13 New 1 Ahmed Chapter One and Two

CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
1.1Preamble
Reinforced concrete, as a composite material, has occupied a special place in the modern
construction of different types of structures due to its several advantages. Due to its flexibility in
form and superiority in performance, it has replaced to a large extent, the earlier materials like
stone, timber and steel.
Further, architect's scope and imaginations have widened to a great extent due to its mouldability
and monolithicity. Thus, it has helped the architects and engineers to build several attractive shell
forms and other curved structures.
However, its role in several straight line structural forms like multistoried frames, bridges,
foundations etc. is enormous. The design of these modern reinforced concrete structures may
appear to be highly complex. Most of these structures are the assembly of several basic structural
elements such as beams, columns, slabs, walls and foundations.
The world complex is derived from Latin word complexes, meaning interweaving or braiding. A
complex as related to construction is therefore a building composed of various interrelated parts.
In the academic environment, complex comprises of lectures halls, offices, accommodation halls
etc. They can also be used for social gatherings.
1
1.2 Background of Study
The design case here is a five storey building that will be designed to resist and withstand the
effect due to accidental overload and action of weather. And it will be designed in accordance
with the British standard code of practice to produce a detailed design of the structure. A
structure is either framed or unframed. The frame will consist of the slab, beam, column and
foundation joined together rigidly so as to act as one structure. The loads from the occupants are
transmitted through the slab, beam, and column to the foundation. Thus each element of the
frame that is the slab, beam, column and foundation must be designed to effectively handle its
own dead load and the load being transferred to it.
The structure is made up of different member joined together. The structural analysis follows this
too. The analysis of the structure as a whole component is very tedious and the advantages may
outweigh the disadvantages. The analysis can be done manually or by using computer programs
written especially for frames (V.O. OYENUGA 1999).
1.3Aim and Objectives
1.3.1Aim
The main aim of this project is to design a structure that is relatively economical to construct,
maintain, suitable and safe throughout its intended lifespan
1.3.2Objectives
The objective of this project is to:
1. Produce the architectural drawing
2. Produce the structural layout.
2
3. Design the floor slabs
4. Design the beams
5. Design the columns
6. Design the foundation.
1.4Scope and Limitation
1.4.1Scope
The scope of this project covers the structural analysis and design of each of the structural
elements such as; slabs, beams, columns, staircase and foundations (column bases).
1.4.2 Limitations
The soil bearing capacity of the soil was assumed to be 150kN/m2 in the design of the
foundation.
1.5 Justification
Since the purpose of this project is to design a hostel complex in Gidan Kwanu F.U.T Minna, the
structural stability should be justified due to the increasing number of students yearly.
Certainly, the burden of the explosion in the population of university students in the country tells
on the infrastructure on ground. Accommodation facilities on ground are overstretched as
university authorities struggle to cope with students population.
The situation, often, is that one finds hostel rooms filled to capacity with several students
standing to receive lecture, while others hardly find room to stay, due to the poor weather
condition. At other times, there are insufficient lecture rooms resulting in clashes at lecture
3
venues and timetable, forcing some students to receive academic instruction in inappropriate
venues.
Sometimes, however, departments and faculties admit more than their capacity due to the
increasing amount of student seeking admission. It could also be as a strategy to pressurize the
senate of the institution to secure the employment of more teaching staff thereby putting serious
strain on the university facilities.
The proposed hostel complex will unite with the previous existing complex thereby providing
state of the art facilities. This will provide more rooms for students which will in turn eradicate
the menace of lack of accommodation threatening the student population.
4
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
2.1Preamble
The purpose of the project is to analyze and design the structure based on the British standard
code of practice to produce a detailed design of the five storey hostel complex for a safe, stable,
durable and most economical.
A building structure is either framed or unframed. A domestic building (i.e. a bungalow or a two
storey building) founded on a very good soil may be built without frames. Here, the reinforced
concrete slabs may be supported by the walls below which must be treated as load bearing walls.
The strip foundation may then be used.
2.2Philosophy of Design
Like any other Engineering design, reinforced concrete design is governed by BS 8110: part 1:
1997 and part 2 and 3: 1995. The structural use of concrete is based on the limit state philosophy
of design; that is limit state of serviceability and ultimate. The member is designed for the
ultimate limit state and checked for limit state of serviceability of cracking deflection.
2.2.1.Limit State
Limit states are the acceptable limits for the safety and serviceability requirements of the
structure before failure occurs. The design of structures by this method will thus ensure that they
will not reach limit states and will not become unfit for the use for which they are intended. It is
worth mentioning that structures will not just fail or collapse by violating (exceeding) the limit
5
states. Failure, therefore, implies that clearly defined limit states of structural usefulness has been
exceeded. Thus, anyway in which a structure may cease to be fit for us will constitute a limit
state and the designs aim is to avoid such conditions being reached during the expected life of
the structure.
Irrespective of the method of design, a reinforced concrete member must satisfy the following
objective:
(a) Under the worst system of loading (ultimate) the structure must be safe.
(b) Under the working load (serviceability), the deformation of the structure must not impair
the appearance durability and/or performance of the structure.
(c) Structure must be economical. The factor of safety should not be too generous to the
extent that the cost of the structure becomes prohibitive with no relative advantage.
The two principal type of limit state are the Ultimate limit state and the Serviceability limit state.
2.2.1.1Ultimate Limit State
This requires that the structure must be able to withstand, with an adequate factor of safety
against collapse, the load for which it is designed. The possibility of buckling or overturning
must also be taken into account, as must the possibility of accidental damage as caused, for
example, by internal explosion.
2.2.1.2Serviceability Limit State
When a structure reaches it limit state, it is no more serviceable for the intended use. The
serviceable limit state requires the structure to be serviceable through its life span. Generally, the
most important serviceable limit states are;
6
(1) Deflection the appearance or efficiency of any part of the structure must not be
adversely affected by deflections.
(2) Cracking local damage due to damage must not affect the appearance, efficiency or
durability of the structure.
(3) Durability this must be considered in terms of the proposed life of the structure and its
condition of exposure.
Other limit state that may be reached may reached include
(4) Excessive vibration which may cause discomfort or alarm as well as damage.
(5) Fatigue must be considered if cyclic loading is likely.
(6) Fire resistance this must be considered in terms or resistance to collapse, flame
penetration and heat transfer.
(7) Special circumstances any special requirement of the structure which is not covered by
any of the more common limit state, such as earthquake, must be taken into account.
2.2.2 Characteristic Strength
The strength of the material upon which design is based, are those strength below which result
are likely to fail. These are called CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH. It is assumed that for
a given material the distribution of strength will be approximately normal, so that for a frequency
distribution curve of a large number sample result will be of the form.
The characteristic strength is taken as that value below which it is unlikely that more than 50%
of the result will fail. This is given by;
FK = FM 1.64S
7
Where FK= Characteristic strength
FM= Mean strength
S = Standard deviation.
2.2.3 Design Strength
The design strength is taken as the characteristic strength to partial factor of safety.
Design strength = FK
2.2.4Characteristic Load
The characteristic load is the value of the load which has an accepted probability of not being
exceeded during the life span of the structure.
Qk = Qm + 1.64S
Where QK = Characteristic load
Qm = Mean load
S = Standard deviation.
2.2.5 Design Load
The design load for building structure can be categorized into
(i) Live load; they are also known as imposed loads and consist of all loads other than the
dead loads of the structure. The values of the imposed loads depend on the functional
requirement of the structure. Residential buildings will have comparatively lower values of
8
the imposed loads than those of school or office buildings. The standard values are stipulated
in Part 2 of IS 875.
(ii) Dead load; these are the self weight of the structure to be designed. Needless to mention
that the dimensions of the cross section are to be assumed initially which enable to estimate
the dead loads from the known unit weights of the materials of the structure. The accuracy of
the estimation thus depends on the assumed values of the initial dimensions of the cross
section. The values of unit weights of the materials are specified in Part 1 of IS 875.
(iii)Wind load; these loads depend on the velocity of the wind at the location of the structure,
permeability of the structure, height of the structure etc. They may be horizontal or inclined
forces depending on the angle of inclination of the roof for pitched roof structures. They can
even be suction type of forces depending on the angle of inclination of the roof or geometry
of the buildings Wind loads are specified in Part 3 of IS 875.
2.3 Structural Elements
A structure refers to a body of connected parts used to support a load. The first function in design
is the planning carried out by the architect to determine the arrangement and layout of the
building to meet the clients requirements. The structural engineer then determines the most
suitable structural system or forms to bring the architects concept into being. Construction
withdifferent materials, arrangements and systems may require investigation to determine the
most economical answer.
Structural design involves application of engineeringjudgment to produce a structural system that
will adequately satisfy the client/owners need.
9
It must be noted that, notwithstanding the architecturalaesthetics or edifice of a structural, proper
attention must be given to the design of structural members for the structure to meet basic
requirement of safety, serviceability, stability and economy. Thus, a proper analysis must be
given to each component member before the final design.
A structure can thus be defined as an assemblage of elements for the purpose of supporting load
safety.The basic requirement for each structural member or elements is for it to carry, withstand
and transfer load without deformation, distortion and failure.
Hence preliminary analysis must be carried out as the strength of material, types and magnitude
of loads and fire effect e.g. bending, shearing moment e.t.c. so that the resistance of such
material to tension and compression can be determined.
Once the building form and structural arrangement have been finalized,design problem is
considered. The design problem consists of the following:
1. Idealization of the structure into load bearing frames and elements for analysis and design
2. Estimation of loads
3. Analysis to determine the maximum moments, thrusts and shears for design
4. Design of sections and reinforcement arrangements for slabs, beams, columns and walls using
the results from 3
5. Production of arrangement and detail drawings and bar schedules
10
2.3.1Roofs
Roofs are structural elements that cover the building and serves as resistance to elements of
weather, wind load and acts as a covering and insulator to the users of the structure. The basic
shapes of roofs are flat, skillion, gabled, hipped, arched and domed. There are many variations
on these types. Roofs constructed of flat sections that are sloped are referred to as pitched roof
(generally if the angle exceeds 10 degrees).
There are two parts to a roof, its supporting structure and its outer skin, or uppermost
weatherproof layout. In a minority of buildings, the outer layer is also a self-supporting structure.
The roof structure is generally supported upon walls, although some building styles, for example,
geodesic and A-frame blur the distinction between the roofs. The supporting structure may also
comprise of beams that are long and of, fairly rigid materials such as timber, cast iron or steel.
Roof perform a number of functions, therefore the roof must be designed adequately to perform
such functions. Strength and durability are the primary functional requirement of a roof, thus, the
roof must be designed to meet these requirement.
Roof may be constructed of timber or steel, but for the purpose of this project, wooden roof is
used.
2.3.2 Slabs
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Slabs are plate elements
forming floors and roofs in buildings which normally carry uniformly distributed loads. Slabs
may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports and are classified according to
the method of support as follows:
11
1. Spanning one way between beams or walls
2. Spanning two ways between the support beams or walls
3. Flat slabs carried on columns and edge beams or walls with no interior beams
Slabs may be solid of uniform thickness or ribbed with ribs running in one or two directions.
Slabs with varying depth are generally not used. Stairs with various support conditions form a
special case of sloping slabs.
Slabs may be analyzed using the following methods.
1. Elastic analysis covers three techniques:
(a) Idealization into strips or beams spanning one way or a grid with the strips spanning two
ways
(b) Elastic plate analysis
(c) Finite element analysisthe best method for irregularly shaped slabs or slabs with non-
uniform loads
2. For the method of design coefficients use is made of the moment and shear coefficients given
in the code, which have been obtained from yield line analysis.
3. The yield line and Hillerborg strip methods are limit design or collapse loads methods.
2.3.3Beams
A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by
resisting bending. Beams are structural members which carry dead and imposed loads from one
12
slab which is uniformly distributed, the receive load from the slab and transmit some through
columns to the foundation.
The three common types of reinforced concrete beam section are
1. Rectangular section with tension steel only (this generally occurs as a beam section in a slab)
2. Rectangular section with tension and compression steel
3. Flanged sections of either T or L shape with tension steel and with or without compression
steel.
Beams are designed mainly at ultimate limit state. Serviceability limit state of deflection may be
checked.
Beams can occur as; simply supported beams, continuous beams, beams subjected to torsion and
arcate beams. In designing beams, this step needs to be carried out:
(i) Choice of section
(ii) Analysis of the beam
(iii) Design of the beam for tensile compression reinforcement, if any
(iv) Design for shear and local bond, if any.
2.3.4 Columns
A column in structural engineering is a vertical structural element that transmits through
compression the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. Columns are
structural members in buildings carrying roof and floor loads to the foundations. Columns
13
primarily carry axial loads, but most columns are subjected to moment as well as axial load.
They are vertical load bearing members and are classified as short or slender columns and axial,
uniaxial or biaxial columns.
A column is said to be short when the effective length is not more than 15 times its least lateral
dimension for braced columns or 10 times for unbraced columns; otherwise the column is said to
be slender.
lex/h and ley/b < 15 for braced columns while lex/h and ley/b < 10 for unbraced columns.
2.3.5 Staircase
A staircase is a structural member that provides access from one floor to another. It is therefore a
set of steps comprising threads (horizontal parts) and risers (vertical part). The primary function
of a stair is to provide access from one floor to another.
Stairs can be constructed of reinforced concrete, steel or timber. Timber stairs are becoming
obsolete and can only be seen in old building or in foreign countries. When they are used in
Nigeria, they are usually too expensive to afford. Steel stairs are somehow restricted to spiral
stairs. Hence, most stairs in common use today are constructed of reinforced concrete. Stair type
includes:
(a) Straight flight stair
(b) Half turn stair
(c) Quarter stair
(d) Helical stair
(e) Spiral stair
14
Stairs are either designed transversely or longitudinally.
2.36 Foundation
The superstructure is placed on the top of the foundation structure, designated as substructure as
they are placed below the ground level. The elements of the superstructure transfer the loads and
moments to its adjacent element below it and finally all loads and moments come to the
foundation structure, which in turn, transfers them to the underlying soil or rock. Thus, the
foundation structure effectively supports the superstructure.
It is a part of the structure which is in direct contact with the soil. It is expected that the load to
be transmitted into each particular soil type should not be greater than the bearing capacity of
that soil so as to avoid excessive settlement and failure of that structure.
The soil must be capable of carrying the loads from any engineered structure placed upon it
without a shear failure and with the resulting settlement being tolerable for the structure.
The foundation type ton be chosen for a particular structure or building depends largely on the
loads to be transmitted and the receiving soil strata must satisfy the following two fundamental
and independent requirements.
The settlement should neither cause any unacceptable damage nor interface with the function of
the structure. Thus, the bearing capacity of the structure must be determined through the process
of soil/geotechnical investigation prior to the design of the foundation.
Various types of foundations include;
(1) Strip foundation
(2) Pad foundation
15
(3) Raft foundation
(4) Wide strip foundation
(5) Strap foundation
(6) Pile foundation
However, for a relatively small building (bungalow or story building) to be built on a relatively
firm soil, the structural engineer may use his experience to choose the foundation type.
16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Design of structural elements
DESIGN INFORMATION
Client: Federal University Of Technology Minna.

