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International Frontier
Science Letters
Volume 10
2016
International Frontier Science Letters
ISSN: 2349-4484
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Table of Contents
On the Renormalization Group Techniques for the Cubic-Quintic Duffing Equation

S. Das 1
A Novel Exactly Theoretical Solvable of Bound States of the Dirac-Kratzer-Fues Problem
with Spin and Pseudo-Spin Symmetry
A. Maireche 8
Influence of the Zonal Harmonics of the Primary on L4,5 in the Photogravitational ER3BP
J. Singh, B. Ashagwu and A. Umar 23
Mathematical Models for Interrelation of Characteristics of the Developing Defects with the
Parameters of Acoustic Emission Signals
V. Marasanov and A. Sharko 37
International Frontier Science Letters Submitted: 2016-03-14
ISSN: 2349-4484, Vol. 10, pp 1-7 Revised: 2016-05-28
doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/IFSL.10.1 Accepted: 2016-09-02
2016 SciPress Ltd., Switzerland
On the Renormalization Group Techniques for the Cubic-Quintic Duffing

Equation
Supratim Das
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Calcutta, 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road,
Kolkata-700009, India.
supratimiitkgp@gmail.com
Keywords: Duffing oscillator; Renormalization group; indicial term; Multiple time scales.
Abstract. We apply the renormalization group techniques for solving the nonlinear cubic-quintic Duff-
ing equation in the presence of an external periodic, non-autonomous force with an additional damping
term. We also make a comparative study with the multiple-time scale approach and show that the cor-
rection to the frequency is the same.
Introduction
In recent times the method of renormalization group (RG) has been employed [1][4] through the
introduction of a set of modified variables to arrive at the elimination of secular terms. The theory
of RG has rich connections with quantum field theory and is considered to be a very powerful tool
to handle the so-called divergences of quantum electrodynamics [5]. It has several applications in
the areas of phase transitions and critical phenomena [6, 7] and asymptotic analysis of a variety of
perturbed ordinary and partial differential equations [1, 2, 8]. RG argument has also been used to
study jump phenomena and stability in nonlinear oscillators [3].
In this article we discuss the RG method for the cubic-quintic Duffing oscillator, proposed by Chua
[9], in the presence of an external periodic (non-autonomous) force with an additional damping term
moving in a sextic potential
x + x + 02 x + x3 + x5 = cos t. (1)
In [9] perturbative analytical techniques were proposed to derive approximate periodic solutions and
period-amplitude relations. Duffing oscillator with odd nonlinearities has been studied in the liter-
ature to model the nonlinear dynamics of various systems including that of a slender elastica, the
compound KdV, the propagation of a short electromagnetic pulse in a nonlinear medium (see for in-
stance, [9][14] and references therein) and position or momentum-dependent mass schemes [15, 16].
In particular, Linstedt-Poincar techniques were applied for the specific case of quintic Duffing equa-
tion by Ramos [11] by an artificial parameter method. The extended scheme (1) describes a classical
particle in a triple-well potential for appropriate choices of parameters. In the phase portrait at most
five equilibrium points exist for it revealing a wide variety of interesting dynamical behaviour.
A modified variable is defined by [17]
= t + x(t) z( ) z(t + ). (2)
In the following we set = , = and = f where an intention is to carry out a perturbation
analysis in terms of the infinitesimal quantity << 1. We thus express equation (1) in the form
dz
2 z + z + 02 z + z 3 + z 5 = f cos( ( )), z = (3)
d
We look for an expansion of both z and . To first order in we can write
z( ) = z0 ( ) + z1 ( ) + O(2 ),
= 0 + 1 + O(2 ). (4)
2 Volume 10
Taking 0 = 0 so that = 0 + 1 + O(2 ), we substitute (4) into equation (3) and then collecting
the terms of like powers in the perturbation parameter (up to order ) yields the flow of equations

0 : z0 + z + z0 = 0 , (5)
0 0
21 1 f
1 : z1 + z1 + z1 = z0 2 z0 2 z03 2 z05 + 2 cos( ( )) . (6)
0 0 0 0 0 0
A natural assumption is that the coefficient of the damping term is non-negative and hence we
discuss the following two cases.
Case-I : = 0
In the absence of damping term, we set = 0 and in this case the solution of equation (5) reads
z0 = a cos D, (7)
where a is a constant and using this solution equation (6) can be reduced to
a a3
z1 + z1 = (16
0 1 6a 2
5a 4
) cos (4 + 5a2 ) cos 3
802 1602
a5 f
2
cos 5 + 2 cos( ( )). (8)
160 0
The solution of equation (8) would be a cosine function as equation (7) if the right hand side of (8)
were zero. The particular solution of (8) can be obtained as
a a3
z = (16
0 1 6a 2
5a 4
) cos + (4
3202 12802
a5 f
+5a2 ) cos 3 + cos 5 + 2 cos( ( ))
38402
0 2
a
+ (160 1 6a2 5a4 ) sin (9)
1602
implying that z( ) is given by
a a3
z = a cos + [ (16 0 1 6a 2
5a 4
) cos + (4
3202 12802
a5 f
+5a2 ) cos 3 + cos 5 + 2 cos( ( ))
3840 2
0 2
a
+ (160 1 6a2 5a4 ) sin ] (10)
1602
2 4
where the last term is the secular or the growth term. For 1 = 6a16+5a
0
the secular term vanishes.
In the Lindstedt approach, elimination of the secular terms is done in each step of the power series
by recursively fixing 1 , 2 and so on. However, as is well known, there are some difficulties with
the convergence of the Lindstedt expansion although such a disadvantage is not always serious for a
physical problem [18]. In the following we adopt instead the RG approach that introduces an arbitrary
time scale and the RG constants are adjusted to eliminate terms like , 2 2 so that we dealt
with a finite form for z.
2 +5a4
Renormalization group (RG) analysis Let us keep 1 = 6a16 0
and apply the RG technique
[1, 3] on (10) to get bounded solution of (3). Introducing an arbitrary time scale and express as
= [ ] + [ 0] with the intention that the unwanted divergences are reduced only historical
International Frontier Science Letters Vol. 10 3
curiosities ( 0) and we are left concerned only with the present time scale (t ) i.e. a singularity-
free time. Towards this end we introduce renormalization parameters Z1 () and Z2 () in a perturbative
manner such that
a(0) = a0 = Z1 ()a() = (1 + A1 )a(),

(0) = () + Z2 = () + B1 . (11)
We utilize A1 , B1 in such a way that the secular terms are made to vanish.
Denoting
a a(), = () (12)
we get from (10) up to order
a
z = (1 + A1 )a cos(t + + B 1 ) + [ (160 1 6a2 5a4 ) cos(t + )
3202
a3 2 a5 f
+ (4 + 5a ) cos 3(t + ) + cos 5(t + ) + 2 cos t
1280 2
38402
0 2
a
+ (160 1 6a2 5a4 ) sin(t + )]
1602
a
= a cos(t + ) + [A1 a cos(t + ) B 1 a sin(t + ) + (160 1
3202
a3
6a2 5a4 ) cos(t + ) + (4 + 5a2 ) cos 3(t + )
12802
a5 f
+ cos 5(t + ) + 2 cos t
3840 2
0 2
a
+ (160 1 6a2 5a4 ){( ) + } sin(t + )]. (13)
1602
Inspection reveals that the divergent term vanish for the conditions

A1 = 0, B 1 = 2
(160 1 6a2 5a4 ). (14)
160
For this choices of A1 and B1 solution z becomes

a
z = a cos(t + ) + [ (160 1 6a2 5a4 ) cos(t + )
3202
a3 2 a5
+ (4 + 5a ) cos 3(t + ) + cos 5(t + )
12802 38402
f a
+ 2 cos t + (160 1 6a2 5a4 )( ) sin(t + )]. (15)
0 2 1602
z
Since the dynamics needs to be independent of the renormalization scale i.e.
= 0 which implies
d da
= 2
(160 1 6a2 5a4 ), =0 (16)
d 160 d
and this gives

= (160 1 6a2 5a4 ), a = constant. (17)
1602
4 Volume 10
Substituting = in (15) yielding the renormaliztion expansion of z up to order

a
z = a cos{(1 2
(160 1 6a2 5a4 ))t} + [ (160 1
160 3202
a3
6a 5a ) cos(t + ) +
2 4
2
(4 + 5a2 ) cos 3(t + )
1280
5
a f
+ cos 5(t + ) + 2 cos t]. (18)
3840 2
0 2
Clearly (18) is free from any divergent term.
Multiple time scales Consider two separate independent time scales which are 0 = 0 =
and 1 = 1 0 = . We express z = z(0 , 1 ) and employ the expansion

z(0 , 1 ) = n zn (0 , 1 ). (19)
n=0
Thus for = 0 we obtain from equation (3) the result

2 z0 2 z1 2 z0
(02 + 20 1 )( + + 2 )
02 02 0 1

+02 (z0 + z1 ) + z03 + z05 = f cos( (0 )). (20)

2 z0
To zeroth-order in we have 02
+ z0 = 0 whose solution is given by
z0 = a cos 0 ; 0 = , t0 + (21)
where a and can both be functions of (0 , 1 ).

