Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
According to information from Ministry of Transport, Nigeria has over 56,000km of
roads and statistics provided by the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways in India show
that the lengths of national highway by 2012 was 76,818 km. In year 2002, 58.8 million and
in 2004, 72.7 million vehicles were playing on Indian roads. The annual rate of growth of
motor vehicle population in India has been almost 10 percent during the last decade. There is
tremendous vehicular growth in India year by year. India has over 50 million vehicles plying
on its roads with a growth rate of 15 % in 2012. On the Roads these vehicles waste
tremendous amount of energy due to speed breakers, the increasing traffic and number of
speed breakers on roads gave rise to the manufacturing of an innovative device which can
channel the energy being wasted by vehicles on speed breakers to some useful work.
Different models to harness this energy were introduced according to the road conditions.

This paper attempts to show how energy can be tapped and used at a commonly used
system- the road speed breakers. There is great possibility of tapping this energy and
generating power by applying rack and pinion mechanism on speed-breaker as a power
generation unit. The generated power can be used for the lamps, near the speed breakers.

1
 Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
The energy crisis is any great bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an
economy. The studies to sort out the energy crisis led to the idea of generating power using
speed breaker. Firstly, South African electrical crisis has made them implemented this
method to light up small villages of the highway. The idea is basic physics, to convert the
kinetic energy into electrical energy that gone wasted when the vehicle runs over speed-
breaker.Since then, a lot has been done in this field. An amateur innovator, Kanak Gogoi in
Guwahati has developed a similar contraption to generate power, when a vehicle passes over
speed-breaker. The idea has caught the eye of IIT-Guwahati, which funded the pilot project
related to generate electricity from speed-breakers. They has evaluated the machine and
recommended to the Assam government. Their work has provided the need to think on this
alternative to generate electricity on the large scale, as it proves to be a boon to the economy
of the country.

1. The burger king on u.s. highway, customers pulls in and out all day, and least 100,000
cars visit the drive-thru each year. And a newly installed, mechanized speed bump
(video) well both help them slow down and harvest some of that coasting energy.
The weight of a car is used to throw a lever, explains Gerard Lynch, the engineer
behind the Motion Power system developed for New Energy Technologies, a Maryland-based
company. "The instantaneous power is 2,000 watts at five miles-per-hour, but it's
instantaneous which means some form of storage will be required.
2. Journal of engineering research and studies. Produce electricity by the use of speed
breakers. As wathaman.v electronics and communication engineering sona college of
technology, salem, India
This paper attempts to show how energy can be tapped and used at a commonly used
system- the road speed breakers. The number of vehicles passing over the speed breaker in
roads is increasing day by day. A large amount of energy is wasted at the speed breakers
through the dissipation of heat and also through friction, every time a vehicle passes over it.
There is great possibility of tapping this energy and generating power by making the speed-
breaker as a power generation unit. The generated power can be used for the lamps, near the
speed breakers. The utilization of energy is an indication of the growth of a nation. For
example, the per capita energy consumption in USA is 9000 KWh (Kilo Watt hour) per year,