Architect: Musa Idris
Site: Engineering Complex, Federal University Of Technology, Minna.
Name of Student: Yusuf Ahmed Oladayo
Supervisor: Engr. Kudu Mohammed
Intended use of Hostel Complex.
structure: B.S. 6399: Part 1: 1984; B.S. 8110: Part 1: 1997 and Part 2: 1985.
Relevant Codes: Concrete, fcu= 25N/mm2 and Steel, fy = 410N/mm2.
Design Stresses: One hour for all elements.
Fire Resistance: Mild for all elements.
Exposure Conditions: Cover: Slab ad Stair - 20mm
Beam and Column - 30mm
Foundation - 50mm
Soil Condition: 150kN/m2
General Loading
Conditions: Live load - 2.50kN
Design Data: Floor finishes - 1.20kN/m2
Roof load - 1.5x1.5kN/m2
Wall and rendering - 3.47kN/m2
Felting and screeding - 2.00kN/m2
Ku = 0.156
M
K=
fcu bd2
17
DESIGN INFORMATION
V.O.OYENUGA k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95Z = lad
M
As = K Ku; otherwise,
0.87fy Z
(KKu )fcu bd2 Ku fcu bd2

As = ; As = + As
0.87fy (dd ) 0.87fy Zu
2 fy Asreq
f.s =
3AsprovM/bd2
477fs
M.F = 0.55 + 2.0
120(0.9+M/bd2
The above expressions are used in the calculations of the
members.
18
Ref. No.: 2007/1/26387EC Prepared by: YUSUF AHMED OLADAYO
Date: September 2012 Sheet No.: 01
Reference Calculations Output
SLAB DESIGN
Loadings:
U.D.L
Self-weight of slab = 0.15x24 =3.60kN/m2 3.60kN/m2
Finishes = 1.20kN/m2 1.20KN/m2
Partition allowance = 1.00kN/m2 1.00KN/m2
Total Dead Load (gk) = 5.80kN/m2 5.80 KN/m2
Live Load (qk) = 2.50kN/m2 2.50 KN/m2
Design Load, w = 1.4gk +1.6qk
= (1.4 x 5.8) + (1.6 x 2.5)
=12.12kN/m2 12.12 KN/m2
1ST TO5THFLOOR SLABS

4500
3930
Panel 1
Typical from ly 4500
= = 1.14
1st to 5th lx 3930
floors The slab is designed as a two way spanning slab.
bsx bsy
-0.049 -0.037
0.036 0.028
19

Design for short span
Midspan
Msx = bsxwlx2
= 0.036 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 6.74 kNm 6.74kNm
Msx 6.74x106
K= =
fcu bd2 25x1000x1242
= 0.018 < 0.156
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 124 =117.8mm

Msx 6.74x106
Asx= = = 160.4mm2/m
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x117.8
117.8mm
Provide Y12 @ 300 mm c/c ( As prov = 377mm2/m)
Continuous edge
Msx = bsxwlx2 160.4mm2/m
= 0.049 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 9.17KNm
Msx 9.17x106
K= =
fcu bd2 25x1000x1242
= 0.024 < 0.156
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 124 =117.8mm

Msx 9.17x106
Asx= = = 218.23mm2/m
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x117.8
20
Date:September 2012 Sheet No.: 03

Long span
d = 124 12 =112mm
Midspan
Msy = bsywlx2
= 0.028 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 5.24KNm
Msy 5.24x106
K= =
fcu bd2 25x1000x1242
= 0.017 < 0.156
k 5.24kNm
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 112 =106.4mm