On the other hand for the first-order in , we isolate from (20)
2 z1 2 z0 21 2 z0 f
2
+ z1 + 2 = 2
2 z03 2 z05 + 2 cos( (0 )). (22)
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
2 z0 2 z0
By observing that 02
= a cos 0 and 0 1
= a cos(t + )

1
sin(t + )
a
1
, equation (22)
gives
2 z1 f 2 1
2
+ z1 = 2
cos( (0 )) + 2a cos(t + ) + a cos(t + )
0 0 1 0
a3 a5 1
2 [cos 3(t + ) + 3 cos(t + )] 2 [ cos 5(t + )
40 0 16
5 5 a
+ cos 3(t + ) + cos(t + )] + 2 sin(t + ). (23)
16 8 1
Equating now to zero the coefficients of the sine, cosine terms of right hand side gives
a 160 1 6a2 5a4

= 0, = (24)
1 1 1602
while the remaining terms imply
2 z1 f a3 5a5 a5
+ z1 = cos( ( 0 )) ( + ) cos 3(t + ) cos 5(t + ). (25)
02 02 402 1602 02
From (24) and using 1 = (t0 + ) we obtain up to order ,
160 1 6a2 5a4

a = constant, = (t0 + ). (26)
1602
The final expression for z according to equation (19), takes the form
160 1 6a2 5a4

z = a cos[(1 )t0 ] + z1 (t0 , t1 ) + .... (27)
1602
Note that the correction to the frequency of this solution is same as the solution (18).
Case-II : > 0
In this case we solve equation (3) in the presence of damping term i.e. for > 0. The solution of
equation (5) reads

z0 = ae 20 cos D, (28)
where a is a constant and D is given by

2
D= 1 . (29)
402
When the solution (28) is used, equation (6) takes the form
(402 2 )1 a 2 D1 a 2
z1 + z1 + z1 = e 0 cos D e 0 sin D
0 203 02
a3 3
2 e 20 (3 cos D + cos 3D ) (30)
40
a5 5 5 1
2 e 20 (5 cos D + cos 3D + cos 5D )
80 2 2
f
+ 2 cos( ( ))
0
Particular integral of equation (30) can be determined as
(402 2 )1 a 2 1 a 2
z1 = 3
e 0 sin D + e 0 cos D
40 D 202
3a3 2 3

2
e 0 ( cos D 20 sin D )
160
a3 3
e 20 {(802 + 32 ) cos 3D 60 D sin 3D }
160 (160 3 )
2 2 2
5a5 25

2
e 0 ( cos D D sin D )
0 (31)
8(32 + 40 )
5a5 25

2 2 2
e 0 {(4 + 3 ) cos 3D 6 D sin 3D }
2
0
2
0
1280 (40 + 3 )
5a5 2
5

e 0 {(12 + 5 ) cos 5D 2 D sin 5D }
2 2
0
1280 (360 5 )
2 2 2 0
f 2
+ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
{( 2 + 2 ) cos( ( )) + sin( ( ))}
0 ( + ) + 0
6 Volume 10
which indicates that the solution z( ) of equation (3) up to order can be put as
2

(402 2 )1 a 2 1 a 2
z = ae 0 cos D + [ 3
e 0 sin D + e 0 cos D
40 D 202
3a3 2 3

2
e 0 ( cos D 20 sin D )
160
a3 3
e 20 {(802 + 32 ) cos 3D 60 D sin 3D }
160 (160 3 )
2 2 2
5a5 2
5

2 2
e 0 ( cos D D sin D )
0 (32)
8(3 + 40 )
5a5 25

2 2 2
e 0 {(4 + 3 ) cos 3D 6 D sin 3D }
2
0
2
0
1280 (40 + 3 )
5a5 2
5

e 0 {(12 + 5 ) cos 5D 2 D sin 5D }
2 2
0
1280 (360 5 )
2 2 2 0
f 2
+ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
{( 2 + 2 ) cos( ( )) + sin( ( ))}].
0 ( + ) + 0
Clearly this solution is free from any divergent term.
Summary
In this work we have employed the RG approach to investigate the dynamical behaviour of a cubic-
quintic Duffing oscillator endowed with an external periodic non-autonomous force. The RG approach
ensures a divergence free result. A comparative study with the multiple-time scale approach shows
that the correction to the frequency is the same. We also obtained a perturbative solution of the same
equation with an additional damping term.
Acknowledgements
I thank Prof. Bijan Kumar Bagchi for guidance. I also thank CSIR, India for providing a Senior
Research Fellowship.
References
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scales, boundary layers, and reductive perturbation theory, Phys Rev. 54 (1996) 376-394.
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Phys. Rev. Lett. 73(10) (1994) 1311.
[3] D. Banerjee, J.K. Bhattacharjee, Analyzing jump phenomena and stability in nonlinear oscillators
using renormalization group arguments, Am. J. Phys. 78(2) (2010) 142-149.
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perturbed ordinary differential equations, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena. 237(8) (2008) 1029-
1052.
[5] N. Goldenfeld, D. Pines , Westview Press, Lectures on phase transitions and the Renormalization
Group, 1992.
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ena:Graphs to Computers, World Scientific Press, 2005.
[7] J. Zinn-Justin, Quantum Field Theory and Critical Phenomena, Oxford, Clarendon, 1989.
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Chin. Phys. Lett. 26(6) (2009) 060501.
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[10] S.K. Lai et al., Applied Mathematical Modelling, Simulation and Computation for Engineering
and Environmental systems. 33 (2009) 852.
[11] J.I. Ramos, On LinstedtPoincar techniques for the quintic Duffing equation, Applied Mathe-
matics and Computation. 193(2) (2007) 303-310.
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via the Newton-harmonic balancing approach, International Journal of Nonlinear Sciences and
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terms of elementary functions, Journal of Applied Mathematics. 2012 (2012) 286290.
[14] M. Lakshmanan, S. Rajasekar, Nonlinear dynamics : Integrability, Chaos and Patterns, Advanced
Texts in Physics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003.
[15] B. Bagchi et al., Nonlinear dynamics of a position-dependent mass-driven Duffing-type oscilla-

tor, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 46(3) (2012) 032001.
[16] V. Chithika Ruby, M. Senthilvelan, M. Lakshmanan, Exact quantization of a PT-symmetric (re-

versible) Linard-type nonlinear oscillator, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 45(38) (2012) 382002.
[17] A. Lindstedt, Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. St. Petersburg. 31(4) (1882).
[18] N. Minorsky, Nonlinear oscillations, Melbourne : Krieger, 1974.

A Novel Exactly Theoretical Solvable of Bound States of the

Dirac-Kratzer-Fues Problem with Spin and Pseudo-Spin Symmetry
Abdelmadjid Maireche
Laboratory of Physics and Material Chemistry, Physics department, Sciences Faculty,
University of M'sila-Msila Algeria.
abmaireche@gmail.com
Keywords: The Kratzer-Fues potential, Noncommutative space, Star product, Bopps shift method
and Dirac equation.
Abstract. New exact bound state solutions of the deformed radial upper and lower components of
Dirac equation and corresponding Hermitian anisotropic Hamiltonian operator are studied for the
modified Kratzer-Fues potential (m.k.f.) potential by using Bopps shift method instead to solving
deformed Dirac equation with star product. The corrections of energy eigenvalues are obtained by
applying standard perturbation theory for interactions in one-electron atoms. Moreover, the obtained
corrections of energies are depended on two infinitesimal parameters (, ) ,which induced by
position-position noncommutativity, in addition to the discreet nonrelativistic atomic quantum
~ ~
numbers: ( j = l 1 / 1, s = 1 / 2, l and m~ ) and we have also shown that, the usual relativistic states in
ordinary three dimensional spaces are canceled and has been replaced by new degenerated 2(2l + 1)
~
sub-states in the extended quantum symmetries (NC: 3D-RS).
1. Introduction
In relativistic quantum mechanics, one of the interesting problems is to obtain exact solutions
of the Klein-Gordon equation (spin zero particle) and Dirac equation (spin particle) at high
energy, much interest in providing analytic solutions to the relativistic equations in many fields of
Physics and Chemistry for different central and non central potentials [1-16]. The quantum structure
based to the ordinary canonical commutations relations in both Schrdinger and Heisenberg (the
operators are depended on time) pictures, respectively (Natural units c = = 1 are employed
throughout this paper):
[x , p ] = i
i j ij and [x , x ] = [p , p ] = 0
i j i j (1)
and
[x (t ), p (t )] = i
i j ij and [x (t ), x (t )] = [p (t ), p (t )] = 0
i j i j (2)
where the two operators (xi (t ), p i (t )) in Heisenberg picture are related to the corresponding two
operators (x i , p i ) from the two projections relations:
x i (t ) = exp(iH (t t 0 )) xi exp(iH (t t 0 ))
(3)
p (t ) = exp(iH (t t )) p exp(iH (t t ))
i 0 i 0
here H denote to the ordinary quantum Hamiltonian operator. In addition, for spin particles
described by the Dirac equation, experiment tells us that must satisfy Fermi Dirac statistics obey the
restriction of Pauli, which imply to gives the only non-null equal-time anti-commutator for field
operators as follows:
{ (t, r ), (t, r')} = i 0 3 (r - r') (4)
with (t , r') = + (t , r') 0 . It is important to notice that, the noncommutativity idea was introduced
firstly by H. Snyder and A. Connes in 1946 and 1986, respectively [17,18]. Very recently, much
considerable effort has been expanded on the solutions of Schrdinger, Dirac and Klein-Gordon
equations to noncommutative quantum mechanics [19-59], the new quantum structure of
noncommutative space based on the following noncommutative canonical commutations relations
in both Schrdinger and Heisenberg pictures, respectively, as follows:

xi , p j = i ij , xi , x j = i ij and p i , p j = 0

(5)

xi (t ) , p j (t ) = i ij , xi (t ) , x j (t ) = i ij and p i (t ) , p j (t ) = 0

The above new quantum structure allow us to realize the non-commutative Moyal spaces, the
two new operators (x i (t ), p i (t )) in Heisenberg picture are related to the corresponding operators
(x i , p i ) in Schrdinger picture from the two projections relations:
x i (t ) = exp(iH nc (t t 0 )) * x i * exp(iH nc (t t 0 ))
(6)
p (t ) = exp(iH (t t )) * p * exp(iH (t t ))
i nc 0 i nc 0
Here H nc denote to the new quantum Hamiltonian operator in (NC: 3D-RS) symmetries. The very
small parameters (compared to the energy) are elements of antisymmetric real matrix and ()
denote to the new star product, which is generalized between two arbitrary functions f (x) and g (x ) to
( f g )(x ) instead of the usual product ( fg )(x ) in ordinary three dimensional spaces:
( f g )(x ) exp( i x x ( fg )(x ) ( fg i x fx g

