against Jack-
sons line, sending Maj. Gen. Fitz-John Porters
5th Corps, supported by Maj. Gen. John Hatchs
division, against the Confederate right flank at
the Deep Cut, an excavated section of the rail-
road grade. The Federals succeeded in breaking
the Confederate line, but the Stonewall Brigade
rushed in to close the breach. In one of the most
notable incidents of the battle, two Confeder-
ate brigades ran out of ammunition and began
throwing large rocks at the 24th New York
Infantry. Jacksons men, with support from 18
artillery pieces on high ground near the Brawner
Farm, finally repulsed the Union assault, throw-
ing it back with heavy losses.
At this moment, Lee and Longstreet seized
the initiative and launched a massive counter-
attack against the weakened Union left flank.
Longstreets wing, nearly 30,000 strong, swept
eastward toward Chinn Ridge. A brief, futile
stand by the 5th and 10th New York ended in
slaughter. In five minutes the 5th New York lost
123 menthe greatest loss of life in any single
infantry regiment in any battle of the war. Union
forces on Chinn Ridge mounted a tenacious
defense, which bought Pope enough time to
shift troops onto Henry Hill and stave off disas-
UNFINISHED ter. At 8 p.m., Pope pulled his beaten army off
RAILROAD CUT the field and retreated eastward across Bull Run.
Estimated Union casualties from the battle were
Desperate Rebel troops 13,830 killed or wounded; the Confederates lost
held this position. 8,350 men. With Union forces in total disarray,
Lee grasped the opportunity to launch his first
invasion of the North, advancing across the Poto-
mac River into Maryland in early September.

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 49

THE DEEP CUT
Scene of serious
Second Bull Run
fighting.

50 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

 
MANASSAS NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD PARK has more than 40 miles of trails, traversing key areas
of both the First and Second Manassas battlefields. Opportunities exist for both short and extended hikes. The hikes
are easy to moderate, with steep climbs along the banks of Bull Run, and many include trailside interpretive markers
describing the battle action that occurred at a particular spot. Hikers should begin at the visitor center on Henry Hill.

SECOND MANASSAS TRAIL (6.2 MILES) This walking trail leads visitors through the climactic stages of the Second Battle
of Manassas. The trail begins at the visitor center and heads north past the Stone House (open seasonally) to Buck Hill,
where General Pope established his headquarters. From Matthews Hill, visitors can look west to the area of the unfin-
ished railroad where Stonewall Jackson placed his Confederate forces. The trail continues along this unfinished rail-
road bed, leading to a clearing at the Deep Cutthe
scene of a bloody battle where Jacksons troops turned
back a major Union assault. The trail then turns south
and passes the Lucinda Dogan House (one of three
surviving Civil Warera structures in the park). Mov-
ing across the road, the trail winds uphill toward New
York Avenue. Monuments mark the site where the
5th and 10th New York Infantry were slaughtered in
a massive Confederate counterattack that swept east-
ward toward Chinn Ridge. After touring the Chinn
Ridge area, the trail leads back to Henry Hill, where
the last fighting of the three-day battle occurred.
BRAWNER FARM LOOP TRAIL (1.6 MILES) This trail
begins at the Brawner Farm parking area off Pageland
Lane (Auto Tour Stop 1). It crosses historic farmland
and the scene of some of the deadliest fighting on the
battles opening day. The trail follows a paved path
down to the Brawner Farm Interpretive Center (open
MarchNovember) and then continues east along the Union battle line. A short side trail leads up to Battery Heights,
where Captain Joseph Campbell unlimbered the cannon of the 4th U.S. Artillery, Battery B. The trail loops back via the
Confederate position, following the battle line once occupied by the Stonewall Brigade.
CHINN RIDGE TRAIL (1.0 MILE) This trail begins at the Chinn Ridge parking area (Auto Tour Stop 10). The paved path,
which is wheelchair accessible, traverses an area that witnessed heavy fighting on August 30. Interpretive signs tell the
story of Union troops who made a desperate stand on Chinn Ridge and blunted Longstreets massive Confederate coun-
terattack. Near the conclusion of the trail, visitors pass a monument dedicated to Colonel Fletcher Webster of the 12th
Massachusetts, killed in action on Chinn Ridge. He was the son of noted orator Daniel Webster. The paved trail returns
to the parking lot via the same path.
DEEP CUT LOOP TRAIL (1.2 MILES) This trail, which starts at the Deep Cut parking area (Auto Tour Stop 7), passes through
the unfinished railroad bed to a clearing at the Deep Cutthe scene of a bloody battle in which Stonewall Jacksons
troops repulsed a major Union assault on August 30. It was here that the Confederate brigades of Colonels Bradley
Johnson and Leroy Stafford ran out of ammunition and resorted to throwing large rocks at the men of the 24th New
York Infantry, prompting some of the surprised New Yorkers to throw them back.
UNFINISHED RAILROAD LOOP TRAIL (1.2 MILES) This trail begins at the Unfinished Railroad parking area off Featherbed
Lane (Auto Tour Stop 6). It then heads northeast along the unfinished railroad bed, where Jackson placed his Confed-
erate troops. Interpretive markers discuss the bayonet charge by Brig. Gen.Cuvier Grovers Union brigade on August 29,
which briefly punctured the Confederate defensive line. Before looping back to the parking lot, hikers have the option of
continuing down the railroad bed via the Sudley Connector Trail to Sudley Church, which served as the Confederates
left flank at Second Manassas.

This article is excerpted from Civil War Battlefields: Walking the Trails of History, by Rizzoli International Publications
Inc., www.rizzoliusa.com. 2017. An avid hiker, Winchester, Va., resident David T. Gilbert has previously written about
hiking trails and early industry at Harpers Ferry, W. Va.

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 51

 The war in their words
A CONFEDERATE SURGEON
KEPT HIS FAITH IN HIS CAUSE
DURING THE WARS LAST DAYS
BY SUSA NNAH J. URAL
r. Francis Marion Robert-
son was a prominent fig-
ure in Charleston, S.C.,
when the Civil War began.
A politically active Whig
and friend of Henry Clay,
Robertson was an early supporter of secession
who would serve the Confederacy along with
his five sons. Robertson had some military train-
inghe attended the U.S. Military Academy at
West Point from 1822 to 1826, though he did
not graduate, and he led a militia company in the
Second Seminole War.
Much of his adult life, however, was dedicated
to studying medicine, first under a physician
in Augusta, Ga., later at Charlestons Medical
College of South Carolina, and finally in his
own thriving practice in Charleston, where he
emerged as a leading researcher in the anesthetic
uses of chloroform and ether and often lectured
on obstetrics.
52 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017
When the Civil War began, Robertson served
as a surgeon of a militia company, and then in
the larger Confederate Medical Department. He
joined the Army Board of Medical Examiners
in 1862, and was head of medical care at Fort
Wagner later that year. By that fall, Robertson
was assigned the responsibility of advising army
doctors on major surgeries. In the final months
of the war, Robertson evacuated Charleston with
the Confederate forces that rushed northward to
join General Joseph E. Johnstons Army of Ten-
nessee in North Carolina.
Robertson kept a diary of these final months
of the war, during which he journeyed more than
900 miles, making his way to Richmond, Va.,
only to be sent home again. His writings capture
the collapse of the Confederacy, the Christian
faith that had sustained him throughout the war,
his concerns for his familys future, and his grow-
ing frustration with Confederate lead-
ers and with waning civilian support.
WAR AT THE DOORSTEP
Dr. Francis M. Robertson
watched as Union armies
marched into his beloved
Carolina Lowcountry
and headed toward his
Charleston home.