Msx 5.24x106
Asx= = = 138.07mm2/m
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x106.4

Continuous edge
Msy = bsywlx2
= 0.037 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 6.93KNm 6.93kNm
Msx 6.93x106
K= =
fcu bd2 25x1000x1122
= 0.022 < 0.156
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 124 =106.4mm
21

Msy 6.93x106
Asy = = = 182.59mm2/m
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x106.4 182.59mm2/m
262mm2/m
Check for deflection:
M 6.74x106
Spaneffective depth ratio = = = 0.44N/mm2
bd2 1000x124 2
2 As(req)
Service stress, fs = x fy x
3 As(prov)
2 160.4
= x 410 x = 116.3N/mm2
3 377
(477fy)
m.f = 0.55 + m
120(0.9+ )
bd2
(477116.3)
= 0.55 +
120(0.9+0.44)
= 2.25 > 2
3930
Minimum depth required = = 75.58mm <124mm
26 x 2
Panel 2
1ST TO 5THFLOOR SLABS
4465
3930
22

Panel 2 ly 4465
= = 1.1
Typical from lx 3930
1st to 5th The slab is designed as a two way spanning slab.

floors bsx bsy
-0.056 -0.045
0.042 0.034
Midspan
Msx = bsxwlx2
= 0.042 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 7.86KNm 7.86kNm
Msx 7.86x106
K= =
fcu bd2 25x1000x1242
= 0.02 < 0.156
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 124 =117.8mm 117.8mm

Msx 7.86x106
Asx= = = 187.06mm2/m
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x117.8 187.06mm2/m
Continuous edge
Msx = bsxwlx2
= 0.056 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 10.48KNm 10.48kNm
Msx 10.48x106
K= = = 0.027mm
fcu bd2 25x1000x1242
23

k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
249mm2
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 124 =117.8mm
M 10.48x106
As = = = 249.4mm2
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x117.8
Provide Y12 @ 300mm c/c Top (Asprov = 377mm2)

6.36kNm
Long span
d = 124 12 =112mm
Midspan
Msy = bsywlx2
= 0.034 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 6.36KNm 106.4mm
Msy 6.36x106
K= =
fcu bd2 25x1000x1122
= 0.02 < 0.156
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 112 =106.4mm

Msy 6.36x106
Asy= = = 167.58mm2
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x106.4
24

Continuous edge
Msy = bsywlx2 167.58mm2
= 0.045 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 8.42KNm 262mm2/m
Msy 8.42x106
K= = = 0.027mm
fcu bd2 25x1000x1122
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
8.42kNm
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 112 =106.4mm
M 8.42x106
Asy= = = 221.85mm2
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x117.8

M 7.86x106
bd2 1000x124 2 262mm2/m
2 As(req)
3 As(prov)
2 187.06
= x 410 x = 135.06N/mm2
3 377
(477fy)
m.f = 0.55 + m
120(0.9+ )
bd2
(477135.06)
= 0.55 + = 2.02 > 2
120(0.9+0.51)
25

3930
26 x 2
Panel 3
22340
Panel3 2500
typical from
1st to 5th floor
22340
= = 8.9
2500
Designed as a one way spanning slab
2
M=
8
12.12x(2.5)2
= = 9.47KNm
8
Mx 9.47x106
K= = = 0.025mm
fcu bd2 25x1000x1242
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 124 =117.8mm

M 9.47x106
As = = = 225.4mm2/m
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x117.8
Provide Y12 @ 300mm c/c bottom (Asprov = 377mm2)

As min = 0.13bh%
= 0.13 x 1000 x 0.01 x 150 = 195mm2/m
Prov Y8 @ 250mm c/c (As prov = 201 mm2/m)
26

Check For Deflection:
M 9.47x106
bd2 1000x124 2
2 As(req)
3 As(prov)
2 225.4
= x 410 x = 163.42N/mm
3 377
(477fy)
m.f = 0.55 + m
120(0.9+ )
bd2
(477163.42)
=0.55 + = 1.73<2
120(0.9+0.62)
2500
20 x 1.73
Panel 4
5000
= = 1.27 = 1.3
3930
The slab is designed as a two way spanning slab.
bsx bsy
-0.069 -0.045
0.051 0.034
Midspan
Msx = bsxwlx2
= 0.051 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 9.54KNm
27
Msx 9.54x106
K= = = 0.024
fcu bd2 25x1000x1242
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 124 =117.8mm

Msx 9.54x106
Asx= = = 227.04mm2/m
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x117.8
Provide Y12 @ 300mm c/c bottom (Asprov = 377)

Continuous edge
Msx = bsxwlx2
= 0.069 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 12.92KNm
Msx 12.92x106
K= = = 0.034
fcu bd2 25x1000x1242
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 124 =117.8mm

Msx 12.96x106
Asx= = = 308.43mm2/m
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x117.8
Provide Y12 @ 300mm c/c bottom (Asprov = 377)

Long span
d = 124 12 =112mm
Midspan
Msy = bsywlx2
28
Ref. No.: 2007/1/26387EC Prepared by : YUSUF AHMED OLADAYO

= 0.034 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 6.36KNm
Msy 6.36x106
K= =
fcu bd2 25x1000x1122
= 0.02 < 0.156
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 112 =106.4mm
Msy 6.36x106
Asy= = = 167.58mm2
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x106.4

Continuous edge
Msy = bsywlx2
= 0.045 x 12.12 x 3.932
= 8.42KNm
Msy 8.42x106
K= = = 0.027< 0.156
fcu bd2 25x1000x1122
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 112 =106.4mm
Msy 8.42x106
Asy= = = 221.85mm2
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x106.4
Check for deflection
29
M 9.54x106
bd2 1000x124 2
2 As(req)
3 As(prov)
2 227.04
= x 410 x = 164.42N/mm
3 377
(477fs)
m.f = 0.55 + m
120(0.9+ )
bd2
(477164.42)
=0.55 + = 2.2 >2
120(0.9+0.62)
3930
26 x 2
Panel 5
Try h = 200
D = 200 20 6 = 174mm
10570
= = 2.68
3930
10570
3930
30

Designed as a one way spanning slab
2
M=
8
13.8 x 3.932
= =26.64 KNm
8
26.64x106
K= = 0.035
0.87x410x165.3
k
la = 0.5 + (0.25 0.9) 0.95
la = 0.95 Z = lad =0.95 x 174 =165.3mm
M 26.64x106
As = = = 451.81mm2
0.87fy Z 0.87x410x165.3
Provide Y16 @ 300mm c/c bottom (Asprov = 670mm2)

As min = 0.13bh%
= 0.13 x 1000 x 200 x 0.01 = 260mm2/ m
Prov Y10 @ 300mm (As prov = 262 mm2/m)
M 26.64x106
Spaneffective depth ratio =
bd 2 = 1000x174 2
= 0.87N/mm2
2 As(req)
3 As(prov)
2 451.81
= x 410 x = 184.32N/mm
3 670
(477fs)
m.f = 0.55 + m
120(0.9+ )
bd2
31
Date:September 2012 Sheet No.: 14 of
(477184.32)
=0.55 + = 1.92 <2
120(0.9+0.87)
3930
20 x 1.92
32
Ref Calculation Output

Beam 1 Beam 1
Self-weight of beam = 0.23 x 0.45 x 24 x 1.4 = 3.48kN,
Finishes = 0.6 x 2 x 1.4 x 0.45 = 0.756
1 1
Self-weight of slab on beam = = x 12.12 x 3.93(1- 4.5 2 ) =
2 3(3.93)
17.8 KNm
39.84 x 3.93
R1 =R2 = = = 78.29 KN
2 2
39.84 x3.932
Mmax at centre = = 76.92 KNm
8
Design as a t beam

Bf = + bw
5
Span = 0.7 x length from c/c
= 0.7 x 3.93 = 2.751
2751
Bf = + 230 = 780.2mm
5

K=
2
76.92 x106
= = 0.02
780.2 x 4022 x25
La = 0.95
Z = 0.95 x 402
=381.9 mm
76.92 x106
As = = 565 mm2/m
0.87 x 410x 381.9
Prov 3 Y16 bottom bars (603mm2/m)
33

Beam 1 As min = 0.13%bh
0.13 x 0.01 x 780.2 x 450 = 456.42mm2/m
Prov 3 Y16 top bars (603mm2/m) 456.42
Check for shear mm2/m
78.29 103
v=
230 450
= 0.756 < 4
shear force diagram
78.29
78.29
34

Beam 2 Beam 2 O(5-1)
Self-weight of beam = 0.23 x 0.45 x 24 x 1.4 = 3.48KN/m
Finishes on beams = 0.25 x 2 x 0.45 x 1.4 = 0.756KN/m
1 1
Self-weight of slab on beam = x 12.12 x 4(1- 4.465 2 ) = 17.8
2 3( 4 )
KN/m
1 1
Self-weight of slab on beam = x 12.12 x 2.5(1- 4.465 2 ) =
2 3( 2.5 )
10.4 KN/m
1 1
Self-weight of slab on beam = x 12.12 x 3.93(1- 4.465 2 ) =
2 3( 3.93 )
17.7 KN/m
Total load on 1st span = 4.226 + 17.8 = 22.03 KN/m
Total load on 2nd span = 4.226 + 10.4 = 14.63 KN/m
Total load on 3rd span = 4.226 + 17.7 = 21.93 KN/m
22.03KN/m 14.63 KN/m 21.93 KN/m
4000 2500 3930