2 2 x = x
( )
+O 2 (7)

i
the first term on the right side gives the ordinary product, the term ( x f (x )x g (x ) ) is induced
2
by (space-space) noncommutativity properties and O( 2 ) stands for the second and higher order
terms of , a Bopps shift method can be used, instead of solving any deformed quantum systems
by using directly star product procedure:
[x i , x j ] = i ij and [p i , p j ] = 0 (8)
The new three-generalized coordinates (x = x1 , y = x 2 , z = x 3 ) are depended with corresponding three-

usual generalized positions (x, y, z ) and momentum coordinates ( p x , p y , p z ) by the following
relations, as follows:
12 13
x = x py pz
2 2

y = y 21 p x 23 p z (9)
2 2

z = z 31 p x 32 p y
2 2
The non-vanish -commutators in (NC-3D: RS) can be determined as follows:
[x, p x ] = [y , p y ] = [z, p z ] = i,
(10)
[x, y ] = i12 , [x, z ] = i13 , [y , z ] = i 23
10 Volume 10
which allow us to getting the operator r 2 on noncommutative three dimensional spaces as follows:

r 2 = r 2 L (11)
ij
where the coupling L is given by ij = :
2
L Lx12 + Ly23 + Lz13 (12)
with:
L x = yp z zp y , L y = zp x - xp z and L z = xp y yp x (13)
Furthermore, the non-null equal-time anti-commutator for fermionic field operators in

noncommutative spaces can be expressed in the following postulate relations:
*
(t , r ) ,
(t , r') = i (r - r')
0 3

(14)
* *
(t , r') =
(t , r ) ,
(t , r ) , (t , r') = i (r - r')
3

Moreover, the noncommutative fermions propagator S F (x x') can be expressed as:

(x )* (x ') if t t'
( )
S F ( x x ') = i T ( x ) * ( x ') = 15)
(x ')* (x ) if t' t
where T denotes to the time-ordered product. In particularly, the study of Kratzer-Fues potential has
now become a very interest field due to their applications in different fields [16]. The main
motivation of this work is to study and obtaining an analytic expression for the eigenenergies of a
(m.k.f.) potential in (NC: 3D-RS) using the Bopps shift method to discover the new symmetries
and a possibility to obtain another applications to this potential in different fields. This work based
essentially on our previously works [19-43]. This work is organized as follows: In section 2, we
briefly review the Dirac equation with Kratzer-Fues potential on based to Refs. [14-16]. The Section
3, devoted to studying the three deformed Dirac equation by applying Bopp's shift method. In the
fourth section, by applying standard perturbation theory we find the quantum spectrum of the n th
excited states in (NC-3D: RS) symmetries for relativistic spin-orbital interaction with (m.k.f.)
potential and then, we derive the corresponding magnetic spectrum. In the section 5, we resume the
global spectrum and corresponding noncommutative Hamiltonian operator for (m.k.f.) potential.
Finally, in section 6 we present our conclusions.
2. Review of Dirac equation for Kratzer-Fues potential in ordinary commutative spaces

We briefly review the differential Dirac equation of a nucleon with mass M moving in both
two potentials: attractive scalar potential S (r ) and a repulsive vector potential V (r ) [16]:
(P + (M + S(r)))(r, , ) = (E V (r ))(r, , ) (16)
The Kratzer-Fues potential is given in the slightly modified form:
2
r
V (r ) = V0 1 0 (17)
r
where r0 and V0 are the equilibrium separation and is the dissociation energy between diatomic
molecules, respectively, which can be simply rewritten in the form
a b
V(r) = +c (18)
r2 r
0 i I 0
with a = V 0 2 r0 2 , b = 2V0 r0 and c = V0 while E , M and ( i = , = 2 2 ) are the
i 0 0 I 2 2
0 1
fermions mass, the relativistic energy and the usual Dirac matrices while 1 = ,
1 0
0 i 1 0
2 = and 3 = are 2 2 three Pauli matrices. The spinor (r , , ) determined from
i0 0 1
the following relation:
()
f r 1 Fnk (r )Y jm ( , )
nk (r , , ) = nk =
l
nk ()
g r r iG ~ (r )Y ~l ( , )
nk jm
(19)
~
here k ( k ) is related to the total angular momentum quantum numbers for spin symmetry l and p-
spin symmetry ~l as [14-16]:
1
(l + 1) if - ( j + 1/2 ), (s1/2 , p 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l + 2 , aligned spin (k 0 )
k= (20)
+ l if j = l + 1 , (p , d , etc ), j = l 1 , unaligned spin (k 0 )
2
1/2 3/ 2
2
and
~ ~ 1
l if - ( j + 1/2 ), (s 1/2 , p 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l , aligned spin (k 0 )
~ 2
k = (21)
+ ~

( ) ~ 1 ~ 1
l + 1 if j = l + , (p1/2 , d 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l + , unaligned spin (k 0 )
2 2
The two radial functions ( Fnk (r ) , G nk (r ) ) are the upper and lower components of the Dirac spinor
which obtained by solving the following differential equations [14,15,16]:
d(r ) d k
2 +
d k ( k + 1) M + E (r )(M E + (r )) + dr dr r F (r ) = 0 (22)
dr 2 nk nk
M E nk + (r )
nk
r2

d(r ) d k
2 +
d k ( k 1) M + E (r )(M E + (r )) + dr dr r G ~ (r ) = 0 (23)
dr 2 nk nk
M + E nk (r ) nk
r2

According to The Laplace transform approach (LTA), which applied in refs. [14,15,16], for bound
state solutions of the Kratzer-Fues potential for the spin symmetric case, the upper spinor
component of the Dirac equation Fnk (r ) can be calculated as,
Fnk (r ) = Nr +1 / 2 e r 1 F1 ( n,2 + 1,2r ) (24)
where N and 1 F1 ( n,2 + 1,2r ) the normalization constant and the confluent hyper-geometric
functions, respectively. Furthermore, the energy eigenvalues of the Dirac equation with Kratzer-
Fues potential for the spin symmetry condition is given by [16]:
1
2r0V0 E nk = + (1 + 2n + 2) k ( k + 1) + r0 2V0 E nk ) E nk ( 2M + V0 C E nk ) (25)
4
12 Volume 10
with n = 0,1,2... and the other component G nk (r ) can be simply found via [14,15,16]:
~
Gnk (r ) = Nr +1 / 2er 1 F1( n,2 + 1,2r ) (26)
~
where N denote to the normalization constant and energy eigenvalues of the Dirac equation with
Kratzer-Fues potential for the pseudo spin symmetry condition is given by[16]:
~ ~~ ~ ~ ~
2r0V0 E nk = (1 + 2n + 2) l ( l + 1) r0 2V0 E nk ) E nk (2M V0 + C ps E nk ) (27)
~~ ~
with l ( l + 1) = k (k 1) and E nk = M E + C ps . On the other hand, the generalized Laguerre polynomials
Ln (r ) can be expressed as a function of the confluent hyper-geometric functions as [53-55]:
( )
(n + p + 1)
L(np ) (x ) = 1 F 1 ( n, p + 1; x ) (28)
n! ( p + 1)
this leads to rewritten Eqs. (24) and (26) as follows, respectively:

Nn! (2 + 1) +1 / 2 r (2 )
Fnk (r ) = r e L n (2r ) (29)
(n + 2 + 1)
and
~
Nn! (2 + 1) +1 / 2 r (2 )
G nk (r ) == r e L n (2r ) . (30)
(n + 2 + 1)
3. Theory of Noncommutative relativistic Hamiltonian operator for (m.k.f.) potential in (NC-

3D: RS) symmetries:
3.1. Formalism of Bopps shift Method
Now, we shall review some fundamental principles of the quantum noncommutative
relativistic Dirac equation for (m.k.f.) potential V (r) [19-48]:
- Ordinary Hamiltonian H ( p i , x i ) will be replace by new noncommutative
Hamiltonian H nc kf ( p i , x i ) ,
()
- Ordinary spinor r will be replace by new spinor r , ()

- Ordinary energy E nk replaces by new energy E nc kf and ordinary product replace by new star
product .
Naively, to get a physical quantity on a noncommutative space, we simply take this quantity
on the corresponding commutative space and replace all products by the star products [44], thus we
can write the noncommutative relativistic Dirac equation for (m.k.f.) potential as follows:
()

H nc kf ( p i , xi ) r = Enc kf r() (31)
The Bopps shift method permutes to reduce the above equation using old product with
simultaneously translations applied to the operators x i and p i as follows:

H nc kf ( p i , xi ) (r ) = Enc kf (r ) (32)
where the new operator of Hamiltonian H nc kf ( p i , x i ) can be expressed in three general varieties:
both noncommutative space and noncommutative phase (NC-3D: RSP), only noncommutative
space (NC-3D: RS) and only noncommutative phase (NC: 3D-RP) as, respectively:
1 1
H nc kf ( p i , x i ) H p i = p i ij x j ; x i = x i ij p j for NC - 3D : RSP (33)
2 2
1
H nc kf ( p i , x i ) H p i = p i ; x i = x i ij p j for NC - 3D : RS (34)
2
1
H nc kf ( p i , x i ) H p i = p i ij ; x j , x i = x i for NC - 3D : RP (35)
2
In this paper we consider the case of only space-space non-commutativity, thus we are interest with
the second variety (34) and then the new modified Hamiltonian H nc kf ( p i , x i ) defined as a function
1
of x i = x i ij p j and p i = p i :
2
H nc kf ( p i , x i ) = P + ( M + S (r)) + V (r ) (36)
where the (m.k.f.) potential V (r) is given by:
a b
V (r ) = +c (37)
r 2 r
In the light of the above considerations, it could be interesting to solve exactly modified Dirac
equation for the (m.k.f.) potential V (r ) using Bopps shift method as follows:
(P + (M + S (r)))(r , , ) = (E V (r ))(r, , ) (38)
The radial functions ( Fnk (r ) , G nk (r ) ) are obtained, by solving two equations:
d k
dr + r Fnk (r ) = [M + E nc mt (r )]G nk (r ) (39)

d k
dr + r G nk (r ) = [M E nc mt + (r )]G nk (r ) (40)

with (r ) = V (r ) S (r ) and (r ) = V (r ) + S (r ) , eliminating Fnk (r ) and G nk (r ) from Eqs. (39) and (40), we
can obtain the following two Schrdinger-like differential equations as follows in (NC-3D: RS):
d2 k(k +1)
( )(
2 2 M + Enckf (r) M Enckf + (r) Fnk(r) = 0 ) (41)
dr r
d2 k(k 1)
( )(
2 2 M + Enckf (r) M Enckf + (r) Gnk(r) = 0 ) (42)
dr r
On based to results of eq. (11), we can easily obtain the two terms 2 and ( ), in (NC-3D: RS)
a b
r r
spaces as follows:
a
2
a a
= 2 + 4