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 53

 N 2015, F.M. Robertsons great-great-grandson,
Thomas Heard Robertson Jr., published his relatives
1865 diary. The following are excerpts from that
publication, Resisting Sherman: A Confederate Surgeons
Journal and the Civil War in the Carolinas, 1865.

Saturday, February 11
The movements of Sherman in the direction of Columbia rendered the
evacuation of Charleston a military necessity. If he intended to cut the
communications with Charleston, by the different Rail Roads, we were
shut up in Charleston, cut off from all supplies, and the loss of the army
would be inevitable. Hence, in this event, the evacuation was necessary;
and its prompt execution became a matter of great importance. If on the
contrary, it was Shermans design to push on to Columbia, destroy every
thing there and make a rapid march upon Genl Lees rear, and cut his
communications by Rail Road, the evacuation was still more important,
in order to combine and concentrate our forces to give him battle, and
check his further progress. The evacuation having been determined on,
our Board [of Medical Examiners] was ordered to Columbia. Events
were hurried so rapidly upon one another, that I was compelled to go to
Cheraw, and then await the movements of Genl Hardees army.

Sunday, February 19
(two days after surrender and burning of Columbia)
I walked alone in the woods toward sundown.The laws of nature
seemed to be in harmonious action.How great the contrast on turning
to that moral world, in which man stands preeminent, among Gods crea-
tures for good or for evil. What sinwhat wickednesswhat discord
what a conflict of the baser passionswhat strifewhat bloodshedOh
that the wickedness of the wicked would come to an end! MY SOUL WAS
It was during this solitary walk that I felt the full force of the sudden
and rude shock which had, in a moment, severed all my domestic ties and
SHAKEN
driven me as a wanderer and refugee from my home and all its comforts,
WITH ANGUISH,
and those earthly endearments, which approximate the domestic circle, AND I WEPT
on earth, to that Heavenly inheritence [sic] which the blessed Redeemer AS FOR A
has promised to His followers. When I thought of my afflicted wife,
DEPARTED


broken in spirits and bodily health; of my dearest [daughter] Marion and
darling Annie [a young woman who lived in their household] left in the FIRST BORN
power of a relentless enemy, with no means of ascertaining their condi-
tionwhen I thought of my dear boysone in the hands of the enemy,
the others in different parts of our Armyof my young and tender [son]
Duncan, with the physical frame of a mere child; of Joe [young man who
lived in their household] almost left alone and helpless without a friend,
of [sons] Righton and Henry, separated from their dear familiesof