5 3 2 1
2 22.03 x 42
M53 = = = -29.37 KNm
12 12
M35 = 29.37 KNm
2 14.63 x 2.52
M32= = = -7.62 KNm
12 12
M23 = 7.62 KNm
2 21.93 x 3.932
M21= = = -28.23 KNm
12 12
35
Date: September 2012 Sheet No.:18

Beam 2 M12 = 28.23 KNm
Distribution Factor
35
DF35 =
35 + 32
3
35
= 3 4 = 0.32
35
+ 32
DF32 = 1 0.32 = 0.68

23
DF23 =
23 + 21
4
23
= 4 3 = 0.68
23
+ 21
Dfs 0 0.32 0.68 0.68 0.32 0

FEM -29.37 29.37 -7.62 7.62 -28.23 28.23
BAL 29.37 -6.96 -14.79 14.01 6.6 -28.23
CO 9.4 9.53 -10.06 -9.03
BAL -6.06-12.87 12.98 6.11
CO 8.83 -8.75
BAL -2.83-6 5.95 2.8
CO 4.05 -4.08
BAL -1.3-2.75 2.77 -1.31
Total 21.62-21.62 20.44-20.44
36

Beam 2
Shear force
22.03 x 4 0 21.62
V53 = + = 38.66 KN
2 4
22.03 x 4 21.620
V35 = + = 49.47 KN
2 4
14.63 x 2.5 21.6220.44
V32 = + = 18.76 KN
2 2.5
14.63 x 2.5 20.44 21.62
V23 = + = 17.11KN
2 2.5
21.93 x 3.93 20.440
V21 = + = 48.29KN
2 3.93
21.93 x 3.93 0 20.44
V12 = + = 37.89 KN
2 3.93
Reactions at support
R5 = V53 = 38.66 KN
R3 = V35 + V32 = 68.23 KN
R2 = V23 + V21 = 65.4 KN
R1 = V12 = 37.89 KN
Midspan moments
52
M5,3 = R5x5 =0
2
5,3
= R5 wx5

= 38.66 22.03x5
38.66
x5 = = 1.75m
22.03
22.03 x 1.752
M5,3 = 38.66 (1.75) = 33.93 KN/m
2
37

Beam 2 (3 4)2
M3,2 = R5x3 + R3( x3 4 ) 22.03 x 4( x3 2) 14.63 =0
2
= 38.66x3 + 68.23x3 272.92 88.12x3 176.24 7.315 32 + 58.523
117.04 = 0
= 77.29x3 213.72 7.31532
3,2
= 77.29 14.63x3

77.29
x3 = = 5.28m
14.63
M3,2 = 77.29( 5.28) 213.72 7.315(5.28)2
= -9.56 KNm
12
M1,2 = R1x1 =0
2
1,2
= R1 wx1

= 37.89 21.93x1
37.89
x1 = = 1.45m
21.93
21.93 x 1.452
M1,2 = 37.89 (1.45) = 31.89 KN/m
2
38
shear force diagram
48.29
38.66
18.76
17.11
37.89
49.47
bending moment diagram
29.37 28.23
7.62
21.62 20.44
39

Beam 2 Design of supports
Moment used = 21.62KNm
h = 450mm b = 230 mm
d = 450 30 -10 -8 = 402 mm

K=
2
21.62 x106
= = 0.023
230 x 4022 x25
La = 0.95
Z = 0.95 x 402381.9 mm
21.62 x106
As = = 158.71 mm2/m
0.87 x 410x 381.9
Provide 2 Y12 bars (226mm2/m)
Design of Midspan
L section
450
4000
0.7x + 230 = 510mm
10
33.93x106
= = 0.016
5104022 25
La = 0.95 z = 381.9mm
33.93x106
As = = 249.08mm2
0.87410381.9
Provide 3 Y12 bottom (339mm2/m)
40

Beam 2 Check for shear
49.47 103
v=
230 450
= 0.47 < 4
41
Reference Calculation Output

Beam 3 Beam 3 9(A-F)
Self-weight of beam = 0.23 x 0.45 x 24 x 1.4 = 3.48KN/m
Finishes on beams = 0.25 x 2 x 0.45 x 1.4 = 0.756 KN/m
1 1
Self-weight of slab on beam = x 12.12 x 3.93(1- )=
2 3(4.965
3.93 )
2
18.84 KNm
1 1
Self-weight of slab on beam = x 12.12 x 2.49(1- )=
2 3(13.035
2.49 )
2
14.91 KNm
1
Self-weight of slab on beam = x 12.12 x 2.904 = 11.73 KN/m
3
1
Self weight of slab on beam = x 12.12 x 2.904 = 11.73 KN/m
3
Total load on 1st span = 4.226 + 18.84 = 23.08 KN/m
Total load on 2nd span = 4.226 + 14.91 = 19.15 KN/m
Total load on 3rd/4th span = 4.226 + 11.73 = 16 KN/m
23.08KN/m 19.15KN/m 16KN/m
3.93 2.49 4.01 2.938

2 23.08 x 3.932
MAB = = = -29.71 KNm
12 12
MBA = 29.71 KNm
2 16 x 4.012
MCD= = = -21.44 KN/m
12 12
MCD = 21.44 KNm
2 16 x 2.9382
MDF= = = -11.51 KN/m
12 12
42

Beam 3 MDF = 11.51 KNm
Distribution Factor

DFBA =
+
3

= 3 4 = 0.32

+
DFBC = 1 0.32 = 0.68

DFCB =
+
4

= 4 4 = 0.62

+
DFCD = 1 0.62 = 0.38

DFDC =
+
4

= 4 3 = 0.62

+
DFCD = 1 0.62 = 0.38

DFS 0 0.320.68 0.62 0.38 0.490.51 0
FEM -29.37 29.71-9.89 9.89-21.44 21.44 -11.51 11.51
BAL 29.37 -6.34 -13.48 7.164.39 -4.87-5.06 -11.51
CO 9.514.44 9.17-239 1.67-5.62
BAL -4.46-9.49 7.17 4.39 1.942.01
CO 4.44 -6.45 0.95 1.67
BAL -1.42-3.02 3.412.09 -0.82-0.85

TOTAL 27 -27 12.01-12.01 21.03-20.03 o
43

Beam 3
shear force diagram
38.48
29.86 29.83 30.66
17.82 16.34
34.33
52.22
29.71
21.44
9.89 11.51
12.01
21.03
27
Shear force
VAB = 23.08 x 3.93 + 0 27 = 38.48 KN
2 3.93
44

Beam 3 VBA = 23.08 x 3.93 + 27 - 0 = 52.2 KN
2 3.93
VBF2 = 19.15 x 2.49 + 27 12.01= 29.86KN
2 2.49
VF2B = 19.15 x 2.49 + 12.01 27 = 17.82KN
2 2.49
VF2H = 16 x 4.01 + 12.01-21.03 = 29.83 KN
2 4.01
VHF2 = 28.68 x 5 + 21.03-12.01 = 34.33KN
2 4.01
VF2H = 16 x 2.938 + 21.03-0 = 30.66 KN
2 2.938
VHF2 = 16x 2.938 + 0 21.03 = 16.34K
2 2.938
RA = VAB = 38.48 KN
RB = VBA + VBC = 82.08 KN
RC = VCB + VCD = 47.65 KN
RD = VDC + VDF = 64.99 KN
RF = VFD = 16.34 KN
Midspan moments
2
MAB = RAXA =0
2

= RA wxA

= 38.48 23.08xA
45

BEAM 3 38.48
xA = = 1.67m
23.08
23.08 x 1.672
MAB = 38.48 (1.67) - = 32.08 KNm
2
MBC = +
( 3.93 ) 23.08 3.93( 1.965)
2
( 3.93)
19.15 = 0
2
= 38.48xB + 82.08xB 322.6 90.7xB 178.2 9.58 2 +
75.26 147.96 = 0
= 105.12xB 292.36 9.582
xB= 5.49m
MBC =105.12(5.49) 292.36 - 9.58(5.49)2 =0
= 577 292.36 - 288.7 =-4KNm
2
MFD = RFXF =0
2

= RF wxF

= 16.34 16xF
16.34
XF = = 1.02m
16
16 x 1.022
MFD = 16.34 (1.02) - = 8.35 KNm
2
MDC = RFxD + RD( xD 2.938 ) 16 x 2.938( xD 1.469)
(2.938)2
16 =0
2
= 16.34xD + 64.99xD 190.94 47.01xD 69.06 82 +
47.01 69.05 = 0
= 81.33xD 190.93 82
46

Beam 3 XD= 5.08m
MDC =81.33(5.08) 190.93 - 8(5.08)2 =0= 413.16 190.93
203.21 =19.02KNm
Design of Midspan
Moment used = 32.08KNm 32.08KNm
L section
505.1
450
3930
0.7x + 230 = 505.1mm
10
32.08x106
= = 0.016
505.14022 25
La = 0.95 z = 381.9mm
32.08x106
As = = 235.49mm2
0.87410381.9
Check for shear
100As/bwh= 100x339/230x450 = 0.328<3
Design of supports
Moment used = 21.62 KNm
21.62KNm
h = 450mm b = 230 mm
d = 450 30 -10 -8 = 402 mm

K=
2
47

Beam 3 21.62 x106
= = 0.023
230 x 4022 x25
La = 0.95
Z = 0.95 x 402 = 381.9 mm
21.62 x106
As = = 158.71 mm2/m
0.87 x 410x 381.9
Provide 2 Y12 (226mm2/m)
48
Beam 5 Beam 5 2(H2-O)

