Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
5/6, 1993
Gary A. Williams
Physics Department
University of California
Los Angeles, CA 90024
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N
1079
0022-2291/93/1200-1079507.00/0~ 1993 Plenum Publishing Corporation
1080 G. Williams
*Phonon excitations are also present, but their reduction of the bare superfluid density p,O is
negligible even near T;~, and hence it is assumed in the remainder of this paper that p o / p =_ 1.0).
Vortex Dynamics at the Superfluid ~.-Transition 1081
The first analytical implementation of this concept was carded out in the
two-dimensional theory of Kosterlitz and Thouless 13, whose ideas formed
the basis for the calculation in three dimensions. 5
In the present paper the vortex-ring theory is extended 14 to allow
a study of the dynamic properties of the superfluid phase transition. This
is of interest because most experimental probes of the superfluid involve
finite-frequency measurements. The methods employed follow those of the
two-dimensional dynamics of Ambegaokar, et al. 15 In section 2 the static
properties of the vortex-ring theory are briefly reviewed, and in section 3
the dynamic theory is developed. In section 4 the superfluid relaxation
time is calculated and comparison is made with experimental results.
Section 5 discusses possible applications of these ideas to other problems
of interest.
2. STATIC T H E O R Y
1 (1)
.-~ .-~ = - - ~ +AoY
3Y = [ 6 - r c Z K ( l n ( a / a ) + 1)]y (2)
O~
I m2kBT
= I + Ao ~ J a 4 e -v(a> a 2 d a . (4)
P, p,~ ~ 2 a 8o ,*.
U(a)=rd~fKr(ln(~l+a)da+rc2KoC (5)
The energy to create a large ring is screened by the orienting effect of its
flow field on the smaller rings around it. Fig. 1 shows U as a function of
a for several different temperatures. Near T~, U is strongly reduced from
its bare form Uo=rCZKo(a/ao)ln(a/ac), becoming more nearly logarithmic in
a. It is this screening effect which eliminates the "confinement" of the
rings that would occur if their energy remained linear. The integral of
Eq.4 can diverge at large a and drive the superfluid density to zero only
if U(a) increases at a rate that is less than linear.
70 I I I
60-
t= 10 .3
50'
t = l 02
40
E3 / ~ - - - " t = l 05 -
30
10
i
0 I I I
0 500 1000 1500 2000
a/a o
Fig.1 The screened ring energy U(a) for several different values
of the reduced temperature.
P __ (6)
a"~
3. D Y N A M ~ T H E O R Y
kJ +r (7)
g(o),a)= 23 FoPVo
k~T fSFcos0
o
sin0d0 (8)
where 0 is the angle between/Y and ~7, after much algebra Eq. 7 becomes
2P2~g ap~2
(9)
g [.~ icoa2orcl..~o~r-~
1 (5) + =o.
The quantity
is related to the ring energy U, and near T~. it becomes a constant for tings
smaller than the coherence length,_/~ ~- 5. ,The diffusion coefficient D has
been defined by D = "ykBT/IrCao(Ph/m)
2I" and as shown by Donnelly 32
this is the diffusion coefficient of the smallest ring of diameter ao. In
solving Eq. 9 a reasonable assumption is to neglect the spatial derivatives
of g. The equation is quite similar to that found in the two-dimensional
case 15, where it was shown that neglecting the derivatives only leads to a
redefinition of the diffusion coefficient by a constant factor of about 7.
Making this same approximation with Eq. 9 gives
Vortex Dynamics at the Superfluid k-Transition 1087
4. S U P E R F L U I D R E L A X A T I O N
where p(0) is the static value from Eq. 4. Inserting the response function
of Eq. 11 into this expression, the superfluid density in the limit of low
frequencies (ox << 1) takes the form p s ( o ) / p = (p,(o)/p) (1 - io,'x). This
is the same form as predicted by the phenomenological Landau-
Khalatnikov theory 33, but in this case there is an explicit equation for the
relaxation time x given by
0
n a2 p , ( o ) " f Op(o) (a/ao)"r'* (13)
-- 8 D' p
J. da
10 1
-
.
O
w
10.2
3.17 M H z ~ ~
'1:
10-3 1.0 M H z - - ~
0.1 M H z ~
Static
10 -4 I I I
10 .2 1 0 .3 1 0 -4 1 0s 1 06
Reduced temperature t
3x10 3 I I -
2
z
t-)
i:5 1
1 0 -2 1 0a 1 0 .4 1 0s 1 0 .8
Reduced temperature t
5. APPLICATIONS
, ! , /
8000
,-
i
6000
E -- 1.0 M H z - ~ , , , J /
..) /--...,j
4000 - 0.6M H z ' . ~ ~ ~
2000
0
1 02 1 0a 1 0 .4 10 s 10 6
Reduced temperature t
are quenched rapidly through their critical point. Monte Carlo simulations
of the XY model have been carried out where the temperature is
instantaneously reduced to zero from a value near Tc, and the time decay
of the size and density of vortex loops is monitored.5 Zurek51 has
proposed that a cosmic-string phase transition, occurring in the rapid
cooling of the universe following the big bang, will be analogous to a fast
passage of liquid helium through TT. There have now been initial
experiments performed with helium in which a sudden pressure change is
used to rapidly quench through the 2~-point.52 The attenuation of second
sound is used to monitor the vortex density, and a relatively slow
relaxation to the new equilibrium is observed.
It should be possible to describe the behavior of these systems
using vortex methods similar to those outlined in section 3 above.
However, the main difference is that for the quenched systems the Fokker-
Planck equation probably cannot be linearized, as the variations in the
vortex distribution function are both large and rapid. For a complete
description it will be necessary to solve Eq. 6 without neglecting the
spatial derivatures of the distribution function.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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