2
whereas the consumption in India is 1200 KWh (Kilo Watt hour). One might conclude that to
be materially rich and prosperous, a human being needs to consume more and more energy.
A recent survey on the energy consumption in India had published a pathetic report that
85,000 villages in India do not still have electricity. Supply of power in most part of the
country is poor. Hence more research and development and commercialization of
technologies are needed in this field. India, unlike the top developed countries has very poor
roads. Talking about a particular road itself includes a number of speed breakers. By just
placing a unit like the Power Generation Unit from Speed Breakers, so much of energy can
be tapped. This energy can be used for the lights on the either sides of the roads and thus
much power that is consumed by these lights can be utilized to send power to these villages.
3. Journal of engineering research and studies. Produce electricity by the use of speed
breakers shakun srivastava, ankit asthana, department of mechanical engineering,
Kanpur institute of technology, kanpur
The rotor (rotating shaft) is directly connected to the prime mover and rotates as the
prime mover turns. The rotor contains a magnet that, when turned, produces a moving or
rotating magnetic field. The rotor is surrounded by a stationary casing called the stator, which
contains the wound copper coils or windings. When the moving magnetic field passes by
these windings, electricity is produced in them. By controlling the speed at which the rotor is
turned, a steady flow of electricity is produced in the windings. These windings are connected
to the electricity network via transmission lines. IIT Guwahati has evaluated the machine and
recommended it to the Assam ministry of power for large scale funding. IIT design
department says it is a very viable proposition to harness thousands of megawatts of
electricity untapped across the country every day. A vehicle weighing 1,000 kg going up a
height of 10 cm on such a rumble strip produces approximately 0.98 kilowatt power. So one
such speed-breaker on a busy highway, where about 100vehicles pass every minute, about
one kilo watt of electricity can be produced every single minute. The figure will be huge at
the end of the day. A storage module like an inverter will have to be fitted to each such
rumble strip to store this electricity. The cost of electricity generation and storage per
megawatt from speed-breakers will be nearly Rs 1 cror as opposed to about Rs 8 crores in
thermal or hydro power stations.

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 Chapter 3

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF POWER GENERATION

The basic principle is to convert the potential energy generated by a vehicle going up
on a speed breaker into kinetic energy and further this kinetic energy is converted to
mechanical energy by selecting various mechanisms such as rack and pinion mechanism, and
lastly mechanical energy converted to electrical and stored it to the battery. Thus from the
battery electricity can be used whenever necessary.

This basic principle of power generation is used in this mechanism. Here we are using
rack and pinion mechanism. By this mechanism we can generate power through speed
breaker.

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 Chapter 4

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MECHANISMS
One type of speed breaker design for power generation, may not be suitable for all the
road conditions, therefore, different types of designs are introduced:

4.1 Connection through Chain Drive Mechanism.

When the vehicle comes on the speed breaker, because of its weight, the top portion
of the speed breaker moves downwards and the shaft consisting of the U portion rotates in a
particular direction. Due to this rotation of the shaft, the sprocket will rotate and the rotational
energy from one shaft is transferred to the other shaft with the help of chain drive
mechanism, Fig.4.1. This rotates the gear on the bottom shaft, which in turn will help to
rotate the gear placed on the motor. This rotation of the gear starts the generator and
generates electricity which can be stored in the battery and can be converted to A.C. current
using inverter and can be used for lighting of the lamps signals sign boards on the road etc.

Fig.4.1. Chain Drive Speed Breaker Mechanism

4.2 Rack and pinion system.

The work is concerned with generation of electricity from speed breakers-like set up.
The load will act upon the speed breaker & further the load will be transmitted to the rack and
pinion arrangements, Fig.4.2.1 Here the reciprocating motion of the speed-breaker is
converted into rotary motion using the rack and pinion arrangement. The axis of the pinion is
coupled with the sprocket arrangement. The sprocket arrangement is made of two sprockets,
Fig.4.2.2, one of larger size and the other of smaller size. Both sprockets are connected by
means of a chain which serves in the transmission of power from the larger sprocket to the
smaller sprocket. As the power is transmitted from the larger sprocket to the smaller sprocket,
the speed that is available at the larger sprocket is relatively multiplied at the rotation of the
smaller sprocket.

5
Fig.4.2.1. Rack and Pinion Arrangement. Fig4.2.2. Sprocket Arrangement

4.3 Direct use of load

The load can be directly used by using reciprocating device, Fig.4.3 It may be done
with the help of shafts and spring as horizontal rod connected with shaft at its centre and
springs at its both ends. This mechanism will give it a reciprocating motion and hence power
can be generated. This motion is used to compress the air using compressing device and after
compression, the air gets collected in a cylinder and can be further used

Fig.4.3 Reciprocating Device.

6
4.4 Use of translator and stator topology

(a) Translators.

Each translator is a double slotted planar plate. The translator is wound as three-phase
connection winding. The generated power in the translators is delivered to output terminals of
generator using flexible wires

. (b) Stators.