L + O ( )2
r r r
(43)
b b
= 3
b
r r 2 r

L + O ( )2
Substituting (43) into equation (37), we obtain the new potential as:
a b
V (r ) = 2
+ c + V pert kf (r , , a, b ) (44)
r r
14 Volume 10
with
a b
V pert kf (r , , a, b ) = 4 3 L . (45)
r 2r
We generalized the constraint for the pseudospin (p-spin) symmetry ( (r ) = V (r ) and

(r ) = C ps = constants which presented in refs. [14-16] into the new forms (r ) = V (r ) and
(r ) = C ps = constants in (NC-3D: RS) and inserting the potential V (r ) in eq. (44) into the two
Schrdinger-like differential equations (41) and (42), one obtains:
d 2 k(k + 1)
2 2
( )( )
a b
r r
( a b
r 2r
)
( )
M + Enckf M Enk + Cps 2 + c M Enk + Cps 4 3 L M Enk + C ps Fnk (r ) = 0 (46)
dr r
d 2 k(k 1)
2 2
( )( )
a b
( a b
)
( )
M + Enckf M Enk + Cps 2 + c M Enk + Cps 4 3 L M Enk + C ps Gnk (r ) = 0 (47)
r r r 2r
dr r
Its clearly that, the additive new part V pert kf (r , ) is proportional with infinitesimal parameter ,
thus we can considered as a perturbations terms.
4. The exact relativistic (p-spin-orbit) and (spin-orbit) Hamiltonian operators and

corresponding spectrums for (m.k.f.) potential in (NC: 3D- RS) symmetries:
4.1. The exact relativistic spin-orbital Hamiltonian for (m.k.f.) potential in (NC: 3D- RS)
symmetries for one-electron atoms:
In this sub-section, we are going to rewriting the perturbative terms V pert kf (r , , a, b ) to the
equivalent physical form as follows:
a b ~
V pert kf (r , , a, b ) = 4 3 S L (48)
r 2r
Furthermore, the above perturbative terms V pert kf (r , , a, b ) can be rewrite to the following new
equivalent expression:
1 a b 2 2 ~2
V pert mt (r , , a, b ) = 4 3 J L S (49)
2 r 2r
~
As we know, we just replaced the coupling pseudo spin-orbital (exact spin-orbital) S L by the
~
expression 1 J 2 L 2 S~ , in relativistic quantum mechanics. The set ( H nc mt ( p i , x i ) , J 2 , L2 , S 2 and
2
2

Jz) forms a complete of conserved physics quantities and the spinorbit (pseudo spin-orbit)
~
quantum number k ( k ) is related to the quantum numbers for spin symmetry l and p-spin symmetry
~
l as follows [14-16]:
1
k1 (l + 1) if - ( j + 1/2), (s 1/2 , p 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l +
, aligned spin (k 0 )
2
k = (50)
1 1
k 2 +l if j = l + , (p 1/2 , d 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l , unaligned spin (k 0 )
2 2
and
~ ~ ~ 1
k1 l if - ( j + 1/2), (s 1/2 , p 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l , aligned spin (k 0 )
~ 2
k = (51)

~ ~
( )
k 2 + l + 1 if j = l + 1 , (p1/2 , d 3 / 2 , etc ), j = ~
~ 1
l + , unaligned spin (k 0)
2 2
with k (k 1) = l (l + 1) and k (k 1) = l (l + 1) , which allows us to form two diagonal (3 3) matrixes

~~ ~~
and H so kf (k1 , k 2 ) , for (m.k.f.) potential, respectively, in (NC: 3D-RS) as:

~ ~ ~
H so kf (k1 , k 2 )
(H so kf 11) (k1 ) = k1 b
3
a
4
1
if - ( j + 1/2), (s 1/2 , p 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l + , aligned spin (k 0 )

r 2r 2
(H so kf ) (k ) = k 2 a4 b 3 if j = l + 1 , (p1/2 , d 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l 1 , unaligned spin (k 0)

22 2 (52)
r 2r 2 2
(H so kf 33) =0
and
H~ ~ ~ a
( ) b ~ 1
so kf k1 = k1 4 3 if - ( j + 1/2 ), (s 1/2 , p 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l , aligned spin (k 0 )
11 r 2r 2
H~ ~ ~ a
( ) b ~ 1 ~ 1
so kf k 2 = k 2 4 3 if j = l + , (p1/2 , d 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l + , unaligned spin (k 0 )
22
(53)
r 2r 2 2
H~
so kf = 0
33
4.2. The exact relativistic spin-orbital spectrum for (m.k.f.) potential symmetries for n th
excited states for one-electron atoms in (NC: 3D- RSP) symmetries:
In our theoretical work, we are going to study the modifications to the energy levels
( Enc per:d (,k1 ) , Enc per:u (,k2 ) ) for ( - ( j + 1/2) , (s1/2 , p 3 / 2 , etc ) , j = l + , aligned spin k0 and spin-down)
~ ~ ~ 1
2
~ 1 ~ 1
and ( j = l + , (p1/2 , d 3 / 2 , etc ) , j = l , un aligned spin k 0 and spin up), respectively, at first order
2 2
of infinitesimal parameter , for n th excited states, obtained by applying the standard perturbation
theory, using equations (30), (48) and (51) as:
~ 2
~ Nn! (2 + 1)
E nc per:d ( ~
)
, k1 k1
( + + ) [ ]
r 2 +1e 2r L (n2 ) (2r ) 2 a b r 2 dr (54)
n 2 1 r 4 2r 3
~ 2
~ Nn! (2 + 1)
E nc per:u ( ~
)
, k 2 k 2 [ 2 a
] b
r 2 +1 e 2r L(n2 ) (2r ) 4 3 r 2 dr (55)
(n + 2 + 1)
r 2r
A direct simplification gives:
~ 2
~ Nn! (2 + 1)
E nc per:d ( ~
)
, k1 k1 (
T1 kf + T2 kf ) (56)
(n + 2 + 1)
~ 2
~ Nn! (2 + 1)
E nc per:u ( ~
)
, k 2 k 2 (
T1 kf + T2 kf ) (57)
(n + 2 + 1)
16 Volume 10
where, the two terms T1kf and T2kf are given by:
+
T1 kf = a [
r 2 3 e 2r L(n2 ) (2r ) dr ]2
0
(58)
b +
T2 kf = r 2 2 e 2r L (n2 ) (2r ) dr
2 0
2
[ ]
Defining the new variable 2r X and rewriting the two factors T1kf and T2kf as:
+
T1 kf =
a
[
X 2 3 e X L (n2 ) ( X ) dX ]2
(2 ) 2 3
0
+
(59)
T2 kf =
b
X 2 2 X
e [Ln ]
(2 ) ( X ) 2 dX
2(2 )2 2 0
In order to obtain T1kf and T2kf , we apply the following special integral [60,61]:

( + n )! (n + i + ) ( + i + )!
e x x + [L n ( x )] dx =
n
1
J (n,) =
2
n!
( 1) i ( i ) ( + i )! i! (n i )!
(60)
0 i=0
With Re( + + 1) 0 , can be takes: (-3, -2) and 2 , which allow us to obtaining T1 kf and T2 kf as:
a (2 + n)! n
(n + i 3) (2 + i 3)! 1
T1kf = (1) i (3 i ) (2 + i )! i!(n i )!
(61)
(2 ) 2 3 n! i =0
b (2 + n )! n
(n + i 2) (2 + i 2)! 1
T2 kf = (1) i (2 i ) (2 + i )! i!(n i )!
(62)
2(2 ) 2 2 n! i =0
Substituting Eqs. (61) and (62) into Eqs. (56) and (57), we obtain the exact modifications of
fundamental states ( E nc per:d (, k1 ) , E nc per:u (, k 2 ) ) produced by relativistic p-spin-orbital effect:
~ ~
~
~ N(2 + 1)
2
Enc per:d ( ) ~
, k1 k1n! (2 + n)!

(n + 2 + 1) (63)
a n
(n + i 3) (2 + i 3)! 1 b (n + i 2) (2 + i 2)! 1
n
2 3 2 2
(1)i (1)i
(2 ) i =0 (3 i ) ( 2 + i )! i!(n i )! 2(2 ) i =0 (2 i ) ( 2 + i )! i!(n i )!
~
~ N(2 + 1)
2
Enc per:u ( ~
)
, k2 k2 n!
(n + 2 + 1)
(2 + n)!

(64)
a n
(n + i 3) (2 + i 3)! 1 b (n + i 2) (2 + i 2)! 1
n
2 3 2 2
(1)i (1)i
(2 ) i =0 (3 i ) (2 + i )! i!(n i )! 2(2 ) i =0 (2 i ) (2 + i)! i!(n i )!
4.3. The exact relativistic magnetic spectrum for (m.k.f.) potential for n th excited states for
one-electron atoms in (NC: 3D- RS) symmetries:
Having obtained the exact modifications to the energy levels ( E nc per:d (, k1 ) , E nc per:u (, k 2 )),
~ ~
for n th exited states, produced with relativistic spin-orbital induced by noncommutative p-spin-
orbital Hamiltonian operator, we now turn our attention to the study another interested physically
meaningful phenomena, which also produced from the perturbative terms of modified Kratzer-Fues
potential related to the influence of an external uniform magnetic field, its sufficient to apply the
following two replacements to describing these phenomena:
a b a b
4 3 L 4 3 B L and B (65)
r 2r r 2r
Here is infinitesimal real proportionals constants, and we choose the magnetic field B = B k ,
which allow us to introduce the modified new magnetic Hamiltonian H mag kf (r , a, b, ) in (NC: 3D-
RS), as:
a b ~
H mag kf (r , a, b, ) = 4 3 B J S B (66)
r 2r
( )
here S B denote to the ordinary Hamiltonian of Zeeman Effect. To obtain the exact
noncommutative magnetic modifications of energy E mag-kf ( , n, m~ , a, b ) for modified Kratzer-Fues
potential, which produced automatically by the effect of H m kf (r , a, b, ) , we make the following two
simultaneously replacements:
~ ~ and
k1 m (67)
Thus, we obtain the magnetic energy spectrum E mag-kf ( , n, m~ , a, b ) , corresponding n th excited states,
for the (m.k.f.) potential in view of pseudospin symmetric in (NC-3D: RS) symmetries as,
~
N(2 + 1)
2
Emag- mt ( , n, m, a, b) = mBn!
~ ~ (2 + n)!