54 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017


[son] Jimmy, in command which would be made to bear
the brunt of battle in case of an engagementmy soul was
shaken with anguish, and I wept as for a departed first born.
Amid this solitudeI poured out my soul in earnest prayer
to that God Redeemer who is ever gracious to the repentant
and contrite sinner. He, and He, alone, knows when, if ever,
upon earth these broken ties are to be reunited. Let us abide
His time and bow to His dispensations and chastenings [sic].
Friday, February 24
Some soldiers belonging to the 5th, 32nd, and 47th Georgia
Infantry came to the house yesterday evening asking for
something to eat, and offering to purchase potatoes &c. The
family kindly furnished them with food. If these men are
without food, then there is a great fault somewhere and it
should be speedily corrected, as the whole country has been
CONFLAGRATION
Major General William
T. Shermans forces
occupied Columbia, S.C.,
on February 17, 1864, and
much of the town burned.
Retreating Rebels likely
started most of the
blazes, but Federal troops
also played a hand in
some of the destruction.
stripped of subsistence by the government, and commissary
stores are now accumulated in large quantities at Florence
and this place. This matter should be looked into and the
people, who have barely reserved sufficient subsistence for
the non combattants [sic] thrown upon them, should be
relieved from the straggling bands, by proper enforcement
of discipline and care, on the part of the officers.I fear,
from what I can gather from the straggling soldiers, that our
troops are greatly dispirited, and are beginning to fail in self
reliance. Oh for a living and energizing faith to bring our
people up to the high standard of our cause.
Friday, March 3
I was aroused at half past one oclock A.M. by a message
that trains were in motion.I packed in a hurry, and was
off in a moment, for the fieldcrossed the brigade [over
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 55
 WHAT A TERRIBLE THING WAR IS....
IT SEEMS TO WIPE OUT THE EXISTENCE
OF GOD AND THE SABBATH
the Great Pee Dee River] at daylightmade four miles over
terrible roads and stopped to feed and breakfast at 10 oclock
A.M. We had scarcely unhitched our animals when heavy
artillery firing, with musketry, was heard in the direction of
Cheraw. Supposed to be an engagement between our rear
guard and the advance of Sherman. We resumed our march
at 12 oclock and continued it until 2 oclock P.M., when we
encamped for the night, to allow the trains, and troops in
the rear, to come up.
Sunday, March 5
Resumed my journey with the Army toward Bostwicks
Mills, about fourteen miles from Rockingham, in the
direction of Asheboro. Weather clear windy and cold. Heard
artillery firing in our rear about 11 oclock. What a terrible
thing war isand above all this war. Besides the destruction
of human life, and the utter devastation of the Country, it
seems to wipe out the existence of God and the Sabbath. I
was surprised at the number who did not really know that it
was the Sabbath. Swearing is a crying sin in the Army. How
shocking, on this sacred day, to hear the terrible oaths that
are poured forth on all sides.
Wednesday, March 8
Left the renowned city of Carthage at 6 1/2 oclock A.M.
and bid adieu to the consuming of apple jack and feminine
representation of the [snuff ] dipper class. The road to Fay-
etteville had once been a plank road, but was now in a dilap-
itated [sic] condition; but with the labor of the pioneer corps
under the engineers, which preceded us, it was better than
the ordinary dirt road. It rained all day. Made nineteen miles
and encamped at a place called Johnsonville. It consisted
of one house and a store. It rained and blew at such a rate
that we could, with difficulty, get dinner and supper, which
are usually compressed into one. Our mess had purchased
some chickens at $5 a piece, and eggs at $3 per dozenand
we finally had rather a better dinner than usual. The house
was occupied by a Mrs. Morrison, whose husband was in
Genl Lees army. She kindly gave Major [S.L.] Black and
myself a bed to sleep in, and put Major [ John H.] Scriven
on the floor on a comfortable pallet, and would not receive a
cent from either of us. This was very kind, but she not only
dipped but actually had a quid of the genuine Virginia weed
stored away in her cheek. I was on the point of asking her
if she had a tumor in her cheek, when it suddenly shifted to
the opposite side, and save me from an unpleasant dilemma.
56 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017
Sunday, March 12
[approaching Raleigh]
Arrived at Mrs. Banks at 3 oclock P.M. Like all persons
on the road she was evidently expecting to be plundered by
the Yankees and seems to have stripped her house of all the
good furniture and bedding, leaving just sufficient to give
the house and premises the appearance of belonging to a
person in very moderate circumstances. She had secreted
all her valuables and provisions, merely leaving sufficient
to make a fair show, as she intended to remain herself. She
had several sons and one son-in-law, who should have been
in the regular army. They are fine-looking, hearty, robust
and young. They belong to what is termed, in North Caro-
lina, the home guard, and I have no doubt they will guard
their homes until the Yankees come, and then take their
heels and skulk in some hiding place instead of meeting the
foe like true men.
The old lady asked my opinion about the ultimate success
of our cause. I unreservedly expressed my firm belief in our
ultimate triumph, and spoke in terms of censure of those
who for a respite from the present hardships of the war were
willing to surrender, and go back into the old union. She
replied, evidently looking upon the dark side, that she hoped
we would succeed, but she always thought it was wrong
to remove the old flag. God said we must not remove the
ancient landmarks. This remark and an attempt to justify it
by a bungling quotation from scripture, shows the superfi-
cial view that many take of this great struggle.
Monday, March 13
Arrived at Raleigh at 2 oclock P. M. and stopped at the Yar-
borough House. Had a tolerable dinner but it is a dirty and
filthy Hotel. I reported to Genl Johnson immediately. He
gave me an order to report to the Surgeon General in Rich-
mond; I shall probably leave tomorrow at 1 oclock P.M.
Thursday, March 16
At daylight had only progressed eleven miles from Danville.
Still raining and blowing. It commenced clearing off before
midday, and it was a great relief to the respiratory organs to
raise the [train] windows and inhale the pure air. When we
approached the junction of the Southern Rail Road from
Petersburg, with the Richmond & Danville Road, we saw
the evidences of strife in the burnt houses, tanks and bent
iron.Arrived at Richmond at 1 oclock P.M.
 ON THE MOVE
The dots on the map indicate
locations Dr. Robertson mentioned
in his diary. Major General William
T. Sherman began his Carolinas
Friday, March 17 Campaign in early February 1865,
leading three armies of about 90,000
Reported to the Surgeon General at 10 oclock this morning. He was men against 15,000 Confederates.
polite.I took a seat and had a long chat with him. Upon receiving my The Battle of Averasboro, N.C., took
communication from Florence enclosing [Dr. James Edwards] Holbrooks
resignation and stating that I could not get to Columbia, the board was
place on March 16 and resulted in
dissolved and Dr. [Francis Turquand] Miles and myself ordered to report
some 1,500 casualties, including
to [Dr. N.S.] Crowell for hospital duty. I told him it was probable I Robertsons son, 2nd Lt. James L.
should not be able to find Dr. Crowell. He directed me to go to Chester, Robertson, who was shot in the leg.
and if I could not find Crowell, to report back to him by letter. He volun-
tarily told me that, as I had been broken up in my family arrangements,
I could take as much time as I desired to arrange my affairs. He gave me

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 57

CHILDREN
Dr. Robertson fretted
for his familys safety.
His daughter, Henrietta
Marion Robertson, was
at home during the war.
Son James, or Jimmy,
served in the 1st South
Carolina Regular
Artillery. Dr. Robertson
had the odd experience
of treating his wounded
son after the Battle of
Averasboro.

I AM THANKFUL TO THE GOOD PROVIDENCE

THAT HAS SPARED JIMMYS LIFE


IN A CONTEST IN WHICH SO MANY HAVE
FALLEN TO RISE NO MORE

transportation to Chester. I wrote my dear wife a short open letterall
that was admissible, through Coln [Robert] Ould, the commissioner of
exchange, to go by way of New York, by the flag of truce boat. God grant
that it may get to her. Called upon the paymaster and Quarter Master,
and drew my pay up to the 1st of March and commutation for quarters
and fuel up to the day I left Charleston. This was a lucky hit.
Saturday, March 18
Settled my bill at the Spotswood, which was $105 for self and servant
[slave, Henry Sutcliff ], and left Richmond yesterday evening at half past
six oclock. Cars literally packed, inside and out, with returned prisoners,
who have just arrived by the flag of truce boat. Fell in company with Mr.
Baggot from our City who had been in prison sixteen months, also Lieut.
[ J.] Hopkins and Mr. Williams, both of Charleston, who had just been
released. I was indebted to them for a seat. When the cars were opened,
Williams & Hopkins rushed in, secured seats and then hoisted the window
and drew Baggott and myself through it into the car. Without a resort to
this expedient, I should have been left in Richmond another night.
Sunday, March 19
The Raleigh train arrived at one oclock P.M. and, to my surprise, I found
[son] Jimmy on board, with a number of others, wounded. There had
been a severe engagement near Averysboro [sic] about twenty-eight miles
from Fayetteville on Thursday the 16th inst.
lasting about six hours
Jimmy was wounded by a minie ballpassing
obliquely through the calf of the left leg. The
wound is painful but, I trust, not dangerous. I
am too thankful to the good Providence that
has spared his life in a contest in which so many
have fallen to rise no more. It was providential
that I was detained here, as it will enable me to
take him on with me to Chester, and take charge
of his case myself. Liets. [Eldred S.] Fickling
and [Thomas Price] Mikell, Mr. Jenkins Mikells
son, determined to go on with us. Fickling was
wounded in the leg below the knee, and Mikell
in the foot, by a fragment of shell.
Sunday, March 26
Jimmy had a bad night, until I gave him half
a grain of sulphate [sic] of morphine. He then
rested well, but had considerable fever during
the night. The wound is suppurating freely at
both orifices, but there is an erysipelatous blush
for some distance around the orifice exit which
I do not like.

