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, 2013
Review Article
Among several flow induced vibration mechanisms, fluid elastic instability can cause a fretting
wear of tubes of heat exchanger in a short time. For plain tube array of heat exchanger much
research is carried out but for finned tube arrays very less work is carried out by considering
different parameters. Effect of different parameters of finned tube array on fluid elastic instability,
also concept of effective diameter and Connors equation are described in this work. This paper
reviews theoretical analysis of fluid elastic instability in finned tube array and review on work
carried out by different researchers in fluid elastic instability. Lastly the scope to find out effect of
various parameter of finned tube array on a fluid elastic instability are clearly described.
Keywords: Connors equation, Effective diameter, Finned tube, Fluid elastic instability
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2013 Vikram B Yadav et al., 2013
time. Damage caused by first four is subjected to cross flow, the tubes vibrate
mechanisms is in over the service of years, with an amplitude proportional to the upstream
but damage caused by fluid elastic instability flow velocity until the flow velocity reaches a
is in matter of hours. Fluid elastic instability threshold limit called the critical velocity where
causes sudden and huge failure of heat the tubes response amplitude increases
exchanger. Therefore, fluid elastic vibrations dramatically, potentially causing catastrophic
in heat exchanger tube arrays are required to failure.
be predicted so that same can be taken into
From a mechanistic view, the flow field
account during mechanical design of the heat
around an array of flexible tubes causes the
exchangers without compromising their
tube to be displaced from its initial position.
thermal performance (Deepanjan et al., 2009;
This displacement causes a further shift in flow
and Shravan et al., 2011). Marwan Hassan et
field changing the fluid forces acting on the
al. have described estimation of Fluid elastic
tubes. The damping force of the tube that tries
instability in tube arrays by using numerical
to restore it back to its equilibrium position
approach. The fluid elastic forces are
opposes this change in fluid force. Thus, a
approximated by the coupling of unsteady flow
competition results between the energy input
model with CFD. The effect of pitch to diameter
ratio, Reynolds number on FEI threshold was by the fluid force and the energy expended in
also investigated (Hassan and Hayder, 2008; damping. When the energy expended in
and Marwan et al., 2010). damping is more than the energy input by the
fluid, the vibrations die down. However, if the
For plain tube bundles of heat exchanger, fluid forces dominate, sufficient energy is
much research is conducted over the past 40 imparted to the tube to sustain the vibrations
years and given design guide-lines to prevent and an unstable situation is reached where the
fluid elastic instability in heat exchanger tube tube vibrates with large amplitude. In tube heat
arrays. A rare study is carried out for fluid exchangers, this limit is known as fluid-elastic
elastic instability in finned tubes. instability and leads to tube damage. A
This paper gives comprehensive review on schematic of this mechanism is shown in
fluid elastic instability in finned tube arrays. Figure 1.
Effect of finned tube parameters, on fluid
elastic instability is presented in this paper. A TWO PHASE FLOW INDUCED
review on concept of an effective diameter VIBRATION OF TUBE
also given in this paper. BUNDLES
Deepanjan et al. (2009) carried out work for
FLUID-ELASTIC two phase flow induced vibration of tube
INSTABILITY AND ITS bundles. They had conducted experiments in
MECHANISM air water cross flow with a fully flexible 5 3
The phenomenon of fluid elastic instability can normal square array having pitch to diameter
be described as a mechanism between tube ratio of 1.4. The tubes have a diameter of 0.016
motion and fluid forces. When a tube bundle m and a length of 0.21 m. The vibrations are
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2013 Vikram B Yadav et al., 2013
measured by using strain gages installed on researchers have required to develop the
piano wires used to suspend the tubes. They concept of an effective diameter, which allows
had compared instability results with the air the users of finned tubes to convert their finned
water experiments of Joo and Dhir with a single tube into an equivalent bare tube. This allows
flexible tube in rigid array and comparison of the designers of heat exchangers to use the
results when plotted using the Connors criteria existing bare tube data available to predict the
indicates that the instability threshold is lower response of finned tubes. An effective diameter
for a fully flexible array as compared to a flexible concept was developed to allow the
tube in a rigid array. Flow induced vibration performance of finned tubes to be compared
characteristics of a U-tube bundle were to that of bare tubes. If this idea should prove
experimentally investigated in air-water two- to be valid, this might permit the vast data
phase flow by In-Cheol et al. (2011). For available for bare tubes to be used for
experimentation they used rotated square predicting the performance of finned tubes.
array with a pitch of 31.11 mm and pitch to Several different models have been
diameter ratio of 1.633. Vibration responses suggested for the effective diameter Deff of
of six U-tubes were measured with ten 3-axis finned tubes. Mair et al. suggested a model
accelerometer. The instability constant of the based on the projected area of the finned tube.