The stator is a planar back iron with mounted magnets on it. The arrangement of
magnets is N-S-N. There is a spacer with high permeability between each two adjacent
magnets, Fig.5. The operation principle of the SBG (speed breaker generators) can be
described as follows. As the vehicle wheels pass the SBG, the translators will be pushed
down. Since the magnets have provided a high density magnetic field in the air-gaps, motion
of translators will cause induction of voltage in the translators windings. The produced
power will be transferred via the flexible wires to output terminal of generators. It should be
noted that, the flexible wires can be interpreted as brush and slip rings in electrical rotating
machines

Fig.4.4.Translator and Stator topology

4.5 Pressure through Lever Mechanism

When pressure lever, Fig.4.5.2 is pressed the flywheel will rotate by chine sprocket
gear mechanism, it will force the DC generator to rotate because DC generator and flywheel
are in same shaft, Fig.4.5.1 DC generator will produce electricity by the rotation of armature
coil and generated electricity will be stored in a rechargeable battery. A rechargeable battery,
storage battery, or accumulator can be used as storage device .This electricity can be used
later for different purpose. It can be seen from different designs that the storage devices are

7
used according to convenience of situation, as it simply depends upon the need, that is, the
form of energy required which may be, for electricity, either in form of direct current or in
the form of alternating current. The power also may be stored in the form of compressed air
as mentioned above in section 2.3

Fig 4.5.1 Translator and Flywheel Mechanism Fig 4.5.2. Lever Mechanism

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 Chapter 5

PROPOSED SYSTEM
Rack and pinion

While moving, the vehicles possess some kinetic energy and it is being wasted. This
kinetic energy can be utilized to produce power by using a special arrangement called Power
Hump, as shown in Fig.1. It is an Electro-Mechanical unit. . All this mechanism can be
housed under the dome, like speed breaker, which is called Hump. It utilizes both mechanical
technologies and electrical techniques for the power generation and its storage.

Fig 5.0 photo of hump on surface

5.1 Construction elements

The various machine elements of power hump are :

Rack and pinion gears:

The rack and pinion used to convert between rotary and translatory motion. The rack
is the flat toothed part, while the pinion is the gear. Rack and pinion can convert rotary to
linear of from linear to rotary motion.

Ball bearing:

A roller-element bearing is a bearing which carries a load by placing round elements

between the two pieces. The relative motion of the pieces causes the round elements to roll
(tumble) with little sliding. They reduce the friction and transmit the motion effectively.
9
 Spur gear:

It is a positive power transmission device with definite velocity ratio. It is preferred for
adjusting some linear misalignment. It should have high wear and tear, shock-absorbing
capacity.

Fly wheel:

The primary function of flywheel is to act as an energy accumulator. It reduces the

fluctuations in speed. It absorbs the energy when demand is less and releases the same when
it is required.

Shafts:

It is a rotating element, which is used to transmit power from one place to another
place. It supports the rotating elements like gears and flywheels. It must have high torsional
rigidity and lateral rigidity.

Springs:

It is defined as an elastic body whose function is to distort when loaded and to recover
its original shape when the load is removed. It cushions, absorbs or controls energy either due
to shocks or due to vibrations

Electric dynamo:

It is a device, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The dynamo
uses rotating coils of wire and magnetic fields to convert mechanical rotation into a pulsing
direct electric current through faradays law of electromagnetic induction. A dynamo
machine consists of a stationary structure, called stator, which provides a constant magnetic
field, and a set of rotating winding called the armature which turns within that field.

The various electronic elements of power hump are :

1. Transformer

2. Rectifier

3. Filter

4. Regulator

5. Indicator

6. Relay

10
5.2 Circuit diagram

Fig 5.2 circuit diagram

11
5.3 Construction details

A dome is mounted on four springs and in the bottom, a rack is clamped. The rack
consists contact teeth on both the faces. It is connected to two gear wheels to rotate the gear
wheels only in one direction. We have inserted a free wheel in each gear. The free wheel and
the gear assembly are mounted centrally. The flywheel is also mounted on the same shaft and
the shaft is simply supported at the both ends by means of ball bearings. Now a dynamo is
connected to each shaft by belt drive. The output terminal of dynamo is connected to an
electrical storing device. The total assembly is arranged in concrete pit.