58 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017


Tuesday, March 28
Jimmy continues to improve, and is about the house on
his crutches.
Thursday, April 6
The report of the evacuation of Richmond was confirmed
today. The mere occupation of Richmond by the enemy is
nothing, but its suddenness and the defeat of a portion of
our army, with the inevitable loss of life, and wounded and
capture of prisoners, makes it a disaster. This again shows the
want of decision of character and delay in our authorities.
Saturday, April 8
A large number of refugees from Richmond and Petersburg
arrived in the Charlotte train today, Government officers,
Senators and members of CongressMany of them with
families and an immense amount of baggage. What a lev-
eller [sic] war is. All had to take the same mode of convey-
ancea common quartermasters waggon [sic].Senator
[Louis T.] Wigfalls family crammed into one, with as little
ceremony as a camp woman and her brats.
Sunday, April 9
[H]ow full of grief and trepidation are our hours of prayers
and meditation. An exile from my home, with no intelli-
gence from those loved one who are in the enemies lines,
my mind is constantly agitated and troubled with doubts
and fears. Their hearts, too, must be a prey to untold
anxieties and fears in relation to the safety of the boys and
myself.
SURVIVORS
Postwar images of
Dr. Robertson and his
wife, Henrietta Toomer
Righton Robertson.
Their Charleston house
survived the war
intact, and Robertson
returned to his work
at the Medical College,
helping to restore the
schools viablility. He
retired from it in 1873,
but stayed active in
medicine until 1881.
Robertson died in 1892,
n Sunday, April 16, 1865, one week after
Confederate General Robert E. Lee sur-
rendered the Army of Northern Virginia,
Dr. F.M. Robertson reached Augusta, Ga.
He closed his journal a week after that,
commenting I shall make no comment,
at present, upon the Sad condition of our cause, but leave it
in the hands of God who works in His own mysterious ways.
Oh that He may preserve my darling wife and dear children,
and bring us together again.
Robertson and his family would reunite later that year in
Charleston; somehow he and all five sons survived the war,
with only two of them receiving wounds. Robertson returned
to his prewar career and served as a professor of obstetrics at
the Medical College of South Carolina in the late 1860s, and
later as Dean of the College, until his retirement in 1873. A
former Whig, he became active in Democratic Party politics,
especially at the local and state level. He died in 1892, at the
age of 86.
His diary offers superb insights into elite white South-
erners determined loyalty to the Confederate war effort,
frustrations with military and civilian leaders, the faith that
sustained Southern families, and the chaotic collapse of the
Confederacy.
Susannah J. Ural is co-director of the Dale Center for the Study
of War & Society at the University of Southern Mississippi.
Resisting Sherman: A Confederate Surgeons Journal and
the Civil War in the Carolinas, 1865, is edited by Thomas
Heard Robertson Jr., and available from Savas Beatie books.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 59
CHALLENGING
TOPOGRAPHY
Unlike many sluggish,
marshy rivers that flow
east through the flat
Tidewater, the North
Anna River traverses a
deep valley.

OPPORTUNITY
LOST
VIRGINIAS NORTH ANNA RIVER is better remembered for what did not
happen there during the war than for what did. Exhausted by three unrelenting weeks of brutal fighting
during the Overland Campaign in early May 1864, the Army of the Potomac stumbled into a near-
perfect trap set by the Army of Northern Virginia. The campaigning, however, had taken N O RT H
a toll on Confederate commander Robert E. Lee, who at the height of action found ANNA
himself confined to a sickbed in his tent. We must strike them a blow! he muttered
deliriously. But with his senior command staff likewise ravaged, Lee had no one capable of springing the trap. The
Federals, eventually realizing their precarious situation, avoided disasterand so the great Battle of the North Anna
River never unfolded. Compared with the earlier engagements in the campaign at the Wilderness and Spotsylvania
Court House, as well as the subsequent clash at Cold Harbor, the 4,640 total casualties at North Anna from May
23-26 seemed more like a heavy skirmish. North Anna remained unpreserved for a century and a quarter, but efforts
in the past two decades have saved significant portions of the battlefield, and other key areas, though not formally
protected, remain undeveloped. I-95 and U.S. Route 1 both run through the battlefield and provide easy access. Many
landmarks are visible from local roads, but please respect private property while touring the sites. Chris Mackowski

60 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

 NOT ENOUGH Lee was initially convinced the Federals would pass farther to the southeast, and left only a token
force on the rivers north bank. The subsequent Union assault overwhelmed defenders and gave the Federals control of
the important Chesterfield Bridge. Today, the remains of the earthen walls of the Confederate Henagans Redoubt remain
in the treeline on the edge of a farm field along Oxford Road. To the east of the redoubt, the trace of the original
Telegraph Road runs out of the woods on the north side of the road and descends to the river.

Hanover Junction
NATURAL BARRIER
Next to the northbound lane of
the Route 1 bridge, a boat landing
on the south bank of the river
offers good perspective of the
North Annas steep banks, which
made it such a formidable barrier.
Here, the Union-held bank domi-
nates, but elsewhere, Confederates
had the topographical advantage.
CLOSE CALL
The Fox House, private property
that can be glimpsed from Route
1, bears scars of the artillery bom-
bardment that collapsed a chimney
onto one of Lees staffers. Lee had
UNGODLY INSULT
If you want a horrible hole for a
halt, just pick out a Virginia church,
at a Virginia cross-roads, after the
bulk of an army has passed on a hot,
dusty Virginia day! said a Union
staff officer when Ulysses S. Grant
and George Meade made their
headquarters at the Mount Carmel
Church May 24. The church looked
been drinking a glass of buttermilk precisely like a town-hall, where
on the homes front porchwhich people are coming to vote, only the
today serves as its back porch,
people had unaccountably put on
facing away from the modern
highwaywhen the Federal gun- very dusty uniforms.
ners began firing.
VITAL DEPOT
At Hanover Junction, the north-
south Richmond, Fredericksburg
& Potomac Railroad met with
the Central Virginia Railroad,
which ran west from Orange. Both
railroads brought vital supplies to
Lees army during the spring of
1864, making the junction a vital
spot to defend. Just north of the

APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 61

 How we longed to get away from the North Anna,
where we had not a bit the slightest chance of success.
Pvt. Frank Wilkeson, 11th New York Light Artillery

junction, in the woods to the east of the tracks,

earthworks of the Confederate right flank Jericho Mill,
parallel the railbed. on the rivers
north bank
JERICHO MILL
On May 23, the Federal 5th Corps crossed the
river uncontested at Jericho Mill, then beat back
an understrength Confederate assault ordered
by Lt. Gen. A.P. Hill. Why didnt you throw
your whole force on them and drive them back
as Jackson would have done? Lee later scolded.
In 2014, the Civil War Trust purchased more
than 650 acres to preserve the site. Richmond
National Battlefield now administers the
property, but it is closed to the public except
for occasional special events. The parks website
(nps.gov/rich/planyourvisit/calendar.htm) is a
valuable resource for updated information.