Total load on beam = 4.226 + 15.15 = 19.37 KN/m
19.37 KN/m
4.465 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.465

H2 J L M N O
2 19.37 x 4.4652
MH2J = = = -32.18 KNmMJH2 = 32.18
12 12
KNm
2 19.37 x 4.52
MJL= = = -32.68 KNm
12 12
MLJ = 32.68 KNm
2 19.37 x 4.502
MLM = = = -32.68 KNm
12 12
MML = 32.68 KNm
2 19.37 x 4.52
MMN= = = -32.68 KNm
12 12
MNM 32.68 KNm
2 19.37 x 4.4652
MNO= = = -32.18 KNm
12 12
MO N = 32.18 KN
Distribution Factor
2
DFJH2 =
2 +
49

Beam 5 3
2
= 3 4 = 0.43
2
+
DFJL = 1 0.43 = 0.57

DFLJ =
+
4

= 4 4 = 0.5

+
DFLM = 1 0.5 = 0.5

DFML =
+
4

= 4 4 = 0.5

+
DFML = 1 0.5 = 0.5

H2 J L M N O
DFS 0 0.430.57 0.50.5 0.50.5 0.57 0.43 0
FEM -32.18 32.18-32.68 32.68-32.68 32.68-32.68 32.68-32.18 32.18
BAL 32.18 0.220.29 00 00 -0.29-0.22 -32.18
CO 13.84 0 0.17 0 0 -0.17 0 -13.84

BAL -5.95 -7.89 -0.09-0.09 0.090.09 7.895.95
TOT 40.29-40.29 32.76-32.76 32.76-32.76 40.29-40.29
Shear force
19.37 x 4.465 0 40.29
VH2J= + = 34.22 K
2 4.465
50

Beam 5 19.37 x 4.465 40.29 0
VJH2= + = 52.26 KN
2 4.465
19.37 x 4.5 40.29 32.76
VJL = + = 45.25 KN
2 4.5
19.37 x 4.5 32.76 40.29
VLJ= + = 41.91 KN
2 4.5
19.37 x 4.5 32.7632.76
VLM = + = 43.58 KN
2 4.5
19.37 x 4.5 32.76 32.76
VML = + = 43.58KN
2 4.5
19.37 x 4.5 32.76 40.29
VMN = + = 41.91 KN
2 4.5
19.37 x 4.5 40.2932.76
VNM = + = 45.23 KN
2 4.5
19.37 x 4.465 40.290
VNO = + = 52.26 KN
2 4.465
19.37 x 4.465 0 40.29
VON = + = 34.22 KN
2 4.465
RH2 = VH2J = 34.22 KN
RJ = VJH2 + VJL = 97.51 KN
RL = VLM + VLJ = 85.49 KN
RM = VML + VMN = 85.49 KN
RN = VNM + VNO = 97.51 KN
RO = VON = 34.22 KN
Midspan moments
51
Beam 5 22
MH2J = RH2XH2 =0
2
2
= RH2 wxH2

= 34.22 19.37xH2
34.22
xH2 = = 1.77mMON = ROxO Wxo2/2
19.37

= 34.22 19.37xO

xO = 1.77m
MON= 30.23
19.37 x 1.772
MH2J = 34.22 (1.77) - = 30.23 KNm
2
MJL = RH2xJ + RH2( xJ 4.465 ) 19.37 x 4.465( xJ 2)
(4)2
14.63 =0
2
= 34.22xJ + 97.51x3 435.4 84.49xJ 193.1 9.69 2 +
86.53 193.22 = 0= 131.77xJ 435.52 9.692
xj= 6.8m
MJL= 131.77(6.8)-435.22-9.69(6.8)2 =0
896.04 435.52 -448.07 =12.45KNm
MLM= 34.22xL + 97.51xL+435.28+85.49xL-766.42- 86.49xL +
193.1 + 87.17xL +585.31 -9.69xL2 -173.74 -777.8 =0
xL= 11.22m
MLM = 217.3(11.22)-1202.19 - 9.69(11.22)2 =0
MLM = 16.04KN/m
MJL = MJL = 12.45KN/m
52
Beam
5
shear force diagram
52.26
45.25 43.58 41.91
34.22
34.22
41.91 43.58 45.23
52.26
32.18 32.68 32.68 32.68 32.18
32.76 32.76 -32.76

40.29
53
Beam 5 Design of Midspan
Moment used = 30.23KNm d = 402mm
T section
860
150
230
4500
0.7x + 230 = 860mm
5
30.23x106
= = 0.0087
8604022 25
30.23x106
La = 0.95 z = 381.9mmAs = = 221.9mm2
0.87410381.9
Check for shear
52.26 103
v=
230 450
= 0.5 < 4
Design of supports
h = 450mm b = 230 mm
d = 450 30 -10 -8 = 402 mm

K=
2
54
Beam 5 40.29 x106
= = 0.04
230 x 4022 x25
La = 0.95
Z = 0.95 x 4
= 381.9 mm
40.29 x106
As = =295.7 mm2/m
0.87 x 410x 381.9
55
BEAM 7 Beam 71(H2-O)
Self-weight of beam = 0.23 x 0.45 x 24 x 1.4 = 3.48
Finishes on beams = 0.25 x 2 x 0.45 x 1.4 = 0.756
1
3
Total load on beam = 4.226 + 15.88 = 20.11 KN/m
20.11 KN/m
4.465 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.465

H2 J L M N O
2 20.11 x 4.4652
MH2J = = = -33.41 KNm
12 12
MJH2 = 33.41 KNm

2 20.11 x 4.52
MJL= = = -33.94 KNm
12 12
MLJ = 33.94 KNm

2 20.11x 4.502
MLM = = = -33.94KNm
12 12
MML = 33.94 KNm
2 20.11x 4.52
MMN= = = -33.94 KNm
12 12
MNM = 33.94 KNm
2 20.11x 4.4652
MNO= = = -33.41 KNm
12 12
MON = 33.41 KNm

56
BEAM 7 Distribution Factor
2
DFJH2 =
2 +
3
2
= 3 4 = 0.43
2
+
DFJL = 1 0.43 = 0.57

DFLJ =
+
4

= 4 4 = 0.5

+
DFLM = 1 0.5 = 0.5

DFML =
+
4

= 4 4 = 0.5

+
DFML = 1 0.5 = 0.5
57
DFS 0 0.430.57 0.50.5 0.50.5 0.570.43 0
FEM -33.41 33.41-33.94 33.94 -33.94 33.94 -33.94 33.94-33.41 33.41
BAL 33.41 0.23 0.3 00 00 -0.3-0.23 -33.41
CO 14.370 0.170 0-0.17 0-14.37
BAL -6.18-8.19 -0.09-0.09 0.090.09 8.196.18
TOTAL 41.83 -41.83 34.02-34.02 34.02-34.02 41.83-41.83
58
BEAM 7 Shear force
20.11 x 4.465 0 41.83
VH2J= + = 35.53 KN
2 4.465
20.11 x 4.465 41.83 0
VJH2= + = 54.27 KN
2 4.465
20.11 x 4.5 41.8334.02
VJL = + = 46.99 KN
2 4.5
20.11 x 4.5 34.02 41.83
VLJ = + = 43.51 KN
2 4.5
20.11 x 4.5 34.0234.02
VLM = + = 45.25 KN
2 4.5
20.11 x 4.5 34.02 34.02
VML= + = 45.25KN
2 4.5
20.11 x 4.5 34.02 41.83
VMN = + = 43.51 KN
2 4.5
20.11 x 4.5 41.8334.02
VNM = + = 46.99 KN
2 4.5
20.11 x 4.465 41.830
VNO= + = 54.27 KN
2 4.465
20.11 x 4.465 0 41.83
VON = + = 35.53 KN
2 4.465
RH2 = VH2J = 35.53 KN
RJ = VJH2 + VJL = 101.26 KN
RL = VLM + VLJ = 88.76KN
RM = VML + VMN = 88.76 KN
RN = VNM + VNO = 101.26KN
RO = VON = 35.53 KN
59
BEAM 7 Midspan moments
22
MH2J = RH2XH2 =0
2
2
= RH2 wxH2

= 35.53 20.11xH2
35.53
xH2 = = 1.77m
20.11
20.11 x 1.772
MH2J = 35.53(1.77) - = 31.39 KNm
2
MJL = RH2xJ + RH2( xJ 4.465 ) 19.37 x 4.465( xJ 2)
(4)2
14.63 =0
2
= 35.53xJ + 101.26x3 452.13 87.79xJ 200.46 10.0552 +
89.79 200.46 = 0
= 136.79xJ 452.13 10.0552
xj= 6.8m
MJL= 136.79(6.8) - 452.13 10.055(6.8)2 =0
930.17 452.13 -464.94 =13.1KNm
MLM= 35.53xL + 101.26xL+452.13+88.76xL-795.73- 89.79xL +
200.46 + 90.5xL +607.71 -10.055xL2 -180.27 -808.13 =0
xL= 11.22m
MLM= 225.53(11.2)+ 1247.82xL+1261.3
= 16.82KNm
60
BEAM
7
shear force diagram
54.27
46.99 45.25 43.51
35.53
35.53
43.51 45.25 46.99
54.27