(n + 2 + 1) (68)
a n
(n + i 3) (2 + i 3)! 1 b n
(n + i 2) (2 + i 2)! 1
2 3 2 2
(1)i (1)i

(2 ) i = 0 (3 i ) (2 + i )! i!( n i )! 2(2 ) i = 0 (2 i ) (2 + i )! i!(n i )!
~ ~
where m~ denote to the angular momentum quantum number, l m~ +l , which allow us to fixing
~
( 2l + 1 ) values for the orbital angular momentum quantum numbers, thus we can obtain the second
class of solutions for modified Kratzer-Fues potential.
5. Results
Following the discussions of the Sect. 4, we proceed now to find the eigenvalues for this
problem for n th excited states ( Encd (, k1, , n, m
~, a, b) and E
ncr:u (, k 2 , , n, m, a, b ) ) of modified Dirac
~ ~ ~
~ 1
equation corresponding for ( - ( j + 1/2) , (s1/2 , p 3 / 2 , etc ) , j = l + , aligned spin k0 and spin-down) and
2
~ 1 ~ 1
( j = l + , (p1/2 , d 3 / 2 , etc ) , j = l , un aligned spin k 0 and spin up), respectively, at first order of
2 2
parameter , for (m.k.f.) potential in (NC: 3D-RS) symmetries, on based to the obtained new results
(63), (64) and (68), in addition to the original results (27) of energies in commutative space, we
obtain the following original results:
~
N(2 + 1)
2
Enc d ( ~ ~ )
, k1 , , n, m, a, b = Enk~ + n! (2 + n )!

(n + 2 + 1)
1
a i (n + i 3) (2 + i 3)! (n + i 2) (2 + i 2)! 1 (69)

n n
1 b
2 3 2 2
( 1) (1)i
(2 ) i =0 (3 i ) (2 + i )! i!(n i )! 2(2 ) i =0 (2 i ) (2 + i )! i!(n i )!
{ ~
k1 + m ~B }
18 Volume 10
~
N(2 + 1)
2
Enc u ( ~ ~ )
, k 2 , , n, m, a, b = Enk~ + Enk~ + n! (2 + n )!

(n + 2 + 1)
2 1
i (n + i 3) (2 + i 3)! (n + i 2 ) (2 + i 2)! 1 (70)

n n
a 1 b
2 3 2 2
( 1) (1)i
(2 ) i =0 (3 i ) (2 + i )! i!(n i )! 2(2 ) i = 0 (2 i ) (2 + i )! i!(n i )!
{ ~
k 2 + m ~B }
This is exactly the spectrum of three-dimensional Kratzer-Fues potential. As it is montionated in ref.
[14], in view of exact spin symmetry in commutative space ( E nk E nk , V (r ) V (r ) , k k + 1
and G nk~ (r ) Fnk (r ) ), we need to generalize the above translations to the case of noncommutative
three dimensional spaces as:
( ~
)
~ , a, b E
E nc d , k1 , , n, m ( ~
nc d (, k1 , , n, m, a, b ) E nc d , k 1 + 1, , n, m, a, b)
( ~
E nc u , k1 , , n, m )
~ , a, b E ( ~
nc u (, k1 , , n, m, a, b ) E nc u , k 2 + 1, , n, m, a, b ) (71)
V (r ) V (r )
~ ~
k1 k1 + 1 and k 2 k 2 + 1
The spin symmetry in the modified Dirac equation occurs when the difference of the potential
between the vector potential V (r ) and scalar potential S (r ) is a constant (r ) = V (r ) S (r ) = const , thus,
we obtain the energy spectrum for the asymmetric trigonometric Kratzer-Fues potential in view of
exact spin symmetry. On the other hand, the obtained eigenvalues of energies are real and then the
noncommutative Hamiltonian operator H nc kf is Hermitian, it is natural to consider is the sum of
ordinary Hamiltonian operator and the parts: (36), (52), (53) and (66) corresponding p-spin-orbit
and Zeeman effect, respectively, thus, we can expressed H nc kf as follows:
H nc kf ( p i , x i ) = H com kf ( pi , xi )
a b a b ~
r 4 2r 3 S L + r 4 2r 3 B J S B for the spin symmetric case (72)

+
a b S~ L + a b B J S~ B for the p - spin symmetric case
r 4 2r 3 r
4
2r 3
where H com kf ( pi , xi ) denote to ordinary quantum Hamiltonian operator. In this way, one can obtain
the complete energy spectra and corresponding noncommutative Hamiltonian operator for (m.k.f.)
potential in (NC: 3D-RS) symmetries. Now the following accompanying constraint relations:
- The original spectrum contains two possible values of energies in ordinary three dimensional
spaces which presented by equations (63), (64) and (68),
~ ~ ~
- The quantum number m~ satisfied the interval: l m~ +l , thus we have ( 2l + 1 ) values for
this quantum number,
~ 1 ~ 1
- We have also two values for j = l + and j = l .
2 2
Allow us to deduce the important original results: every state in usually three dimensional space will
be replace by 2(2l + 1) sub-states and then the degenerated state can be take 2 (2l + 1) 2n 2 values in
n 1
~
i =0
(NC: 3D-RS) symmetries.
Conclusion
In this study we have exactly solved the new radial Dirac equations for the modified Kratzer-
Fues potential potentials by using Boopps shift method. We considered the case of only space-
space non-commutativity in three dimensions; we have found the energy eigenvalues and the
corresponding Hermitian anisotropic Hamiltonian operator of the one-electron atoms. We observed
that our theoretical results are depended on two infinitesimal parameters (, ) and the discreet
~ ~
atomic quantum numbers ( j = l 1 / 1, s = 1 / 2, l and m~ ). Due to the full and rich results we hope to
discover another physical application to this potential in different fields.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported with search laboratory of: Physics and Material Chemistry, in
Physics department, Sciences faculty, University of M'sila, Algeria.
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Influence of the Zonal Harmonics of the Primary

on L4,5 in the Photogravitational ER3BP
Jagadish Singh1,a, Blessing Ashagwu2,b* and Aishetu Umar3,c
1, 2, 3
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
a
Jgds2004@yahoo.com, *bShiny4eva@yahoo.com, cUmaraishetu33@yahoo.com
Keywords: Celestial Mechanics, ER3BP, Pulsar: Individual PSR J1903+0327
Abstract. We investigate in the framework of the elliptic restricted three-body problem (ER3BP),
the influence of the zonal harmonics (J2 and J4) of the primary and the radiation pressure of the
secondary on the positions and stability of the triangular equilibrium points. The triangular points of
the problem are affected by the parameters involved in the systems dynamics. The positions
change with increase in the zonal harmonics, eccentricity and radiation pressure. The triangular
points remain stable in the interval 0 < < c as shown arbitrarily.
1. Introduction
The elliptic restricted three-body problem (ER3BP) describes the motion of a particle, called
the third body under the gravitational attractions of two finite bodies (primaries) which revolve in
elliptic orbits around their common centre of mass in accordance with the laws of motion of the
two-body problem. It has not been fully explored (planar or spheroid) and has as such so far
produced very few analytical results. Various studies have considered the ER3BP from various
perspectives both with constant and variable coefficient (Kunitsyn and Tureshbaev [1]; Singh and
Ishwar [2], Sahoo and Ishwar [3], Kuntisyn [4], Tsirogiannis et al. [5], Kumar and Ishwar [6], Tkhai
[7], Kumar and Narayan [8], Singh and Umar [9-12]. Singh and Umar [13] found in considering
the effects of the shapes of the primaries that the positions and stability are affected by traxiality,
oblateness, semi-major axis and eccentricity of their orbits; hence the collinear points remain
unstable in the lypunov sense. The orbits of most celestial bodies are elliptic; as such, the study of
the ER3BP can produce significant results neglected by the CR3BP.
The classical CR3BP fails when one or both primaries is/are luminous. This is called the
photogravitational problem formulated by Radzievskii [14], where he discovered that the locations
of the infinitesimal mass strongly depends on the mass reduction factor (q1). He introduced the
planar (1950) and non-planar cases of the CR3BP (1953). He discussed it for the Sun, planet and a
dust particle and Galaxy Kernel-Sun-Particle systems. The effect of radiation pressure(s) has
attracted much attentions of several researchers over the last few decades Umar and Singh [15],
Singh and Taura [16], Singh and Umar [10, 11], Sharma et al. [17], Kunitsyn [18], Singh and
Ishwar [3], Kumar and Choudry [19] and Simons et al. [20], have considered the R3BP under
different characterizations.
When the participating bodies are considered to be strictly spherical and point masses moving
under their mutual gravitational attraction in circular orbits around their common barycenter as in
the CR3BP, an important aspect of these bodies is neglected. Celestial bodies are mostly irregular in
shape. The Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Regulus, Neutron stars/Pulsars and black dwarfs are oblate
spheroids (Arutyunyan et al. [21], Papoyan et al. [22], Laarakkers [23], Shibata [24], Boshkayev et
al. [25] and Heyl [26]. Our Moon, Pluto and its moon Charon are triaxial. The asphericity,
triaxiality or oblateness of the celestial bodies causes large perturbations from a two-body orbit.
This inspired several researchers such as Subbarao and Sharma [27], Elipe and Ferrer [28], EL-
Shaboury [29], Sharma [30], Singh and Begha [31], Singh [32] and Umar and Singh [33] to include
asphericity of the bodies in their investigation of the R3BP.
Zonal harmonics arise due to meridinal ellipticity and the typical precession rates of planetary
orbits are about 20 pas/yr, as such they play an important role in high accuracy modelling of the
24 Volume 10
motion of celestial bodies. Several studies, Singh and Taura [34], Singh and Omale [35] and
Abouelmagd et al. [36] have included the second zonal harmonics in their investigation of the
R3BP. Singh and Taura [34] examined the effects of oblateness up to J4 of both primaries together
with gravitational potential from a circular cluster of material points on the stability of the triangular
points in the CR3BP. While Abouelmagd et al. [36] investigated the effects of the even zonal
harmonic up to J4 of both primaries, on the existence of libration points and their linear stability as
well as analysing the existence of periodic orbits around these points.
The binary system PSR J1903+0327 were studied by Champion et al. [37], Cordes et al. [38]
and Freire et al. [39].
In the present study, we endeavour to extend the work of Singh and Umar [11] by including
the effect of oblateness up to the coefficient J on the locations of triangular points and their
stability with application to the binary pulsar PSR J1903+0327.
This paper is organised in six sections; section 1 is the introduction; section 2 deals with the
equations of motion; section 3 focuses on the locations of triangular point. The linear stability of
these points is examined in section4; while the numerical applications and conclusion are presented
in section 5 and section 6, respectively.
2. Equations of motion
The equations of motion of a dust particle, in the framework of the ER3BP under the
consideration that the primary is an oblate spheroid with the zonal harmonics J2 and J4 and the
secondary a source of radiation, can be written in a dimensionless-pulsating coordinate system
( , , ) following Singh and Umar [11] and Singh and Taura [33] as

