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Energy
The capacity to do work or to transfer
heat.
Work:
Energy used to cause an object that has mass
to move.
Heat:
Energy used to cause the temperature of an
object to rise.
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Potential Energy
Energy an object possesses by virtue of its position or
chemical composition.
Potential energy and
kinetic energy. The
potential energy initially
stored in the motionless
bicycle at the top of the
hill is converted to kinetic
energy as the bicycle
moves down the hill and High potential Decreasing
loses potential energy. energy, zero potential energy,
kinetic (a)
energy increasing kinetic
(b)
energy
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Kinetic Energy
1
= 2
2
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Units of Energy
The SI unit of energy is the joule (J).
=
An older, non-SI unit is still in widespread use: The calorie
(cal).
1 cal = 4.184 J
Note: Energy unit used in nutrition is the Calorie (note the capital C):
1 Cal = 1000 cal = 1 kcal
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System and Surroundings
2 H2 + O2 2 H2O + Energy
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Work
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Heat
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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Internal Energy
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Internal Energy
Energy gained from Red arrow pointing
surroundings, E of up from initial state = Final state
system increases, gain of energy by the of the system
system Efinal
E positive
Initial state
Einitial Efinal
of the system
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Changes in Internal Energy
When energy is exchanged
System
between the system and the
Heat q>0 surroundings, it is exchanged
as either heat (q) or work (w).
Surroundings
That is: E = q + w.
Work w>0
E > 0
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Changes in Internal Energy
If E > 0
H2(g), O2(g)
i.e. Efinal > Einitial
surroundings.
This energy change is
called endothermic.
H2O(l)
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Changes in Internal Energy
If E < 0
H2(g), O2(g)
i.e. Efinal < Einitial
surroundings.
This energy change is called
exothermic.
H2O(l)
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State Functions
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State Functions
However, we do know that the internal energy of a system is
independent of the path by which the system achieved that
state.
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State Functions
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State Functions
However, q and w are
not state functions.
Whether the battery is
shorted out or is
discharged by running
the fan, its E is the
same, but q and w are
different in the two
cases.
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Enthalpy
If a process takes place at constant pressure (as do
the majority of processes we study) and the only work
done is this pressure-volume work, we can account for
heat flow during the process by measuring the
enthalpy of the system.
Enthalpy is the internal energy plus the product of
pressure and volume:
H = E + PV
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Enthalpy
H = (E + PV)
or
H = E + PV
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Enthalpy
Since E = q + w and w = PV, we can
substitute these into the enthalpy expression:
H = E + PV
H = (q + w) w
H = q
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Enthalpies of Reaction
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Calorimetry
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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
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Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
or
q
C= m T
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Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
By carrying out a reaction in
aqueous solution in a simple
calorimeter such as this one, one
can indirectly measure the heat
change for the system by
measuring the heat change for
the water in the calorimeter.
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Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
Because the specific heat for water is
well known (4.184 J/g K), we can
measure H for the reaction with this
equation:
qsoln = -qrxn
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Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry
Reactions can be carried
out in a sealed bomb,
such as this one, and
measure the heat
absorbed by the water.
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Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)
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Calorimetry example
Ans= -34,000 J
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Example
In a neutralization reaction between a strong acid and
a strong base, the following reaction forms water.
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Hesss Law
Hesss law states that If a
reaction is carried out in a
series of steps, H for the
overall reaction will be
equal to the sum of the
enthalpy changes for the
individual steps, or simply:
H1 = H2 + H3
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Enthalpies of Formation
Enthalpy of formation, , is defined as the enthalpy
change for a reaction in which a compound is made from
its constituent elements, and all reactants and products are
in their standard states.
Important!
Can calculate enthalpy changes for a great many reactions from
tabulated values
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Standard Enthalpies of Formation
Standard enthalpies of formation, , are measured under
standard conditions (298 K and 1.00 bar pressure).
Substance Formula (kJ/mol) Substance Formula (kJ/mol)
Acetylene C2H2(g) 226.7 Hydrogen chloride HCl(g) -92.3
Ammonia NH3(g) -46.19 Hydrogen fluoride HF(g) -268.6
Benzene C6H6(l) 49 Hydrogen iodide HI(g) 25.9
Calcium carbonate CaCO3(s) 1207.1 Methane CH4(g) -74.8
Calcium oxide CaO(s) -635.5 Methanol CH3OH(l) -238.6
Carbon dioxide CO2(g) -393.5 Propane C3H8(g) -103.85
Carbon monoxide CO(g) -110.5 Silver chloride AgCl(s) -127
Diamond C(s) 1.88 Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3(s) -947.7
Ethane C2H6(g) -84.68 Sodium carbonate Na2CO3(s) -1130.9
Ethanol C2H5OH(l) -277.7 Sodium chloride NaCl(s) -410.9
Ethylene C2H4(g) 52.3 Sucrose C12H22O11(s) -2221
Glucose C6H12O6(s) -1273 Water H2O(l) -285.8
Hydrogen bromide HBr(g) -36.23 Water vapour H2O(g) -241.8
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Calculation of H
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Calculation of H
Equation 1
C3H8 (g) 3 C (graphite) + 4 H2 (g)
3 C (graphite) + 3 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) Equation 2
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Calculation of H
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
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Calculation of H
C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g) 3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (l)
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Calculation of H
H = nHf(products) - mHf(reactants)
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Calculation of
H
H0 = 86.3 kJ
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