Connors equation for the U-tube bundle was t Df Db
Deff Db ...(1)
evaluated to be in the range of 6.5-10.5. Much p
study is required to find out effect of different
where p is the fin pitch, t is the fin thickness, Df
two phase fluid flow on a fluid elastic instability.
is the fin diameter, and Db is the bare tube
CONCEPT OF AN EFFECTIVE diameter.
DIAMETER Another model was suggested by Halle
Finned tubes have been used for their et al. which is a volumetrically based effective
increased heat transfer performance. So diameter but no equation was provided. Hirota
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2013 Vikram B Yadav et al., 2013
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2013 Vikram B Yadav et al., 2013
Fluid Elastic Instability in Finned For in line tube array and rotated square
Tube Array tube array 88.2 mm tube pitch is taken. For
Connors Equation: Connors critical flow normal parallel triangular tube array and
velocity equation has been used as a key parallel triangular tube array geometries
parameter to measure the incipient of uid 89.2 mm tube pitch is taken. In this
elastic instability. One particular aspect of experimental study h/Db ratio 50% is taken,
modeling uid elastic instability is the use of where h is fin height and Db is a base tube
Connors equations, which express the critical diameter. Base tube diameter Db is 38.3 mm
velocity for uid elastic instability to occur. (Robert and David, 2010; and Wang and
Following Equation (3) gives Connors David, 2012).
equation.
Experimental Results of Critical
Vcr m
a
Reduced Velocity for in-Line
K ...(3)
Fn D 2
D Square Tube Array and Rotated
Square Tube Arrays of Finned
where, Vcr = critical pitch flow velocity, D = Tubes
diameter of tube, Fn = structural Natural
For both tube array geometry, 3.3 fpi and
frequency, m = tube mass per unit length, =
5.7 fpi finned tubes and a bare tube were
logarithmic decrement, K, a = connors
considered. Tube pitch and mass ratio were
constants (Vcr/FnD) = reduced velocity (Stuart,
kept constant. While addition of fins to in-line
2001).
tube arrays, the critical velocity is delayed
Experimental Results of Finned becomes less well defined. In in-line square
Tube Arrays tube array tubes become unstable at a
Experimental results for finned tube array of reduced velocity about 53. For in-line square
different tube array geometry are derived by array, the fins appear to stabilize the tubes to
Robert and David (2010) and Wang and David higher critical reduced velocity.
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Int. J. Mech. Eng. & Rob. Res. 2013 Vikram B Yadav et al., 2013
In rotated square tube array, all tubes triangular arrays are substantially delayed by
become unstable at a reduced velocity of about the addition of coarse serrated fins (Wang and
42. The addition of fins to the rotated square David, 2012).
tube array, appears to reduce the fluid elastic
threshold value and make it more clearly CONCLUSION
defined. Experimental results of critical Major failure of shell and tube type heat
reduced velocity for both in-line square tube exchangers in short time are caused due to
and rotated square tube arrays are shown in fluid elastic instability. Fluid elastic instability
Table 2 (Robert and David, 2010). is the most important vibration excitation
mechanism for heat exchanger and steam
Table 2: Experimental Results of Critical
Reduced Velocity for In-Line Square Tube
generator tube bundles. It leads to very high
and Rotated Square Tube Arrays vibration amplitude of tubes of heat exchanger
Reduced Velocity (Vcr/FnDeff) tube bundles. Due to fluid elastic instability
Tube Type In-Line Square Rotated Square
vibrations, short term failure of heat exchanger
Tube array Tube Array tube bundles occur by fatigue and wear. This
Bare 19 50-75 failure of tube bundles directly affects on
Serrated Finned efficiency of heat exchanger and also on over
Tube with 3.3 fpi 44 42
all plant performance.
Serrated Finned
Tube with 5.7 fpi 48 5 35 From literature survey, it is observed that
the rare work has been carried out for fluid
Experimental Results of Critical
elastic vibrations of finned tube arrays
Reduced Velocity for Parallel
Triangular Tube Array and Normal considering effect of different variable
Parallel Triangular Tube Array of parameters. So there is wide scope to
Finned Tubes determine fluid elastic vibration response of
For both tube array geometry, 3.3 fpi and 5.7 finned tube array of heat exchanger. An
fpi finned tubes and a bare tube were effective diameter concept was used to allow
considered. Tube pitch and mass ratio were the performance of finned tubes to be
kept constant. Parallel triangular array of compared to that of bare tubes. For serrated
coarse finned tube become unstable at a finned tube array effect of fluid elastic instability
reduced velocity of about 53 and that of fine are determined by considering different tube
finned tube array critical reduced velocity is array geometry. So there is scope to find out
about 46. For fine finned tube array critical effect of fins, tube array geometry, pitch to
reduced velocity is well defined and it is less diameter ratio etc. on fluid elastic instability in
than that of the coarse finned tube array. In finned tube array and much more study is
normal triangular array, coarse finned tubes required for that.
become unstable at a critical reduced velocity
about 72 and that of fine finned tube becomes REFERENCES
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