2 = , + 2 = , = (1)

with
( + ) + n1 (1r ) + (12r) A 3(18r ) A + rq

1 1 2
= 1
2
2 3
1
5
2
(2)
(1 e ) 2 2 2 1 1 1 2
and the mean motion n is given by

n =
1 + (3)
= 2
+ + = 1,2
= = 1 , 0 < = < (4)
where , are the masses of the primaries positioned at the points ( ,0,0), i=1,2; q is the
radiation pressure factor of the secondary, a and e are the semi-major axis and eccentricity of the
orbits, respectively; A = J R , A 1 (i=1,2) characterize the zonal harmonics of the primary
whose mean radii is R .
3. Locations of triangular points.

Equilibrium points are those points at which the infinitesimal mass is at rest. Thus the
equilibrium points are the solutions of the equations = = = 0, which yield

+ + =0
1 1 3 1 15 1
1 + + =0
n
2 8

+ + =0. (5)
The last equation of system (5) yields = 0. This implies the existence of planar
equilibrium points. The triangular points are the solutions of the first two equations of system (5)
with 0 . From which we obtain
n = +
n = . (6)
In the absence of oblateness of the primary, system (6) provides

= and
= .
When oblateness is considered, the value of will change slightly by (say),
respectively so that;
= + , = + /
. , 1 (7)
Considering only linear terms in , , and neglecting their higher powers and products,
(3) gives
n = 1 + + (8)
Now, solving (7) and (8), we get
= + . 1
= + . 1 . (9)
Using (8) and (9) in (6), we get
5 5
= +
2 4 4
= . (10)
Putting the values of from (10) in (9), we obtain
5 5
= 1 + +
4 4
= 1 + . (11)
Using (4) and (11) to yield

= + 1 + 1 +
26 Volume 10
= 1 + 1+ + . (12)
These points ( , , presented by (12) in the plane are denoted by L , and are known as
the triangular equilibrium points.
4. Linear stability of triangular points.

The motion of a test particle near any of the equilibrium points is said to be stable if given a
small displacement with a small velocity, the particle oscillates considerably about the point and
stays around for all time, otherwise it is said to be unstable.
The motion of a particle in the plane is investigated by giving the triangular points
small displacement , . Then we write
= + and = + .
In the variational form, we have the equations of motion as
-2 = +
+2 = + .
The characteristic equation of this system is
+ 4 + = 0, (13)
where the superscript 0 indicates that the partial derivatives are to be evaluated at the triangular
point , .
In the case of triangular points L4,5, when the primary is oblate and the secondary is luminous,
we have
= 1 + + + + +
+ + + +
= 1 + + + + + +
+ + +
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 3 1
= + + +
1 2 2 2 2 2 2

15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 15
+ + +
8 4 8 8 8 8
3 1 3
+ .
2 2
Substituting these values in the characteristic equation (13) and considering only linear terms
in , , , , and , where = 1 , = 1 , , 1, we obtain
+ 4 3 + + =0 (14)
where
1 1 5 1
= 1 +
1e 2
with
1 5
= 1 + 1 1
1e 2
= 3 1 + +3 + .
Equation (14) is a quadratic equation in , which yield
4 3 4 3 27 1 4
=
2
For stable motion, we choose , , , such that <0

i.e
3 4 0
and the discriminant
D= 4 3 27 1 + 4 > 0 (15)
The first condition of (15) gives
0 <e 1 1 + 1 1 (16)
When , = 0, it becomes

0 <e (17)
From the second condition of (15), we have
D = 27 + 3 4 + 2 + 12 + 15
27 6 + 15 + 3 4 + 2 + 12
+ 15 + 1 6 + 15 3 >0 (18)
The necessary conditions for the stability of the triangular points (12) are given by equations
(16) and (18). Solving the quadratic equation D = 0 for gives the critical value of the mass
parameter as
= 1 1+ + 1+ (19)

This establishes the effects of the various perturbing agents of oblateness (J2 and J4), radiation
pressure q = 1- , eccentricity e and semi-major axis a = 1-. A critical examination of equation
(19) shows that the various parameters cause a reduction in the size of the region of stability as
shown in figures 3, 4 and 5 for increasing semi-major axis, eccentricity and radiation pressure
factor. Thus, they all have destabilizing effects.
28 Volume 10
5. Numerical Applications
This section locates numerically the triangular points of the problem using (12) for the binary
system PSR J1903+0327. This is a millisecond pulsar in a highly eccentric orbit (e = 0.437), with a
pulsar mass m1=1.670.02Msun and a main sequence companion of mass m2=1.1Msun with a

luminosity (class V) 2.5Lsun . The mass ratio is = gives =0.397112.
The radiation pressure factor q is computed taking =1, on the basis of Stefan-Boltzmanns
law, where q = 1- (Singh and Umar 2012) and M and L are the mass and luminosity of a star,
respectively; r and are the radius and density of a moving body; is the radiation pressure
efficiency factor of a star; A= is a constant. In the C.G.S. system, A=2.9838 10 and
supposing r=0.02cm and =1.4g for some dust grain particles in the systems. Thus,
q=0.997581 for the system PSR J1903 + 0327.
Using these data, we compute the locations of the triangular points, highlighting the effects of
the parameters. The effect of the zonal harmonics A1 (J2) in the absence of A2 and then with a
constant A2 (J4) is shown in tables 1 and 2 respectively. Then, keeping A1 constant, the effect of A2
is examined (table 3). Subsequently, the effects of eccentricity and semi-major axis are presented in
tables 4 and 5 using the software package Mathematica.
We show the effects of zonal harmonics J4, eccentricity e, semi major axis a and radiation
pressure q on the size of the region of stability (tables 6-9) for arbitrary values of the mass ratio in
the range 0< < .
Table 1: Effect of on the triangular points of PSR J1903+0327 for a = 0.8
in the absence of

0 0 0.10345 0.668311
0.001 0 0.10395 0.668041
0.01 0 0.108443 0.665604
0.1 0 0.153381 0.640727
0.2 0 0.203311 0.611902
Table 2: Effect of on the triangular points of PSR J1903+0327 with a = 0.8 and a constant

0 -0.00001 0.103458 0.668308
0.001 -0.00001 0.103957 0.668038
0.01 -0.00001 0.108451 0.665601
0.1 -0.00001 0.153388 0.640725
0.2 -0.00001 0.203319 0.611899
Table 3: Effect of on the triangular points of PSR J1903+0327 with a = 0.8 and a constant

0 0 0.103450 0.668311
0.1 -0.0000001 0.108444 0.665604
0.1 -0.000001 0.108444 0.665604
0.1 -0.00001 0.108451 0.665601
0.1 -0.0001 0.108516 0.665578
Table 4: Effect of eccentricity on the triangular points of PSR J1903+0327

with constant and
e
0 0 0.99 0.102902 0.48256i
0.01 -0.00001 0.9 0.108020 0.300016i
0.01 -0.00001 0.8 0.108139 0.237432
0.01 -0.00001 0.7 0.108243 0.430739
0.01 -0.00001 0.6 0.108333 0.545414
0.01 -0.00001 0.5 0.108410 0.626255
0.01 -0.00001 0.4 0.108472 0.685341
0.01 -0.00001 0.3 0.108521 0.727989
0.01 -0.00001 0.2 0.108556 0.756982
0.01 -0.00001 0.1 0.108576 0.773856
Table 5: Effect of semi major axis on the triangular points of PSR J1903+0327
with constant and
a
0 0 0.8 0.103450 0.668311
0.01 -0.00001 0.7 0.108404 0.620020
0.01 -0.00001 0.6 0.108355 0.568291
0.01 -0.00001 0.5 0.108304 0.507892
0.01 -0.00001 0.4 0.108249 0.434092
0.01 -0.00001 0.3 0.108191 0.335854
0.01 -0.00001 0.2 0.108127 0.167506
0.01 -0.00001 0.1 0.108056 0.270123i
30 Volume 10
Fig. 1: Effect of eccentricity on the triangular points of PSR 1903+0327 with a=0.8, = 0.01
and = 0.00001
Fig. 2: Effect of semi major axis on the triangular points of PSR J1903 + 0327 with a=0.8, =0.01
and = 0.00001
Table 6: Effect of A2 on the region of stability (c) with q=0.99, e=0.2, a=0.9
0.01 -0.0000001 0.026308

0.01 -0.000001 0.026307
0.01 -0.00001 0.026301
0.01 -0.0001 0.026238
32 Volume 10
Table 7: Effect of eccentricity on the region of stability with = 0.01, = -0.00001, q = 0.99
e (a=0.9) (a=0.5) (a=0.1)
0.1 0.031919 0.024785 0.017651
0.2 0.026301 0.019167 0.012033
0.3 0.016937 0.009803 0.002669
0.4 0.003829 - -
0.5 - - -
0.6 - - -
0.7 - - -
0.8 - - -
0.9 - - -
0.99 - - -
Table 8: Effect of semi-major axis on the region of stability with = 0.01, =-0.00001, q=0.99
a (e=0.2) (e=0.25) = 0.3
0.1 0.012033 0.007819 0.002669
0.2 0.013816 0.009603 0.004453
0.3 0.015600 0.011386 0.006236
0.4 0.017383 0.013170 0.008020
0.5 0.019167 0.014953 0.009803
0.6 0.020950 0.016737 0.011587
0.7 0.022734 0.018520 0.013370
0.8 0.024517 0.020304 0.015154
0.9 0.026301 0.022087 0.016937
0.99 0.027906 0.023692 0.018542
Table 9: Effect of radiation pressure on the region of stability with = 0.01, =-0.00001,
q=0.99
e (q=0.99) = 0.75 (q=0.55)
0.1 0.028352 0.026211 0.024428
0.2 0.022734 0.020593 0.018810
0.3 0.013370 0.011230 0.009447
0.4 0.000026 - -
0.5 - - -
0.6 - - -
0.7 - - -
0.8 - - -
0.9 - - -
0.99 - - -
0,038
c
0,033
0,028
0,023
c (a=0.9)
c (a=0.5)
0,018
c (a=0.1)
0,013
0,008
e
0,003
0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4 0,45
Fig. 3: Region of stability for increasing values of semi- major axis