33.41 33.94 33.94 33.94 33.41
34.02 34.02
41.83 41.83
61
BEAM 7 Design of Midspan
Moment used = 31.39KNm d = 402mm
L section 542.25
450
4465
0.7x + 230 = 542.55mm
5
31.39x106
= = 0.014
542.554022 25
La = 0.95 z = 381.9mm
31.39x106
As = = 230.43mm2
0.87410381.9
Check for shear
54.27 103
v=
230 450
= 0.52 < 4
Design of supports
Moment used = 41.83
h = 450mm b = 230 mm
d = 450 30 -10 -8 = 402 mm

K=
2
41.83 x106
= = 0.045
230 x 4022 x25
62
BEAM 7 La = 0.95
Z = 0.95 x 402 = 381.9 mm
41.83 x106
As = =307.1 mm2/m
0.87 x 410x 381.9
63
Beam 9 Beam 9 1(A-H)
1
3
1 1
Self-weight of slab on beam = x 12.12 x 3.93(1- 10.57 2) =
2 3( 3.93 )
22.72 KN/m
1 1
Self-weight of slab on beam = x 12.12 x 3.93(1- 5 2) =
2 3(3.93)
18.91 KN/m
Total load on span 1 = 20.12 KN/m
20.12KN/m 26.96KN/m 23.15KN/m
3.93 10.57 5.0

A B F2 H
2 20.12 x 3.932
MAB = = = -25.9 KNm
12 12
MBA = 25.9 KNm
2 26.96x 10.572
MJL= = = -251 KNm
12 12
MLJ = 251 KNm
2 23.15x 52
MLM = = = -48.23KNm
12 12
MML = 48.23 KNm
64
Beam 9 Distribution Factor

DFBA =
+ 2
3

= 3 4 = 0.67

+ 2
DFJL = 1 0.67 = 0.33

2
DFF2B =
2 + 2
4
2
= 4 3 = 0.39
2
+ 2
DFF2H = 1 0.39 = 0.61
DFS 0 0.670.33 0.350.65 0

FEM-33 33-302 302 -59.7 59.7
BAL 33 180.2388.77 -84.81-157.5 -59.7
CO 22.11-29.68 29.29-38.81
BAL 5.07 2.50 3.33 6.19
CO 1.17 0.83
BAL -0.29 -0.54 -0.78 -0.39
TOTAL 239.63-239.63 250.35-250.35
65
Beam 9 Shear force
20.12 x 3.93 0 202.61
VAB= + = -12KN
2 3.93
20.12 x 3.93 202.610
VBA= + = 91.09KN
2 3.93
26.96 x 10.57 202.61199.24
VBF2 = + = 142.8KN
2 10.57
26.96 x 10.57 199.24 202.61
VF2B = + = 142.16KN
2 10.57
23.15 x 5 199.240
VF2H = + = 97.73KN
2 5
23.15 x 5 0199.24
VHF2 = + = 18.03KN
2 5
RA = VAB = -12 KN
RB = VBA + VBF2 = 233.09KN
RF2 = VF2B + VF2H = 239.89KN
RH = VHF2 = 18.03KN
Midspan moments
2
MAB = RAXA =0
2

= RA wxA

= -12 20.12xA
12
xA = = - 0.59m
20.12
20.12 x (0.59)2
MAB = -12(-0.59) - = 3.58 KNm
2
66
Beam 9 MBF2 = RAxB + RB(xB 3.93) 20.12 x 3.93(xB 1.965)
3.93 2
26.96( )
2
MBF2 = -12xB + 233.89xB 919.19 -79.07xB + 155.37 13.48xB2 +

105.95xB 208.2= 0
= 248.77xB 972.02 13.48 xB2 = 0
2
= 248.77 - 26.96xB

xB = 9.22m
MBF2 = 2294 972.02 -1146
= 175.98 KN/m
2
MHF2 = RHXH =0
2
2
= RH wxH

= 18.03 23.15xH
18.03
xA = = 0.78m
23.15
23.15 x (0.78)2
MAB = 18.03(0.78) - = 7.02 KNm
2
67
Beam 9
shear force diagram
142.8
97.73
91.09
142.16

251
48.23
25.9
202.61 199.24
68

Beam 9 Design of Midspan
L section
969.9
450
3930
0.7x + 230 = 505.1mm
10
175.98x106
= = 0.04
969.94022 25
La = 0.95 z = 381.9mm
175.98x106
As = = 1291.8mm2
0.87410381.9
Provide 2Y25 + 2Y16 bottom (1384mm2/m)
Check for shear
142.16x103
v= = 1.37< 0.8
230450
Design of supports
Moment used = 202.61
h = 450mm b = 230 mm
d = 450 30 -10 -8 = 402 mm

K=
2
202.61 x106
= = 0.05
969.9 x 4022 x25
69
Beam 9 La = 0.94
Z = 0.94 x 402= 377.88 mm
202.61 x106
As = = 1503 mm2/m
0.87 x 410x 377.88
Provide 2 Y25 + 2Y16 (1585mm2/m)
70
Beam 10 Beam 10 A(9-1)
1
3
20.12KN/m
4.965 8.07 2.50 3.93

9 7 3 2 1
2 20.12 x 4.9652
M97 = = = -41.33 KNm
12 12
M79 = 41.33 KNm
2 20.12x 8.072
M73= = = -109.2KNm
12 12
M37 = 109.2 KNm
2 20.12x 2.52
M32 = = = -10.48KNm
12 12
M23 = 10.48 KNm
2 20.12x 2.52
M21 = = = -25.9KNm
12 12
M12 = 25.9 KNm
71
Beam 10 Distribution Factor
79
DF79 =
79 + 73
3
79
= 3 4 = 0.55
79
+ 73
DF73 = 1 0.55 = 0.45

37
DF37 =
37 + 32
4
37
= 4 4 = 0.24
37
+ 32
DF32 = 1 0.24 = 0.76

23
DF21 =
23 + 21
4
23
= 4 3 = 0.68
23
+ 21
DF32 = 1 0.68 = 0.32
72
Beam 10 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION TABLE
DFS 0 0.550.45 0.24 0.76 0.68 0.32 0

FEM -41.43 41.33-109.2 109.2-10.48 10.48-25.9 25.9
BAL 41.33 37.33 30.54 -23.7-75.03 10.49 4.93 -25.9
CO 22.73-5.69 13.74 7.13 -57.02-8.29
BAL -9.37-7.67 -5.01-15.86 44.4120.9
CO -1.2 -3.4530.2 -12.05
BAL 0.66 0.54 -6.42-20.33 8.19 3.86
TOTAL 92.68-92.68 84.36-84.36 4.5-4.5
73
Beam 10 Shear force
20.12 x 4.965 0 92.68
V97= + = 31.28KN
2 4.965
20.12 x 4.965 92.680
V79= + = 68.62KN
2 4.965
20.12 x 8.07 92.6884.36
V73 = + = 82.21KN
2 8.07
20.12 x 8.07 84.36 92.68
V37 = + = 80.15KN
2 8.07
20.12 x 2.5 84.364.5

V32 = + = 57.09KN
2 2.5
20.12 x 2.5 4.584.36

V23 = + = -6.79KN
2 2.5
20.12 x 3.93 4.50
V21 = + = 40.69KN
2 3.93
20.12 x 3.93 04.5
V12 = + = 38.39KN
2 3.93
R9 = V97 = 31.28 KN
R7 = V79 + V73 = 150.83KN
R3 = V37 + V32 = 137.19KN
R2 = V23 + V21 = 33.9KN
R1 = V12 = 38.39KN
74
Beam 10 Midspan moments
92
M97 = R9X9 =0
2
97
= R9 wx9

= 31.28 20.11x9
31.28
X9 = = 1.56m
20.11
20.12 x (1.56)2
M97 = 31.28(1.56) - = 24.33KNm
2
M73 = R9x7 + R7(x7 4.965) 20.12 x 4.965(x7 2.483)
74.965 2
20.12( ) =0
2
M73 = 31.28x7 + 150.83x7 748.87 -99.85x7 + 247.88 10.06x72 +

99.86x7 247.99= 0
= 182.12x7 748.76 10.06 x72 = 0
73
= 182.12 - 20.11x7

X7 = 9.1m
M73 = 1657.3 748.762-833.07
= 75.47 KNm
M32 = 31.28x3 + 150.83x3 748.87 -137.19x3 + 1788.27 99.85 x3
+ 247.87 -162.29 x3 + 1460.59 - 10.06x32 + 262.13x3 708.46= 0
= 319.29x3 2573.147 10.06 x32 = 0
32
= 319.29 - 20.11x3

x3 = 15.88m
M32 = 5070.33 2573.14 - 2535.6
= -3.841KN/m
75
Beam 12
M12 = R1X1 =0
2
10
12
= R1 wx1

= 38.39 20.11x1
38.39
X1 = = 1.91m
20.11
20.11 x (1.91)2
M12 = 38.39(1.91) - = 36.64KNm
2
M23 = 38.39x2 + 33.9x2 133.23 -79.03x2 + 155.29 10.06x22 + 79.03x2
155.3= 0
= 72.29x2 133.23 10.06 x22 = 0
23
= 72.29 - 20.11x2

