Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Mode of Transmission: Bird flu spreads through nasal, ' respirtory and other
secretions and faucal excretions of infected bird. Uncooked or half cooked poultry
products such as chicken and eggs may spread the disease. Person to person
transmission generally does not occur but may occur through the respiratory route
and close human contact such as crowds, enclosed places etc. Several influenza A
strains can coexist in the same population and one individual can be simultaneously
affected with two strains and reassortment of the two strains form newer strain
which may be more virulent than previous one and spread the disease.
Direct transfers of a swine strain and an avian strain from animals to man, with
resultant clinical illness, have been demonstrated, but such transmissions have been
observed very rarely. Some strains of human influenza virus can easily infect pig
under natural condition The disease in man affects chiefly and the swine virus can
infect man. In the respiratory system resulting chill, 1976, the soldier of new Jersey
infected fever, earache, myalgia, anorexia, believed to be fsneezing, nasal
obstruction, sore throat and cough. Pnemonic complications like bronchitis,
pneumonia and nervous, cardiac signs, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea and vomiting may
also be seen. with swine strain were modified form of the virus of the 1918
pandemic throughout the world. Avian strain can infect mammals in nature and thus
provide a bridge between the vast reservoir of avian infections and man. Wild
migratory birds may spread the disease from one place to other. The isolation of the
virus from duck ponds revealed that the water may also be a possible route of
transmission. Influenza virus isolated from aquatic animals such as wheals and seals,
was found antigenically similar to that of classical fowl plague virus. Workers
associated with the seals were infected with the disease. These all provide the
instance of avian strain of virus causing disease in mammals including man.
Clinical Features: The disease in man affects chiefly the respiratory system
resulting chill, fever, headache, myalgia, anorexia, sneezing, nasal obstruction, sore
throat and cough. Pnemonic complications like bronchitis, pneumonia and nervous,
cardiac signs, conjunctivitis, diarrhoea and vomiting may also be seen. In animals
the. symptoms are almost similar to man. The disease spreads rapidly in swine herd.
In horses, along with respiratory problems strangles, conjunctivitis and other
complications have been found. Infected birds manifest cough, sneezing, sinusitis,
lacrimation, oedema of head and neck and sometimes diarrohea and central
nervous system involvement. In wild birds and fowls the influenza virus is
principally an intestinal infection rather than respiratory one and sometimes goes
unnoticed and they are the reservoir of the virus. Acute haemorrhagic pneumonia
is the post mortem finding in seals.
Diagnosis:
Clinical diagnosis possible due to variability of signs and the resemblance with
other respiratory diseases. Serological tests like HA, HI, CFT, AGPT and ELISA may
be done but are not much useful because of their frequent infections
with a multiplicity of serotypes. Virus isolation is essential to establish the
cause of an outbreak. The isolation can be done in developing chick embryo and
cell culture in chick embryo fibroblast and canine kidney cell line. Rapid test is
also available in CVL.
Prevention and Control:
1. The major strategy is to prevent the introduction of the virus to the population
by strict monitoring of border area and restriction of import for birds and
products.
5. Proper nutrition of birds to prevent stress and use of antibiotics in feeds/ water
should be used to check secondary bacterial infection.
6. Live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines are available and use several
times. But the problems in selecting the appropriate vaccine strain due to diversity
of sero types and risk of reassortment with wild viruses resulted failure of
vaccination. There has been report about drugs effective but it is still in Question
mark.
Since 2003 C.V.L is monitoring all suspected area ,even In Print media there was
flashing news about Pegion were died due to Bird flu C.V.L. Team visited the site
and laboratory examination proved that was not the cause.