IN other word, the load acted upon the speed breaker - setup is there by transmitted to
rack and pinion arrangements. Here the reciprocating motion of the speed-breaker is
converted into rotary motion using the rack and pinion arrangement. The axis of the pinion is
coupled with the sprocket arrangement. The sprocket arrangement is made of two sprockets.
One of larger size and the other of smaller size. Both the sprockets are connected by means of
a chain which serves in transmitting power from the larger sprocket to the smaller sprocket.
As the power is transmitted from the larger sprocket to the smaller sprocket, the speed that is
available at the larger sprocket is relatively multiplied at the rotation of the smaller sprocket.

The axis of the smaller sprocket is coupled to a gear arrangement. Here we have two
gears with different diameters. The gear wheel with the larger dimension is coupled to the
axis of the smaller sprocket. Hence the speed that has been multiplied at the smaller sprocket
wheel is passed on to this gear wheel of larger dimension. The smaller gear is coupled to the
larger gear. So as the larger gear rotates at the multiplied speed of the smaller sprocket, the
smaller gear following the larger gear still multiplies the speed to more intensity. Hence,
although the speed due to the rotary motion achieved at the larger sprocket wheel is less, as
the power is transmitted to gears, finally the speed is multiplied to a Higher speed. This speed
which is sufficient to rotate the rotor of a generator is fed into to the rotor of a generator.Also
construction is shown in fig 5.3, 5.4

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 Fig 5.3 Basic Outline of system

5.4 Structural diagram

Fig 5.4 structural diagram

13
5.5 Line diagram

Fig 5.5 line diagram

5.6 Block diagram

Fig. 5.6 Block diagram

14
5.7 Working

Whenever the vehicle is allowed to pass over the dome it gets pressed downwards,
then the springs that are attached to the dome are compressed and the rack, which is attached
to the bottom of the dome moves downward in reciprocating motion. Since the rack has teeth
connected to gears, there exists conversion of reciprocating motion of rack into rotary motion
of gears but the two gears rotate in opposite direction. A flywheel is mounted on the shaft
whose function is to regulate the fluctuation in the energy and to make the energy uniform.
So the shafts will rotate with certain rpm. These shafts are connected through a belt drive to
the dynamos, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The conversion
will be proportional to the traffic density

Fig 5.7 Schematic diagram of armature rotation in magnetic field

Whenever an armature rotates between the magnetic fields of south and north poles, an
E.M.F (electro motive force) is induced in it. So, for inducing this E.M.F. armature coil has to
rotate, and for rotating this armature it is connected to a long shaft. For this rotation kinetic
energy of moving vehicles is utilized. The power is generated in both the directions; so to
convert this power into one direction, a special component is used, called zener diode, for
continuous supply. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these POWER
HUMPS in series. This generated power can be amplified and stored by using different
electrical devices. The block diagram describing the whole process is shown in Fig.5.6

15
 Chapter 6
POWER CALCULATIONS

(ENERGY ESTIMATE)

Let us consider,

The mass of any vehicle travelling over the speed breaker = 300Kg (Approximately)

Height of speed brake = 15 cm

Work done = (weight of the body) x (distance travelled by the vehicle)

Here,

Weight of the Body = 300 Kg x 9.81 = 2943 N

Distance traveled by the body = Height of the speed breaker = 15cm

Power = Work done/Second

= (2943 x 0.15) / 60

= 7.3575 Watts

Output Power developed for 1 vehicle passing over the speed

Breaker arrangement for one minute = 7.3575 watts

Power developed for 60 minutes (1 hr) = 441.45 watts

Power developed for 24 hours = 10.5948 Kw

This power generated by vehicles is more than sufficient to run four street lights in the night
time.

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 Chapter 7
OBSERVATIONS

As far as the experiment concerns, we have two related observations with regard to the
voltage generated to the variations in speed and load.