0,03
c
0,025
0,02
c (e=0.2)
0,015
c (e=0.25)
c (e=0.3)
0,01
0,005
a
0
0,1 0,3 0,5 0,7 0,9
Fig. 4: Region of stability for increasing values of eccentricity

34 Volume 10
0,03
c
0,025
0,02
c (q=0.99)
0,015
c (q=0.75)
c (q=0.55)
0,01
0,005
0
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4
e
Fig. 5: Region of stability for increasing values of radiation pressure
Conclusions
Using the equations of motion of the ER3BP with constant coefficients, under the
consideration that the primary is an oblate body and the secondary is a source of radiation, the
influences of the even zonal harmonics (J2 and J4), eccentricity and radiation pressure on the
positions and stability of the triangular points have been investigated. The combined effect of the
zonal harmonics J2 and J4 is a shift away from the origin and towards the line joining the primaries.
It is seen from tables 1, 2 and 3 that individually, they both have the same effect but J2 acts faster
than J4. Increasing the eccentricity of the orbits while keeping J2 and J4 constant causes a shift
towards the origin and towards the line joining the primaries, as is shown in table 4 and figure 1.
We observe that for high eccentricity and in the quasi-parabolic case, the triangular points cease to
exist. The reverse is the case with increase in semi-major axis (table 5 and figure 2). This agrees
with Singh and Umar [11] with J4=0.
The parameters all have destabilizing effects, causing a reduction in the size of the region of
stability. As eccentricity, semi-major axis and radiation pressure increase, the size of the region of
stability decreases and the system becomes unstable (tables 7-9 and figure 3-5).
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Mathematical Models for Interrelation of Characteristics of the

Developing Defects with the Parameters of Acoustic Emission Signals
Volodymyr Marasanov1,a, Artem Sharko1,b
1
Department of Informatics and Computer Science, Faculty of Cybernetics, Kherson National
Technical University, Beryslavskeshose str., 24, 73008, Kherson, Ukraine
a
volodymyr.marasanov@mail.ru, bsharko-8@mail.ru
Keywords: non-destructive control, acoustic emission, models, regularities, mechanisms.
Abstract. Mathematical models and mechanisms of acoustic emission signal generation are
presented. It is shown that the reasons of acoustic emission signal origin are related to the local
alterations of microstructure of materials and processes of movement of distribution at formation of
tensions in solids. It is proved that the origination of signals is based on the analysis of acoustic
wave energy released per load cycle and the work of the external forces at elastic deflection.
Introduction
The method of acoustic emission (AE) allows to conduct researches of kinetics by volume
structural alteration on the different stages of materials deformation in real time. Physical nature of
acoustic origin emission in materials is related to the processes of deformation and destruction.
Mathematical models of the data processing in the system of determining defects by AE methods
are based on the concepts of continuum environment and the continuum theory of dislocations,
where the acoustic emission signal is indicative for a number of processes of the defect structure
[1, 2]. These processes are related to the movement of the dislocation [3, 4] the transition from
elastic to plastic deformations [5-7], the extension of the dislocation loops [8, 9] and the
annihilation of the separate sections of the structure [10, 11].
Since the AE method makes it possible to detect the early stages of cracking prior to
catastrophic failure, many attempts have been made to determine the settlement of relations
connecting the AE settings to the characteristics of micro- and macro-cracks in the materials [12-
14]. This quite challengeable task is not resolved even nowadays.
Dislocations, generated by various sources increase the energy of the local distortions of the
crystal lattice. Mechanisms of the internal restructuring of the materials are accompanied by the
elastic tension stress wave emission. Growing defect produces a signal that can be remotely
detected and it is possible to find its location by processing a difference of wave arrival time to the
group of acoustic sensors [15, 16]. According to the intensity of the emission regulations
conclusions about the danger of defects are considered [17]. The structural state of the material can
appear an important factor influencing on properties and longevity of material other things being
equal. Therefore, the basis for the study of the influence of the characteristics of developing defects
on the parameters of AE signals in this paper is the energy of the elastic waves, revealed during the
loading cycle and the work of the external forces in the elastic deformation of the body.
The main tasks of the paper are:
development of the mathematical models of explaining mechanism of emission
accumulation on the basis of the developing defects energy concepts;
obtainment of the analytical expressions of interrelation of fracture parameters with the
characteristics of AE signals through the functions of the applied tension;
obtainment of the calculation formulas of the elastic waves energy amount revealed
during the loading cycle.
Prognostication of the structural states of polycrystalline and composition materials on the
basis of relation between the evolution of imperfect structure and kinetics of accumulation of the
damages registered with the method of E on the different stages of plastic flow and destruction
38 Volume 10
presents not only a scientific but also technical task and can be the basis for hardware facilities
development, algorithms and methods of AE signals recording creation.
The aim of the work is development of the mathematical models of interrelation of
characteristics of the developing defects with AE signals.
Materials and Methods

Theoretical foundations of achievement of the results are based on a central tenet of the theory
of elasticity, general acoustics and mathematical analyses.
In the process of affiliation between the evolution of imperfect structure with kinetics of
accumulation of the tensions, registered by the method of E, verification the following hypotheses
is implemented:
the hypothesis of continuity, which assumes that material fully fills the volume occupied
by it;
the hypothesis about homogeneity and isotropy, which assumes that properties of material
are identical in all directions;
the hypothesis about the small deformations, change assuming that deformations are small
as compared to the sizes of the deformed body. The location of external forces of the relatively
separated parts of the body are ignored;
the hypothesis about the linear dependence between deformations and load, assuming that
for most materials the Hooke's law setting straight proportional dependence between deformations
and loading is correct.
The basis of the relationship between the characteristics of the developing defects and AE
signal parameters kinetics of natural changes in the defective structure at the accumulation of
damage can be laid.
Methodological basis of the paper is mathematical description of the cracks model as AE
radiating element on the basis of tension and deformation state.
The structure of material at a loading can be presented as a complex system of the possessing
properties of non-linearity, nonequilibrium and irreversibility.
The reasons for the destruction of the structures of the production plants operating in
aggressive environments, high values, alternating loads is the combined effect of tensile state,
defects with sharp edges and a microstructure that is inclined to cracking.
When metal deformation distance between atoms under the influence of the external forces
changes, lines and planes through the atom are distorted, due to that the crystal lattice is distorted.
Under eliminating the external forces atoms resumed their places in the crystal lattice.
The mechanism of formation of plastic deformation is due to the motion of dislocations
through the crystal lattice under shear tensions. At any stage of the structure deformation the total
deformation will consist of elastic and plastic components. In both cases of elastic and plastic
deformations independent structure-insensitive options are tension , strain , strain rate and time.
Possible mechanisms of AE generating under cyclic loading are:
the accumulation of plastic strain;
stepwise development of the fatigue cracks;
promotion of the cracks;
increase in the plastic deformation zone near the crack tip;
mutual friction of the crack edges.
Total N acoustic emission is proportional to the volume of the region within which the
tension exceeds some allowable values [18].
The mathematical description of a cracked the model as an AE source on the basis of tension-
strain state can be described by the following equations [19]:
the equation of motion:
= ; (1)
communication deformations and displacements (equation Cauchy):

+
= ;
, ,
2
(2)
communication tension and strain (Hooke's law):
= + .
1+ 12
(3)
,
where is a components of the tension tensor,
, , is a components of the displacement vector points of the body,
is a components of the tensor of small deformations,
is a Poisson's coefficient,
is an acceleration of the movement.
density of materials
In structures with close packing of atoms violation of the correctness of their position creates
in the center of dislocation the less dense packing, i.e. an increase of the specific volume of the part
of the material takes place. The size and shape of the expansion zone of the motion of the
dislocation with speed vary with frequency :
= ,

(4)
where b - is the parameter of lattice in the direction of the dislocation motion.

Higher energy of elastic waves is allowed by the movement of the dislocation cluster.
Based on the hypothesis of small deformations and linear nature of the relationship between
tension and load, it is possible to obtain analytical expressions of their relationship with parameters
of AE signals.
For a rectangular parallelepiped with the dimensions a, b, c relative to the main directions of
deformation under the influence of tension 1, 2, 3 comprise:

= ; = ; = . (5)
Volume deformation is the :
= + + . (6)
Generalized Hooke's law for isotropic material is expressed by the relations [7]:
1
= + ; (7)
1
= + ; (8)
1
= + . (9)
or accuracy of the second order:
12
= + + . (10)
40 Volume 10
In the present form Hooke's law is valid not only for the main direction of deformation of x, y,
z, but also for any three mutually perpendicular directions.
The potential energy of elastic deformation equals to the external force A, expended on
, , on respective movements with the relative deformations , ,

the deformation of the body. In the case of bulk tension state the total work the principal tension
equals:
= = + + .
2 2 2
(11)
When a solid body deforms not only the volume but also its shape varies. However, in the
, , , can be gotten as follow:

mechanism of AE signals generation of, this component is not critical, and using the expression for
1
= = + + 2 + + .
2
(12)
This part of the elastic waves energy and performed work of the external forces in the solid-
Each relative deformation , , is the result of the three tensions , , . This fact
state strain carries the main burden on the occurrence of AE signals from developing defects.
forms the basis of the proposed model, the relationship of the applied tension to the parameters of
AE signals.
Results and Discussion.

Results of the work is generation of analytic expressions which connects the characteristics of
the developing defects with AE signal parameters based on the acoustic wave energy analyses
The presented model assumes that the tension field varies from to +
released per load cycle and the work of the external forces at elastic deflection.
and is the only
independent parameter. Denoting by , the average value of the emissions savings in the volume V,
while increasing the applied tension from 0 to , we obtain:
= .