X2 = 3.4m
M23 = 205.79 133.23 116.24
= -3.68 KNm
shear force diagram
82.21
57.09
40.69
31.28
38.39
68.22
80.15
76
Beam
10
109.2
41.33
25.9
10.48
4.5
92.68 84.36
Design of Midspan
L section
794.9
450
8070
0.7x + 230 = 794.9mm
10
75.47x106
= = 0.024
794.94022 25
La = 0.95 z = 381.9mm
75.47x106
As = = 554.01mm2
0.87410381.9
77
Beam 10 Provide 4Y16 bars bottom (804mm2/m)
Check for shear
82.21x103
v= = 0.88< 0.8
230402
Design of supports
h = 450mm b = 230 mm
d = 450 30 -10 -8 = 402 mm

K=
2
92.68 x106
= = 0.099
230 x 4022 x25
La = 0.89
Z = 0.89 x 402= 357.88 mm
92.68 x106
As = = 726 mm2/m
0.87 x 410x 357.88
Provide 4Y16 top bars (804 mm2/m)
Deflection are not always checked in beam if the span/depth ratio
is not violated.(V.O. OYENUGA)
78
Staircase design
1st flight
Going = 300mm
Riser = 150mm
Span = 9x300+0.5(1525) = 3462.5mm
Concrete own weight = 3.6 KN/m2
0.5x0.15x24 = 1.80KN/m2
3002 +1502
Slope factor = = 1.12
300
Going 150mm
Riser 150mm
F= 23.62 KN/m
23.623462.52
M= = 28.4KN/m
10
Try h = 150mm d= 150-20-6=124mm
28.4106
K= = = 0.07
2 251000124 2
La = 0.91
Z= 0.91x124 = 112.84mm
28.4106
As = = = 705.5 mm2/m
0.87 0.87x410x112.84
79
Provide Y12 @ 150mm c/c (754mm2/m= As prov)
2nd flight
Span = 10 x 300 + 0.5(1525 + 600)
= 3000 + 1062.5 = 4062.5 mm
M= 0.1x(4.062)x23.62
= 39KNmm
39106
K = = 0.1La = 0.87
251000124 2
Z = 0.87x124 =107.88mm
39106
As = = 1013mm2/m
0.87x410x107.88
Provide Y12@ 100mm c/c (1130mm2/m)
Half landing
Span = 2.45m
Own load = 0.15 x 24 x 0.6 x 1.4 = 3.024 KN/m
Finishes = 1.2x0.6x1.4 = 1.008KN/m
Live load = 2.5x0.6x1.6 = 2.4 KN/m
9x0.3
Flights = 23.62x = 31.9 KN/m
2
= 38.332 KN/m
M= 0.125x38.332x2.452 = 28.8 KN/m per 0.6 m wide
28.8106
K= = 0.124
256001242
La = 0.84
Z = 0.84x124= 104.16
80
28.8106
As = = 775mm2/m
0.87x410x104.16
Provide Y12 @ 125 mm c/c bottom (As prov = 905 mm2)Final
landing
Provide similar reinforcement as half landing.
81
COLUMN DESIGN
For estimation of loads, static reaction only are considered
(clause 3.8.2.3 of B.S 8100: part 1:1997)
LOADINGS
Column Floor Area = 25.03m2

F2(2) 5thFloor Roof Level
Roof load = 25.03 x 1.5x 1.5 = 56.32kN
Roof beams = 1.4 x 3.48 x 9.75 = 28.09kN
Column own and finishes, say, = 10.00kN
Total = 113.82kN 113.82kN
4th 5th Floor Level
Loading from above = 113.82kN
Loading from beam = (26.96 x 5.285) + (23.15 x 2.5) + (39.84
x 1.965) = 278.64kN
Column own = 10.00kN
Total = 402.46KN 402.46kN
3rd 4thFloor Level
Loading from above = 402.46KN
Beam load = 278.64KN
Total = 691.10KN 691.10KN
82

Column 2nd -3rd Floor Level
F2(2) Loading from above = 691.10KN
Total = 979.74KN
1st 2ndFloor Level 979.74KN

Loading from above = 979.74KN
Total = 1268.38 KN
Ground 1st floor level

Loading from above = 1268.38 KN
Column own = 10.00kN 1268.38KN
Total = 1557KN
Beam fixed end moment
Roof beam 2(B-F2) = 20.95KNm
Roof beam F2(1-2) = 2.09 KNm
Roof beam 2(F2-H) = 4.69 KNm
Floor beam
Floor beam 2(B-F2) = 251KNm
Floor beam F2(1-2) = 76.92KNm
Floor beam 2(F2-H) = 48.23 KNm 1557KN
83
Column stiffness
For the 230x230 col
I = (230X230)3/12 = 233.2x106mm4
K =(233.2x 106)/3000 = 77.73x103mm4
For the 300x300 col
I = (300X300)3/12 = 675x106mm4
K =(675x 106)/3000 = 225x103mm4 350.70kN
Beam stiffness
Roof beam
I = (230X450)3/12 = 1746.56x106mm4
K beam 2(B-F2) = (1746.56x106)/3930 = 444.42x103mm3
K beam 2(F2-H) = (1746.56x106)/5000 = 349.3x103mm3
For floor beam
Beam 2(B-F2)
Flange width = 969.9mm hf = 0.33 bw/bf= 0.27
I = 0.152x230x4503 = 3185.7x106
K= 3185x106/10570 =301.3x 103
Beam F2(1-2)
Flange width = 505.1mm hf = 0.33 bw/bf= 0.46
I = 0.120x230x4503 = 2515x106
K= 2515x106/10570 =639.9x 103
Beam 2(F2-H)
Flange width = 580mm hf = 0.33 bw/bf= 0.46
I = 0.125x230x4503 = 2619.8x106
K= 2619x106/5000 =523.97x 103
84

Design
Column moment
5th floor roof level
Mxx = 202.77KNm Myy =76.92 KNm
Mcolx-x =202.77x77.73/77.73+(165.23+444.42+349.3)
= 15.2KN
Myy= 15.2 x76.92/202.77 = 5.76KNm
Minimum moment = 0.05Nh
= 0.05x113.82x0.23 = 1.31kNm d/h = 0.8
N/bh = 113.82 x103/230x230 = 7.88
m/bh2 = 15.2x106/230x2302 = 1.2
The loads and moment are nominal. Provide nominal
reinforcement.
Provide 4Y12 bars R10mm @200mm c/c links
4th floor 5th floor level
Minimum moment = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x 402.46 x 0.23 =
4.62kN.m
= N/fcubh = (402.46x103) / (30x230x230) = 0.0254 0.60
= 1.0 1.1644 = 1.0 1.1644 x 0.0254 = 0.97 0.30
My = My + (h/b)Mx= 6.72 + (0.97 x 2.91) = 9.51kN.m
N 402.46x103 My 9.51x106
= = 1.1 2= = 0.78
bh 230x230 bh 230x2302
d = 230 30 10 8 = 182 d/h = 0.80
The loads and moments are nominal, hence, use nominal bars
85

Provide 4-Y12mm bars and R10mm @ 200c/c links.
3rd floor 4th floor level
Minimum moment = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x 691.1 x 0.23 = 3.18kN.m
= N/fcubh = (276.57x103) / (30x230x230) = 0.174 0.60
= 1.0 1.1644 = 1.0 1.1644 x 0.174 = 0.80 0.30
My = My + (h/b)Mx= 13.40 + (0.80 x 2.70) = 15.56kN.m
N 691.1x103 My 15.56x106
= = 13.06 2= = 1.3
bh 230x230 bh 230x2302
d = 230 30 10 8 = 182 d/h = 0.80
.Provide 4-Y16mm bars and R10mm @ 200c/c links.
2nd floor 3rd floor level
Minimum moment = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x 979.74 x 0.23 =
11.26kN.m
= N/fcubh = (979.74x103) / (30x300x300) = 0.36 0.60
= 1.0 1.1644 = 1.0 1.1644 x 0.363 = 0.58 0.30
My = My + (h/b)Mx= 13.40 + (0.58 x 2.70) = 15.13kN.m
N 979.74x103 My 15.13x106
= = 10.886 2= = 1.24
bh 300x300 bh 300x3002
d = 230 30 10 8 = 182 d/h = 0.80
86

1st Floor 2nd Floor level
Minimum moment = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x 1268.83x 0.23 =
3.18kN.m
= N/fcubh = (276.57x103) / (30x230x230) = 0.174 0.60
= 1.0 1.1644 = 1.0 1.1644 x 0.174 = 0.80 0.30
My = My + (h/b)Mx= 13.40 + (0.80 x 2.70) = 15.56kN.m
N 1268.83x103 My 15.56x106
= = 14.09 2= = 1.3
bh 300x300 bh 300x3002
d = 300 30 10 8 = 252 d/h = 0.80
The loads and moments are nominal, hence, use nominal bars.
Ground Floor 1st Floor level

Minimum moment = 0.05Nh = 0.05 x 1557 x 0.23 = 17.91kN.m
= N/fcubh = (1557x103) / (30x300x300) = 0.576 0.60
= 1.0 1.1644 = 1.0 1.1644 x 0.576 = 0.33 0.30
My = My + (h/b)Mx= 13.40 + (0.33 x 2.70) = 15.56kN.m
N 1557x103 My 14.29x106
= = 17.3 = = 0.57
bh 300x300 bh2 300x3002
d = 300 30 10 8 = 252 d/h = 0.80
The loads and moments are nominal, hence, use nominal bars.
87
FOUNDATION DESIGN (Column Bases)