FANTASTIC EARTHWORKS
Union successes at Jericho Mills and Ches-
terfield Bridge forced Lee to reconfigure his
line into an inverted Vhis most ingenious

62 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017


defense of the war. Anchored
at Ox Ford, the line would split
the Union army in two, making
both sides vulnerable to a killing
blow. Hanover Countys North
Anna Battlefield Park preserves
this Confederate linchpin as well
as some of the most magnificent
A view of the North
Anna River from the
boat ramp accessible
from Route 1. Ox Ford,
a Confederate strong-
point and the center
of Lees inverted V
defense, is less than a
mile to the west.
earthworks in the East. Six miles
of hiking trailssome over diffi-
cult groundoffer a great oppor-
tunity to explore. (hanovercounty.
gov/Parks-and-Rec/North-Anna-
Battlefield-Park)
CONFEDERATE V
Accessible from Verndon Road,
Route 720N. Telegraph Road
soon turns to gravel. Follow the
sign to the Richmond Pet Ceme-
tery. In the woods nearby, impres-
sive earthworks reveal the shape
of Lees original line, parallel to
the Central Virginia Railroad, and LOCAL COLOR
his reconfigured line, which angles
away toward Ox Ford. Squashapenny Junction, a one-
of-a-kind antique store, crammed full of
Chris Mackowski, editor-in-chief of unique goodies, takes its name from a local
Emerging Civil War, is the author tradition: Kids once put pennies on the rails
of Strike Them a Blow: Battle for trains to flatten.
Along the North Anna River.
APRIL 2017 CIVIL WAR TIMES 63
HERITAGE TRAVEL &
LIFESTYLE SHOWCASE
Home to more than 400 sites, the Civil
Wars impact on Georgia was greater
than any other event in the states
history. Visit www.gacivilwar.org to
learn more.
Greeneville, TN
Founded in 1783, Greeneville has a rich
historical background as the home for
such important figures as Davy Crockett
and President Andrew Johnson.
Plan your visit now!
Richmond,
Kentucky
Part of the One and Only Bluegrass!
Visit National Historic Landmark,
National Civil War Trust tour, historic
ferry, and the third largest planetarium
of its kind in the world!
Are you a history and culture buff?
There are many museums and
attractions, Civil War, and Civil Rights
sites just for you in Jackson, Mississippi.
Fayetteville/Cumberland County, North
Carolina is steeped in history and patri-
otic traditions. Take a tour highlighting
our military ties, status as a transporta-
tion hub, and our Civil War story.
Explore Maryland with once-in-a-
lifetime commemorationsall at one
destination. Create your family history
by exploring ours. Go to visitmaryland.
org to plan your trip today.
Walk where Civil War soldiers fought
and died. A short trip from Nashville and
a long journey into Americas history!
Call (800) 716-7560.
ReadySetRutherford.com
North Little Rock, Arkansas, is one of
only two places to have two vessels that
bookend World War II: tugboat USS
Hoga and submarine USS Razorback.
www.AIMMuseum.org
Experience living history for
The Battles of Marietta Georgia,
featuring reenactments, tours and
a recreation of 1864 Marietta.
www.mariettacivilwar.com
H I S T O R I C
Roswell, Georgia
Whether you love history, culture, the
peacefulness of the great outdoors, or the
excitement of entertainment, Roswell
offers a wide selection of attractions and
tours. www.visitroswellga.com
For free information about these advertisers, fill out the attached reply card.
Theres no other place that embodies
the heart and soul of the True South
in all its rich and varied expressions
Mississippi. Find Your True South.
Join us for our Civil War Anniversary
Commemoration including
attractions and tours, exhibitions,
memorials and a selection of artifacts
from Fort Fisher.
A vacation in Georgia means
great family experiences that can
only be described as pretty sweet.
Explore Georgias Magnolia Midlands.
Experience the Old West in action with
a trip through Southwest Montana.
For more information on our 15 ghost
towns, visit southwestmt.com or
call 800-879-1159, ext 1501.
Over 650 grand historic homes in three
National Register Historic Districts.
Birthplace of Americas greatest play-
wright, Tennessee Williams. The ultimate
Southern destinationColumbus, MS.
To discover more about Tennessee and
to order your free official Tennessee
Vacation Guide, visit:
TNVACATION.COM
or call 1-800-GO2-TENN
Lebanon, KY is home to the Lebanon
National Cemetery, its own
Civil War Park, and its part of the
John Hunt Morgan Trail.
VisitLebanonKY.com today.
Experience the Civil War in Jacksonville
at the Museum of Military History.
Relive one of Arkansas first stands at
the Reeds Bridge Battlefield.
jacksonvillesoars.com/museum.php
The Mississippi Hills National Heritage
Area highlights the historic, cultural,
natural, scenic and recreational treasures
of this distinctive region.
www.mississippihills.org
Six major battles took place in Winchester
and Frederick County, and the town
changed hands approximately 72 times
more than any other town in the country!
www.visitwinchesterva.com
Known for sublime natural beauty,
captivating history and heritage and
warm hospitality, West Virginia really
is the great escape. Start planning your
getaway today.
History lives in Tupelo, Mississippi.
Visit Brices Crossroads National
Battlefield, Natchez Trace Parkway,
Tupelo National Battlefield, Mississippi
Hills Exhibit Center and more.
Explore the past in Baltimore during
two commemorative events: the War of
1812 Bicentennial and Civil War 150.
Plan your trip at Baltimore.org.
Once Georgias last frontier outpost,
now its third largest city, Columbus is
a true destination of choice. History,
theater, arts and sportsColumbus
has it all.
Tishomingo County, MS
With a variety of historic attractions
and outdoor adventures,
Tishomingo County is a perfect
destination for lovers of history
and nature alike.
 History surrounds Cartersville, GA,
including Allatoona Pass, where a fierce
battle took place, and Coopers Furnace,
the only remnant of the bustling
industrial town of Etowah.
Harrodsburg, KYThe Coolest Place
in History! Explore 3000 acres of
discovery at Shaker Village of Pleasant
Hill and 1774 at Old Fort Harrod State
Park. www.HarrodsburgKy.com
Cleveland, TN
Near Chattanooga, find glorious
mountain scenery and heart-pounding
white-water rafting. Walk in the footsteps
of the Cherokee and discover a charming
historic downtown.
If youre looking for an easy stroll
through a century of fine architecture or
a trek down dusty roads along the Blues
Trail, youve come to the right place.
www. visitgreenwood.com
Vicksburg, Mississippi is a great place
to bring your family to learn American
history, enjoy educational museums and
check out the mighty Mississippi River.
Prestonsburg, KY - Civil War &
history attractions, and reenactment
dates at PrestonsburgKY.org. Home to
Jenny Wiley State Park, country music
entertainment & Dewey Lake.
Relive history in Hopkinsville,
Kentucky and explore Jefferson
Davis birthplace, the Trail of Tears
Commemorative Park and the vigilante
rebellion of the Black Patch Tobacco War.
Williamson County, Tennessee, is rich in
Civil War history. Here, you can visit the
Lotz House, Carnton Plantation, Carter
House, Fort Granger and Winstead Hill
Park, among other historic locations.
Charismatic Union General Hugh
Judson Kilpatrick had legions of
admirers during the war. He just wasnt
much of a general, as his men often
learned with their lives.
Southern hospitality at its finest, the
Classic South, Georgia, offers visitors a
combination of history and charm mixed
with excursion options for everyone
from outdoorsmen to museum-goers.
Follow the Civil War Trail in Meridian,
Mississippi, where youll experience
history first-hand, including Merrehope
Mansion, Marion Confederate Cemetery
and more. www.visitmeridian.com.
Search over 10,000 images and primary
documents relating to the Civil War Battle
of Hampton Roads, now available in The
Mariners Museum Library Online Catalog!
www.marinersmuseum.org/catalogs
Seven museums, an 1890 railroad, a
British fort and an ancient trade path can
be found on the Furs to Factories Trail
in the Tennessee Overhill, located in the
corner of Southeast Tennessee.
Explore the Natchez Trace. Discover
America. Journey along this 444-mile
National Scenic Byway stretching
from the Mississippi River in Natchez
through Alabama and then Tennessee.
Sandy Springs, Georgia, is the perfect
hub for exploring Metro Atlantas Civil
War sites. Conveniently located near
major highways, youll see everything
from Sandy Springs!
Alabamas
Gulf Coast
Relive the rich history of the Alabama
Gulf Coast at Fort Morgan, Fort Gaines,
the USS Alabama Battleship, and the
areas many museums.
Fort-Morgan.org 888-666-9252
Fitzgerald, Georgia...100 years of bring-
ing people together. Learn more about
our story and the commemoration of the
150th anniversary of the Civil Wars
conclusion at www.fitzgeraldga.org.
Historic Bardstown, Kentucky
History, bourbon, shopping, sightseeing
and relaxingwhatever you enjoy,
youre sure to find it in beautiful
Bardstown, KY. Plan your visit today.
www.visitbardstown.com
Through personal stories, interactive
exhibits and a 360 movie, the Civil War
Museum focuses on the war from the
perspective of the Upper Middle West.
www.thecivilwarmuseum.org
Come to Helena, Arkansas and see
the Civil War like youve never seen
it before. Plan your trip today!
www.CivilWarHelena.com
www.VisitHelenaAR.com
Treat yourself to Southern Kentucky
hospitality in London and Laurel
County! Attractions include the Levi
Jackson Wilderness Road State Park and
Camp Wildcat Civil War Battlefield.
Just 15 miles south of downtown
Atlanta lies the heart of the true
South: Clayton County, Georgia,
where heritage comes alive!
CIVIL WAR MUSEUM
of the Western Theater
Hundreds of authentic artifacts.
Voted fourth finest in U.S. by North &
South Magazine. Located in historic
Bardstown, Kentucky.
www.civil-war-museum.org
London, KYThe reenactment of the Battle
of Camp Wildcat, Camp Wildcat Historic
Site, Wilderness Road Trail & Boones Trace
Trail, & antique and flea market shopping.
www.LaurelKyTourism.com
The National Civil War Naval Museum
in Columbus, GA, tells the story of the
sailors, soldiers, and civilians, both free
and enslaved as affected by the navies
of the American Civil War.
Join us as we commemorate the 150th
anniversary of Knoxvilles Civil War
forts. Plan your trip today!
www.knoxcivilwar.org
Hip and historic Frederick County
boasts unique shopping and dining
experiences, battlefields, museums,
covered bridges, and abundant outdoor
recreation. Request a free travel packet!
St. Marys County, Maryland. Visit Point
Lookout, site of the wars largest prison
camp, plus Confederate and USCT
monuments. A short drive from the
nations capital.
Come to Cleveland, Mississippithe
birthplace of the blues. Here, youll find
such legendary destinations as Dockery
Farms and Po Monkeys Juke Joint.
www.visitclevelandms.com
Destination
Jessamine, KY
STEP BACK IN TIME at Camp Nelson
Civil War Heritage Park, a Union Army
supply depot and African American
refugee camp. Museum, Civil War
Library, Interpretive Trails and more.
 CIGAR
DIPLOMACY
REVIEWED BY ALLEN BARRA