The following were the two illustrations:

1. Let us consider the load (heavier vehicle) is constant on the speed breaker.

Now we have the voltage produced, to the variations in the speed of the vehicle. If the
vehicle runs slowly then it certainly applies the pressure on the speed breaker for a long time
so the voltage produced will be most in this case. While we keep on increasing the speed, the
vehicle rushes over the speed breaker, the pressure keep on decreasing so as the voltage
produced. The graph plotted between these two variables is shown Fig.15.A

Fig.7.1.A Voltage produced Vs Speed of the vehicle

17
 2. Let us consider the speed (usually low) of the vehicle is kept constant on the
speed breaker.

Now we have the voltage produced, to the variations in the load (vehicles) applied on
the speed breakers. Assume, if the vehicle that runs over it has the least load capacity
compared to others then it certainly applies a very less pressure that result in a least voltage
produced.

Now as the load keep on increasing, the voltage produced also kept increasing because
the pressure on breaker keeps increases with the load. The graph showing the relationship
between these two variables is shown in Fig.7.2.B

Fig.7.2.B. Voltage produced vs. Load of the vehicle

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 Chapter 8

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE

8.1 Advantages

Power generation with low cost and using non-conventional energy sources which
will help us to conserve the conventional energy sources to meet the future demand.
By using this method, electricity will be generated throughout the year without
depending on the other factor.
Easy for maintenance and no fuel transportation problem.
Pollution free power generation.
Less floor area required and no obstruction to traffic.
No need of manpower during power generation.
Require simple construction methods.
Free from all types of pollutions.
It is economical and easy to install.
This concept is quite promising due to its good efficiency as well as energy recovery
criteria.
No consumption of fossil fuel which is nonrenewable.
We can use it at all places according to desired design
No external source is needed for power generation.
Energy available all year round.

8.2 Disadvantages
Shafts are required to be mounted on bearings which creates balancing problem.

Mechanical vibrations which in turn damage the bearings.

As bearings are of sliding type, any occurrence of variable load (which is bit obvious
in case of vehicles) leads to balancing problem.

We have to check mechanism from time to time

It can get rusted in rainy season

May not work with light weight vehicles

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8.3 Uses

This mechanism is very economical and easy to install.

It is firstly made and implemented in South Africa.

This is implemented in CHINA, NEW JERSY and INDONESIA.

This mechanism is also developed in INDIA, but not practically implemented

8.4 Future scope

Suitable at parking of multiplexes, malls, toll booths, signals, etc.

Uses: Charging batteries and using them to light up the streets, etc.
Such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input torque
and ultimately output of generator.
More suitable and compact mechanisms to enhance efficiency.
Mechanism is developing in india in some years there is practical implement of speed
breakers to generat electricity and used for street light and road direction boards and
other purpose.
By more research there is improvement in this mechanism and being advance so that
power generation increase.

8.5 Challenges
Selecting suitable generator.
Selection of springs.
Achieving proper balance of speed and torque.
Such speed breakers can be designed for heavy vehicles, thus increasing input torque
and ultimately output of generator and hence it will not work with light weight
vehicle.
Require more suitable and compact mechanisms to enhance efficiency.
We have to check mechanism from time to time in short span of period.
Because of Rain water it may get damage.

20
 Chapter 9
CONCLUSION
"Electricity plays a very important role in our life. Due to population explosion, the
current power generation has become insufficient to fulfill our requirements. In this project
we discover technology to generate electricity from speed breakers in which the system used
is reliable and this technique will help conserve our natural resources. In coming days, this
will prove a great boon to the world, since it will save a lot of electricity of power plants that
gets wasted in illuminating the street lights. As the conventional sources are depleting very
fast, its high time to think of alternative resources. We got to save the power gained from the
conventional sources for efficient use. So this idea not only provides alternative but also adds
to the economy of the country.

All this mechanism in seminar can be housed under the dome like speed breaker,
which is called hump. The generated power can be used for general purpose like streetlights,
traffic signals. The electrical output can be improved by arranging these power humps in
series this generated power can be amplified and stored by using different electric devices.
The maintenance cost of hump is almost nullified. By adopting this arrangement, we can
satisfy the future demands to some extent.

21
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