300x300mm square footing
Characteristic axial load = 1550kN
Imposed load = 15.06 x 3 x 1.6 x 3 = 360kN
Self-Weight of footing = 150kN
Soil safe bearing pressure = 150kN/m2
At serviceability limit state,
Design axial load = 1.00gk + 1.00qk
= 1.00 x (1550+50) + 1.00 x 360
= 196kN
Base Type 1 Required base area = 2060/150 = 13.73m2
Pad Provide base area = 3.8 x 3.8 = 14.44m2
Foundation At ultimate limit state,
for all single Design axial load = 1.4gk + 1.6qk
footing. = 1.4 x 1550 + 1.6 x 360
= 2746kN
Earth pressure = 2746/(3.8)2 = 190kN/m2 Base Area =
Provide base thickness of 700mm (3.8x3.8)m2
Take mean depth, d = 620mm

At column face =

= 2746x103/(4x300) x 620 = 3.69N/mm2
Punching Shear
Critical perimeter = column perimeter + 8x1.5d
= 4 x 300+12x620 = 8640mm
88
Area within perimeter = (300 + 3d)2

= 3.46 x 106mm2
Punching shear force, V = 190 (3.82 3.46) = 2086.2kN
Punching shear stress, v = V / (critical perimeter x d)
= (2086.2x103) / (8640 x 620)
= 0.29N/mm2 0.35N/mm2
Bending reinforcement
At column face (critical section)
Moment, M = 0.5 x 190 x 3.8 x (1.75)2
= 1106kN.m
Mu = 0.156x25x3800x6202106 = 5698KNm>1106
K= 1106x106/3800x6202x25 = 0.03
K = 0.03 0.156 la = 0.95 Z = 589
As = 1106x106/0.87x410x589 = 5264.3mm2
As min = 0.13%bh = 013x0.01x3800x700mm2= 3458mm2/m
Provide 25Y32 @ 150mm c/c Btm (5390mm2) Both ways
Shear stress
At the critical section for shear which is 1.0d from the face of
the column
89

1.13
Shear force, V = 190x 3.8 x1.13

=815.86kN
Shear stress, v = (815.86x103) / (3800 x 620)
= 0.35N/mm2 0.4N/mm2
Section is adequate in shear.
90
CHAPTER FOUR
DISCUSSION OF RESULT
All the result obtained from the analysis were used to design the reinforcement for the members
and the size of reinforcement required for the elements (slabs, beams, columns and foundation)
and these were obtained from the code of specification. All size of reinforcement used were
properly considered for safety and economy. Even where nominal reinforcements were required,
they were provided based on the specification.
Furthermore, proper care was taken to make sure the adequate reinforcements were provided to
resist both tension and compression in their respective location. Deflection where necessary
and shear checks were carried out at each section for adequacy of the depth provided for each
element.
In this chapter, the area of steel given to each member that was designed are properly outlined.
91
Slab Panel Details
Panel 1
Short span
Mid span: provide Y12 @ 300mm c/c bottom
Continuous edge: provide Y12 @ 300mm c/c bottom
Long span
Mid span: provide Y12 @ 300mm c/c top
Continuous edge: provide Y12 @ 300mm c/c top
Panel 2
Short span
Long span
Panel 3
Prov. Y12 @ 300mm c/c bottom
92
As min Y8@ 250mm c/c distribution bars
Panel 4
Short span
Long span
Panel 5
Prov. Y12 @ 300mm c/c bottom
As min Y8@ 250mm c/c distribution bars.
Beam Details
Beam 1
Prov. 3Y16 bottom bars.
Prov. 3Y16 top bars
Beam 2
Prov. 3Y12 bottom bars
93
Prov. 3Y12 top bars
Beam 3
Prov. 3Y12 top bars
Beam 4
Same as beam 3
Beam 5
Prov. 3Y12 top bars
Beam 6
Same as beam 1.
Beam 7
Prov. 3Y12 top bars
Beam 8
94
Prov. 3Y12 top bars
Beam 9
Prov. 2 Y25+ 2Y16 bottom bars
Prov. 2 Y25+ 2Y16 bottom bars
Beam 10
Prov. 4Y16 top bars
Staircase details
1st flight prov. Y12@ 150mm c/c
2nd flight prov. Y12@ 100mm c/c
Half landing prov. Y12@125mm c/c bottom
Column details
5th roof level 4Y12 bottom R10 @ 200mm c/c links
4th -5th floor level: 4Y16 bars and R10@ 200mm c/c links
3rd 4th floor level: 4Y16 bars and R10@ 200mm c/c links
2nd 3rd floor level: 4Y16 bars and R10@ 200mm c/c links
1st 2nd floor level: 4Y16 bars and R10@ 200mm c/c links
95
Ground- 1st floor level: 4Y16 bars and R10@ 200mm c/c links
Foundation details
Prov. 25Y32 @ 150mm c/c bottom bars both ways
Prov. 25Y32 @ 150mm c/c top bars both ways
96
CHAPTER FIVE
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
The need for shelter has prompted mankind to overcome some natural unfavorable conditions
like river, flood, unavailability of water and lot more, these has resulted in the development of
suitable and durable structures that could control the situation. This gave way to structures like
storey buildings, dams, bridges and retaining walls. The design and construction of these
structures has been successful using different materials ranging from steel, timber, and concrete
by well trained structural engineers.
The design and analysis of any structure are the most important task and challenge to a structural
engineer. This project about the design of a five storey hostel complex is not an exception.
The design of each element was carried out in compliance with the relevant codes of practice.
Chapter three of this thesis deals with the analysis and design of slabs, beams, staircase, column
and foundation. Safety, durability, economy and aesthetics of the structure have been
incorporated in every aspect of the design.
5.2 Recommendation
The structural engineers are faced on a daily basis with the challenge of equipping themselves
with the knowledge of engineering softwares like AutoCAD, Civil Cad etc I recommend that
knowledge of this software should be made compulsory on every student during their course of
study in the university.
97
The need for registered structural engineers to be at the construction site is of paramount
importance so that material on site could be checked for their quality, amount of materials and
structural element size are in conformity with what he has designed for the present day practice
of converting a structure from its primary intended use into other uses. Which may in turn
endanger the lives of the occupants should be discouraged.
Safety, durability, economy and aesthetics are the expected result of any designed and
constructed project. For any structure to achieve these requirement such design task should not
be handled by untrained personnel.
And lastly due to the advancement in technology students should be allowed to use software in
their various design project. In order to increase their acquaintance with the final year projects
seminars should be organized for the students to broaden their knowledge in what they might
possibly face.
98
REFERENCES
1. British Standard: BS8110 (1997) part 1 and 3, BS5950 by British Standard Institution
(BSI)
2. Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook by Charles E Reynolds and James C.
Steadman. Tenth Edition.
3. Roy Chudley and Roger Greeno (2005). Building Construction Handbook Fifth Edition.
4. Victor O. Oyenuga (2001) Simplified Reinforced Concrete Design Fifth Edition
Published by ASRO LIMITED.
5. W.H. Mosley and J.H Bungey Reinforced Concrete Design Fifth Edition Published by
PALGRAVE.
6. W.M.C Mckenzie (2004): Design of Structural Elements, First Edition Published by
PALGRAVE.
99

13 New 1 Ahmed Chapter One and Two

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

13 New 1 Ahmed Chapter One and Two

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

CHAPTER ONE

stone, timber and steel.

forms and other curved structures.

elements such as beams, columns, slabs, walls and foundations.

complex as related to construction is therefore a building composed of various interrelated parts.

etc. They can also be used for social gatherings.

own dead load and the load being transferred to it.

written especially for frames (V.O. OYENUGA 1999).

1.3Aim and Objectives

maintain, suitable and safe throughout its intended lifespan

The objective of this project is to:

1. Produce the architectural drawing

2. Produce the structural layout.

4. Design the beams

5. Design the columns

6. Design the foundation.

1.4Scope and Limitation

on the infrastructure on ground. Accommodation facilities on ground are overstretched as

university authorities struggle to cope with students population.

strain on the university facilities.

the menace of lack of accommodation threatening the student population.

durable and most economical.

The strip foundation may then be used.

the appearance durability and/or performance of the structure.

2.2.1.1Ultimate Limit State

example, by internal explosion.

2.2.1.2Serviceability Limit State

most important serviceable limit states are;

adversely affected by deflections.

durability of the structure.

Other limit state that may be reached may reached include

(5) Fatigue must be considered if cyclic loading is likely.

penetration and heat transfer.

2.2.2 Characteristic Strength

distribution curve of a large number sample result will be of the form.

of the result will fail. This is given by;

FM= Mean strength

2.2.3 Design Strength

exceeded during the life span of the structure.

Where QK = Characteristic load

2.2.5 Design Load

The design load for building structure can be categorized into

of the buildings Wind loads are specified in Part 3 of IS 875.

2.3 Structural Elements

most economical answer.

Structural design involves application of engineeringjudgment to produce a structural system that

will adequately satisfy the client/owners need.

given to each component member before the final design.

and transfer load without deformation, distortion and failure.

material to tension and compression can be determined.

considered. The design problem consists of the following:

the results from 3

5. Production of arrangement and detail drawings and bar schedules

(generally if the angle exceeds 10 degrees).

roof must be designed to meet these requirement.

the method of support as follows:

2. Spanning two ways between the support beams or walls

special case of sloping slabs.

Slabs may be analyzed using the following methods.

1. Elastic analysis covers three techniques:

(b) Elastic plate analysis

A beam is a horizontal structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by

columns to the foundation.