I
F ULYSSES S. GRANT was the most neglected
figure in American history up to the end of the 20th
century, that is being rectified with a vengeance. This
decade alone has seen two superb volumes, Grants
Final Victory by Charles Bracelen Flood, about his race
against cancer to complete his memoirs, and H.W. Brands
superb biography The Man Who Saved the Union.
Edwina S. Campbells Citizen of a Wider Commonwealth
is part of a series on the general and president by the South-
ern Illinois University Press, which picked a great subject for
this volume: Grants world tour, from 1877 to 1879, intro-
duced postCivil War America to much of the world and,
in turn, much of the world to America. Campbell, a former
U.S. foreign service officer, was, because of her background

in the practice and study of diplomacy, uniquely qualified to
write about a relatively unknown and largely misunderstood
aspect of Grants service to the United States. For two years,
Grant was, in effect, his countrys ambassador at large, the
first practitioner of post-presidential diplomacy.
The overseas trek, begun just months after he left office,
came at a time when America was sparsely represented over-
seas and, because of growing commercial and political inter-
ests, in dire need of a face to put before the world. Political
opponents derided the two-year sojourn as an extended vaca-
tion comprised of sight-seeing and diplomatic dinners in his
honor. They did not understand that Grants travels were, in
the words of Campbell, a sign of things to come.
Grant was on an official diplomatic mission in which he
visited nearly every country north of the equator and met with
prime ministers and other heads of state from Europe to Asia.
For most of them Grant was the first American president they
had ever seen; for some he was the first American they had
ever met. It is difficult to capture, writes Campbell of Grants
traveling to Egypt aboard the USS Vandalia, in a century
accustomed to the sight of Air Force One around the world,
what an unprecedented situation this was for all concerned.
You are honored, read a letter, reprinted on the page
before the table of contents, to the general from the address
of American citizens residing in Peking, as the highest rep-
resentative of our country who has ever gone beyond her
Citizen of a Wider Commonwealth:
Ulysses S. Grants Post-Presidential Diplomacy
By Edwina S. Campbell
Southern Illinois University Press, $34.50
borders; and America is the more respected for having given
birth to such a son.
Though Grants world tour has been largely lost to Ameri-
can memory, Citizen of a Wider Commonwealth is richly illus-
trated with photos and engravings from newspapers and
magazines that illustrate the huge impact the event made
on Americas own image of itself. My favorite is a full-page
Thomas Nast drawing from an 1879 issue of Harpers Weekly:
Minerva, the goddess of (among many other things) com-
merce, crowns the former presidentGrant dressed in a
Roman-like togawith laurels while Neptune is seen in back
of Grant, steering a boat named Tokio (the name of the mail
steamer the Grants took on the return voyage).
This is one of the most fascinating books related to the war
of the past few years, a fitting tribute to a man who practiced
diplomacy as he had once waged war, without hubris or fear,
but with unwavering confidence in himself and in his fellow
citizens ability to meet whatever challenges came their way.