(13)
The AE changing density equals:
= + + . (14)
Values , , can be presented as:
= + + , (15)
whence
= + + +
(16)
+ + + + + +
Taking into account the accumulation of the AE acts as a function of applied tension can be
determined from the equation:
= . (17)
The value depends on the material of controlled products and the tension field expressed
in terms of ratio .
The process of fatigue crack propagation is very durable. It continues until the cross-section
of the construction material would not be so small that the tension acting in to exceed destructive
ones. Then there will be a rapid fragile destruction.
The loading occurs by cycles of a certain period. Within a few load cycles characterized by an
initial period of inactivity, a high rate of AE events occurrence comes. At this moment, there is an
avalanche-like appearance of AE signals.
The number of the loading cycle identical pulses equals:

= ln ,
2 1
(18)
where is an AE signal frequency,

is a damping coefficient,
is a proportionality coefficient,
is a amplification coefficient,
is a maximum tension needed to run counter AE signals,

is a design thickness in the control zone,
is a range of the variation of the tension intensity factor,
is a velocity of crack grow,
is a normalized value of the tension intensity factor.
= . (19)
The formula show that the amount of energy liberated per cycle, in is defined as follow:

= .
1
(20)
Under the complicated conditions of the products, operation fatigue crack arises in the surface
layers and then develops deep into the material, forming a sharp incision. Theoretical consideration
of the shift phenomenon can be performed under the following simplifications and approximations.
The relationship between the load and the deformation under the shift is similar to the
tensions-strain diagram in tensions tests. The case of plane tensions state, when on the verge of a
highlighted surface in the form of a square with a side only tangential tension act, is a pure shift.
Hooke's law is expressed in pure shift by the relationship of absolute shift S, transverse force Q,
the cross-sectional area F and a shift modulus G:
= . (21)
42 Volume 10
In this setting, the potential energy of deformation under shift is:
= .
2
(22)
All the potential energy in the pure shift is consumed only for form changing. Changes in
volume at shift deformation equals zero. With regard to the mechanism of the of AE signals
generation the situation is quite different. A good correlation between the presence of welds in the
longitudinal and transverse cracks with AE signals is detected in [9], but the samples containing
voluminous defects hardly radiated AE signals. This indicates that AE signal parameters depend
only on the number of the growing cracks. This dynamic development of the defects, but not their
configuration is the basis of AE sources generation mechanism.
In pure bending cross sections remain plane and while turning, they become normal with
respect to the axis of the curved cracks. Longitudinal deformation lines curve along a circular arc,
and the contours of longitudinal lines intersect at right angles.
Changing the tension on the sectional height is subjected to the linear law, that is the
maximum tension are in layers with coordinates ymax and the minimum are at y = 0.
The formula for determining the normal tension coordinate in any stratum of section at the
distance y from the horizontal axis in the direction x is:

= ,

(23)
where is a bendingmoment,
is an axial moment of inertia.
The normal tension at any section point is directly proportional to the bending moment, the
distance from the neutral layer and inversely proportional to the axial moment of inertia.
The formula of the potential energy in bending can be applied in the case of developing
cracks:
= ,
2
(24)
where Jx is the moment of inertia concerning the neutral section line (axis x), passing
through its center of gravity.
Using the superposition principle the generalized formula for the potential energy of a crack
developing in view of shift strain and bending can be.
Reasons of the work significance are based on the establishing of the interrelation between the
characteristics of the developing defects with AE signal parameters.
Transferring of findings and theoretical models of the provisions of the tension-deformation
of the material on the occurrence of AE signals detects the need for information not only on the
magnitude of the principal tensions in a developing crack, but their directions to determine the
source of the AE as a tension concentrator.
The study of the mechanism of AE is of great practical interest, since the destruction of the
structure of the material in these conditions is particularly dangerous because it occurs under much
less tension and limits of stress.
The initial stage of the moving dislocations process develops slowly. Then there is its
acceleration with the ending, when the last dislocation annihilates in the cluster. There is a rapid
relaxation of the elastic field in homogeneity, which leads to the occurrence of AE.
If the number of elementary events leading to the emergence of elastic waves is large, and the
energy released each time is small, AE signals are perceived as a weak noise. The energy state of
the body varies slightly, and the probability of the next of the act is practically independent of the
previous one.
If the solid body state is far from equilibrium it is possible the avalanche-type process in
which during a small period of time a large number of events are involved. The energy of the
arising elastic wave can on many orders to surpass the energy of the continuous AE. The number of
the amplitude jumps will be smaller the influence of the each of the previous acts on the succeeding
will be essential and the emerging AE will be discrete.
Conclusions.
The mechanisms of AE signals occurrence at a cycling loading allows to determine the
quantitative interrelations between AE parameters and the defects of the material structure
developing while loading. The common basis of such mechanisms is nonreversible character of
changes concentrating in the material structure. This leads to the tension redistribution and creation
of the terms for generation of AE new volumes of the material.
The presented mathematical models of interrelation characteristics of developing defects with
the parameters of acoustic emission signals allow us to explain the mechanism of tension
occurrence in the structure of the materials through the potential energy and the work of the external
forces expended on the deformation of the body.
The obtained analytical expression of the interrelation parameters of the destruction of the
characteristics of AE signals through a function of the applied tension allows to quantify the amount
of the emission savings under the material cyclic loading.
The given formulas of the amount of the energy released during the loading cycles may be
useful in the development of the algorithms and methods for detecting AE signals.
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44 Volume 10
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Keyword Index
A
Acoustic Emission 37
B
Bopps Shift Method 8
C
Celestial Mechanics 23
D
Dirac Equation 8
Duffing Oscillator 1
E
ER3BP 23
I
Indicial Term 1
K
Kratzer-Fues Potential 8
M
Mechanisms 37
Models 37
Multiple Time Scales 1
N
Non-Destructive Control 37
Noncommutative Space 8
P
Pulsar: Individual PSR 23
J1903+0327
R
Regularities 37
Renormalization Group 1
S
Star Product 8
Author Index
A
Ashagwu, B. 23
D
Das, S. 1
M
Maireche, A. 8
Marasanov, V. 37
S
Sharko, A. 37
Singh, J. 23
U
Umar, A. 23

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On the Renormalization Group Techniques for the Cubic-Quintic Duffing Equation

On the Renormalization Group Techniques for the Cubic-Quintic Duffing

a(0) = a0 = Z1 ()a() = (1 + A1 )a(),

For this choices of A1 and B1 solution z becomes

and this gives

Substituting = in (15) yielding the renormaliztion expansion of z up to order

Thus for = 0 we obtain from equation (3) the result

where a and can both be functions of (0 , 1 ).

a 160 1 6a2 5a4

while the remaining terms imply

From (24) and using 1 = (t0 + ) we obtain up to order ,

160 1 6a2 5a4

160 1 6a2 5a4

Clearly this solution is free from any divergent term.

[9] V. Chua, Cubic-Quintic Duffing Oscillators. (unpublished)

[15] B. Bagchi et al., Nonlinear dynamics of a position-dependent mass-driven Duffing-type oscilla-

[16] V. Chithika Ruby, M. Senthilvelan, M. Lakshmanan, Exact quantization of a PT-symmetric (re-

[17] A. Lindstedt, Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. St. Petersburg. 31(4) (1882).

[18] N. Minorsky, Nonlinear oscillations, Melbourne : Krieger, 1974.

A Novel Exactly Theoretical Solvable of Bound States of the

sub-states in the extended quantum symmetries (NC: 3D-RS).

( f g )(x ) exp( i x x ( fg )(x ) ( fg i x fx g

The new three-generalized coordinates (x = x1 , y = x 2 , z = x 3 ) are depended with corresponding three-

L Lx12 + Ly23 + Lz13 (12)

Furthermore, the non-null equal-time anti-commutator for fermionic field operators in

Moreover, the noncommutative fermions propagator S F (x x') can be expressed as:

2. Review of Dirac equation for Kratzer-Fues potential in ordinary commutative spaces

this leads to rewritten Eqs. (24) and (26) as follows, respectively:

3. Theory of Noncommutative relativistic Hamiltonian operator for (m.k.f.) potential in (NC-

where the (m.k.f.) potential V (r) is given by:

The radial functions ( Fnk (r ) , G nk (r ) ) are obtained, by solving two equations:

We generalized the constraint for the pseudospin (p-spin) symmetry ( (r ) = V (r ) and

4. The exact relativistic (p-spin-orbit) and (spin-orbit) Hamiltonian operators and

with k (k 1) = l (l + 1) and k (k 1) = l (l + 1) , which allows us to form two diagonal (3 3) matrixes

and H so kf (k1 , k 2 ) , for (m.k.f.) potential, respectively, in (NC: 3D-RS) as:

(H so kf ) (k ) = k 2 a4 b 3 if j = l + 1 , (p1/2 , d 3 / 2 , etc ), j = l 1 , unaligned spin (k 0)

A direct simplification gives:

a i (n + i 3) (2 + i 3)! (n + i 2) (2 + i 2)! 1 (69)

i (n + i 3) (2 + i 3)! (n + i 2 ) (2 + i 2)! 1 (70)

Influence of the Zonal Harmonics of the Primary

Keywords: Celestial Mechanics, ER3BP, Pulsar: Individual PSR J1903+0327

( + ) + n1 (1r ) + (12r) A 3(18r ) A + rq

and the mean motion n is given by

= = 1 , 0 < = < (4)

3. Locations of triangular points.

In the absence of oblateness of the primary, system (6) provides

Now, solving (7) and (8), we get

Using (8) and (9) in (6), we get

Putting the values of from (10) in (9), we obtain

Using (4) and (11) to yield

4. Linear stability of triangular points.

Equation (14) is a quadratic equation in , which yield

For stable motion, we choose , , , such that <0

The first condition of (15) gives

From the second condition of (15), we have

Table 4: Effect of eccentricity on the triangular points of PSR J1903+0327

0.01 -0.0000001 0.026308

Fig. 3: Region of stability for increasing values of semi- major axis

Fig. 4: Region of stability for increasing values of eccentricity

[25] K. Boshkayev, H. Quevedo, R. Ruffini, Gravitational field of compact objects in general