66 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

FATHERS AND SONS
REVIEWED BY GORDON BERG

n Battle of Wills, David Johnson makes a convincing case that R.E. Lees and

I Ulysses Grants experiences in the Mexican War and their respective fathers
played the biggest roles in formulating their personalities and military tac-
tics. From dogged and determined Jesse Root Grant, Ulysses learned not to give in,
not to be discouraged, and never give up or strop trying, though Johnson goes a bit
too far when he claims that without his fathers example, Ulysses would never have
become the victor of...Appomattox. Grants primary influence from the Mexican
War is General Zachary Taylor, who served as Grants model soldier.
Light Horse Harry Lees influence on his son Robert was more complicated.
The Lees were a prominent and wealthy Virginia family, but Robert lived under the
cloud of his fathers absconding to the West Indies to avoid his substantial debts.


A sense of duty to family and state were paramount in Lees life, and he gave up a Battle of Wills: Ulysses S. Grant,
brilliant military career to serve the cause of the Confederacy. Robert E. Lee, and the Last Year
Johnsons accounts of military operations break no new ground, possibly because of the Civil War
he relied heavily on first-person accounts written by participants. In fact, he often By David Alan Johnson
uses these accounts when quoting third parties, relying on the memory of aging Prometheus Books, $28
veterans. His breezy writing style does condense a complex campaign into an easy-
to-read narrative, but this better serves the needs of beginner students of the war.
 REINFORCEMENTS Shenandoah
MAKE ALL THE DIFFERENCE!!! Civil War
Associates
presents:
Civil War Medicine
and Gettysburg &
Antietam Hospital Sites
Tour dates:
June 16-18, 2017
Join the following noted Civil War
medical historian as we explore the
fascinating topic of medicine during
Nobody even comes close to building the American Civil War.
a Civil War tent with as much Friday lectures by:
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 EDITORS PICK
Being a random book favored by the editor
Gone for a Soldier: The Civil War Memoirs
of Private Alfred Bellard
Edited by David Herbert Donald
Little, Brown and Company
Out of print, but available on the Internet
David H. Donald is best known for his biographies,
particularly of Charles Sumner and Abraham Lincoln, but in 1975 he
also edited and published the soldier reminiscence Gone for a Soldier:
The Civil War Memoirs of Private Alfred Bellard. Bellard came from a
middle-class family, and he had a sense of history regarding his service
with the 5th New Jersey Infantry. He wrote detailed letters home
after he enlisted, and urged his parents to keep them for posterity.
Bellard cribbed from those letters in the 1880s to write a history of
his experiences that remained unpublished until it came to Donalds
attention. Bellards sprightly writing details camp life and battle
with the Army of the Potomac. But it is his primitive, but expressive,
illustrations accompanying his written material that make the memoir
unique. The colorful illustrations add depth to our understanding of
the common soldiers experience. Many of Bellards depictions show
the harsh side of army life, such as wounded soldiers suffering and the
squalor of standing picket duty in the rain. He also chronicled the harsh
punishments handed out to recalcitrant comrades. A Confederate bullet
slammed into Bellards leg at Chancellorsville, and with words and
images he chronicles his flight from the battlefield to a field hospital.
After recovering, he was placed in the Veteran Reserve Corps until his
service expired. Forty years after its publication, Gone for a Soldier
remains one of the best memoirs out there. If you are interested in
soldier life, get it.
 CREDITS
Cover: Left: Library of Congress;
Right: National Archives/Photo Illustration:
Brian Walker; P. 2-3: Clockwise From Left:
Shenandoah Sanchez; Dan Nance, Patriot Art
Inc.; Library of Congress; Private Collection/
Photo Don Troiani/Bridgeman Images;
P. 4: North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy
Stock Photo; P. 8: Courtesy the Minnesota
STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (required Historical Society; P. 9: Clockwise From Top:
by Act of August 12, 1970: Section 3685, Title 39, United States Code). 1. Civil Photo: Henry Ballone; National Geographic;
War Times 2. (ISSN: 1546-9980) 3. Filing date: 10/1/16. 4. Issue frequency: Terra Metrics/Google Earth; P. 10: Library
Bi Monthly. 5. Number of issues published annually: 6. 6. The annual sub- of Congress; P. 12: Top: The American Civil
scription price is $39.95. 7. Complete mailing address of known ofce of War Museum; Bottom: Courtesy James D.
publication: HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, VA 22182. Contact person: Kolin Rankin. Telephone: 305-441-7155 ext. 225 8. Complete Julia Auctioneers, Fairfield, Maine, USA, www.
mailing address of headquarters or general business ofce of publisher: HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, VA 22182. 9. Full names and jamesdjulia.com; P. 13: Clockwise From Top
complete mailing addresses of publisher, editor, and managing editor. Publisher, Michael A. Reinstein, HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, Left: Private Collection/Photo Don Troiani/
VA 22182, Editor, Dana B Shoaf, HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, VA 22182 , Editor in Chief, Alex Neill , HistoryNet, 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite Bridgeman Images; Heritage Auctions, Dallas;
400, Vienna, VA 22182. 10. Owner: HistoryNet; 1919 Gallows Rd. Suite 400, Vienna, VA 22182. 11. Known bondholders, mortgages, and other security Private Collection/Photo Don Troiani/
holders owning or holding 1 percent of more of total amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities: None. 12. Tax status: Has Not Changed During Bridgeman Images; P. 14: De Agostini Picture
Preceding 12 Months. 13. Publisher title: Civil War Times. 14. Issue date for circulation data below: August 2016. 15. The extent and nature of circulation: Library/Bridgeman Images; P. 16: GL Archive/
A. Total number of copies printed (Net press run). Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 49,489. Actual number of copies Alamy Stock Photo; P. 18: Private Collection/
of single issue published nearest to ling date: 53,506. B. Paid circulation. 1. Mailed outside-county paid subscriptions. Average number of copies each AF Eisenbahn Archive/Alamy Stock Photo;
issue during the preceding 12 months: 27,599. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 27,081. 2. Mailed in-county paid P. 21: National Archives; P. 23: Dan Nance,
subscriptions. Average number of copies each issue during the preceding 12 months: 0. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to Patriot Art Inc.; P. 24: Pejepscot Historical
ling date: 0. 3. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales. Average number of copies each issue during the preceding 12 Society; P. 26: Library of Congress; P. 27:
months: 5,568. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 5,824. 4. Paid distribution through other classes mailed through Pejepscot Historical Society; U.S. Naval History
the USPS. Average number of copies each issue during the preceding 12 months: 0. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling and Heritage Command; P. 28: Heritage
date: 0. C. Total paid distribution. Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 33,167. Actual number of copies of single issue Auctions; P. 29: Bottom: National Park Service;
published nearest to ling date; 32,905. D. Free or nominal rate distribution (by mail and outside mail). 1. Free or nominal Outside-County. Average num- P. 30: Library of Congress; P. 32: Library of
ber of copies each issue during the preceding 12 months: 0. Number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 0. 2. Free or nominal rate Congress (2); P. 33: Army of Tennessee Relics;
in-county copies. Average number of copies each issue during the preceding 12 months: 0. Number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling P. 34-35: Wiards System of Field Artillery (3);
date: 0. 3. Free or nominal rate copies mailed at other Classes through the USPS. Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 0. P. 36-37: National Archives; P. 38: Library of
Number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 0. 4. Free or nominal rate distribution outside the mail. Average number of copies each Congress; P. 39: From Left: Library of Congress;
issue during preceding 12 months: 1,035. Number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 980. E. Total free or nominal rate distribution. Heritage Auctions, Dallas; Library of Congress;
Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 1,035. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 980. P. 40: Civil War Photograph Collection,
F. Total free distribution (sum of 15c and 15e). Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 34,202. Actual number of copies of United States Army Heritage and Education
single issue published nearest to ling date: 33,885. G. Copies not Distributed. Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: Center, Carlisle, PA; P. 41: Kentucky Historical
15,287. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 19,621. H. Total (sum of 15f and 15g). Average number of copies each Society; Heritage Auctions, Dallas; P. 42-43:
issue during preceding 12 months: 49,489. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling: 53,506. I. Percent paid. Average percent Shenandoah Sanchez; P. 44-45: Buddy Secor;
of copies paid for the preceding 12 months: 97.0% Actual percent of copies paid for the preceding 12 months: 97.1% 16. Electronic Copy Circulation: A. P. 46-47: Shenandoah Sanchez; P. 48-49: Mike
Paid Electronic Copies. Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 0. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest Talplacido; P. 50: Chris Heisey; P. 51: Steven
to ling date: 0. B. Total Paid Print Copies (Line 15c) + Paid Electronic Copies (Line 16a). Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 Gordon, Cartagram, LLC; P. 53: Courtesy the
months: 33,167. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 32,905. C. Total Print Distribution (Line 15f) + Paid Electronic Waring Historical Library, MUSC, Charleston,
Copies (Line 16a). Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months: 34,202. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest S.C.; P. 54-55: Harpers Weekly; P. 57: The
to ling date: 33,885. D. Percent Paid (Both Print & Electronic Copies) (16b divided by 16c x 100). Average number of copies each issue during preceding Official Military Atlas of the Civil War; P. 58:
12 months: 97.0%. Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to ling date: 97.1%. I certify that 50% of all distributed copies (electronic Left: Courtesy Thomas Heard Robertson;
and print) are paid above nominal price: Yes. Report circulation on PS Form 3526-X worksheet 17. Publication of statement of ownership will be printed in Right: Courtesy Isabelle Robertson Maxwell;
the February 2017 issue of the publication. 18. Signature and title of editor, publisher, business manager, or owner: David Steinhafel, Associate Publisher. P. 59: Courtesy Thomas Heard Robertson (2);
I certify that all information furnished on this form is true and complete. I understand that anyone who furnishes false or misleading information on this P. 60-63: Shenandoah Sanchez (8); P. 72: Image
form or who omits material or information requested on the form may be subject to criminal sanction and civil actions. courtesy Skinner, Inc. www.skinnerinc.com.
THE WAR ON THE NET

w w w. a c w m . o r g
 THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR MUSEUM

The American Civil War Museum (ACWM) encompasses
several entities: Historic Tredegar and the White House and Museum
of the Confederacy in Richmond, and the Museum of the Confederacy
at Appomattox. Its website highlights these sites, their manuscript and
artifact holdings, and a host of educational resources.
Site visitors who follow the link from Learn & Do to Online Resources
will find a few sections that are placeholders until the ACWM gets more
material online. But if you dig a bit deeper into the Online Exhibitions
page, you can tour 31 Conrad Wise Chapman paintings relating to wartime
Charleston. Digital tourists can click on each painting to view details and
learn more.
The Collection features artifacts relating to social, military, and
political affairs, with brief information on each item, and discusses the
tireless flag restoration efforts of the ACWM.
The three sections not to be missed, however,
are found in the ACWMs searchable database,
their video collection, and the ACWM blog.
Keyword searches can access thousands of
images and artifacts in the museums collection,
while the Random Search option lets digital
visitors browse the holdings. The video collection
found in the Online Resources section features
clips on everything from Confederate Ersatz,
to a discussion of the divergent interests of new
African-American male voters. Other videos
address the complex history of the Confederate
battle flag, feature famous and less famous
military men, and offer a detailed discussion of
combat wounds, amputations, and prostheses,
all relating to ACWM collections. The museums
blog highlights a different aspect of its holdings
each month and places them within historical
context.
The ACWMonline and in Virginia
reminds us of all the digital future offers, while
highlighting the continuing value of visiting
historic sites in person. Susannah J. Ural
 CARBINE COPY
 $7,380 
THE CONFEDERACY imported most of its weapons, but local firms
also helped arm its soldiers. Bilharz, Hall, and Company, located in the southwest
corner of Virginia in Pittsylvania Court House, today known as Chatham, made
.58-caliber cavalry carbines for Southern troopers that were copies of the U.S. Model
1855 carbine. The company operated from 1863-64, and only about 1,000 of the guns,
like this example sold by Skinner Auctions, were produced. 2

72 CIVIL WAR TIMES APRIL 2017

 
NOW IN OUR 16TH YEAR!
April 19-23The Battle of Gettysburg.
Follow historians Ed Bearss & Jeff Wert for 4 days as we examine the Battle of
Gettysburg. We will walk the ground where troops clashed on July 1, 2, & 3, including
the action at East Cavalry Field. We will visit sites pertaining to Lincolns visit to
Gettysburg in 1863 for the dedication of the National Cemetery. One evening, we will
make special arrangements for a private, behind-the-scenes tour of the Cyclorama.$695

April 27-30, The Maryland Campaign: South Mountain &Antietam.

Spend 3 days with historians Ed Bearss & Tom Clemens as we cover the events that
led to Americas bloodiest day in history. We will tour Harpers Ferry, the gaps of South
Mountain, and the key sites of Antietam Battlefield including the North Woods, West
Woods, Bloody Lane, and Burnsides Bridge. $550

May 18-21, Chickamauga & Chattanooga.

Join expert historians Ed Bearss & Jim Ogden as we devote 3 full days to the Battles
of Chickamauga & Chattanooga. This in-depth tour will include stops at Reeds Bridge,
Snodgrass Hill, Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and the National
Cemetery. $550

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