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(Sail, September 1997). Next find D, where D a) For the Pacific Seacraft 40, A 846 square feet (ft 2 )
(d2240)x and d is the displacement in pounds. and d 24,665 pounds. Find S.
a) For the Pacific Seacraft 40, L 30 ft 3 in. and b) For a boat with a sail area of 900 ft 2, write S as a
d 24,665 pounds. Find D. function of d.
b) For a boat with a displacement of 25,000 pounds, write c) For a fixed sail area, does S increase or decrease as the
D as a function of L. displacement increases?
c) The graph for the function in part (b) is shown in the a) 15.97 b) S 14,400d 23 c) decreases
accompanying figure. For a fixed displacement, does
the displacement-length ratio increase or decrease as the GET TING MORE INVOLVED
length increases?
1.116
107 75. Discussion. Let f(x) x 4 and g(x) x. Find the
a) 397.8 b) D c) decreases domains of f, g, and g f.
L3
[0, ), [0, ), [16, )
76. Discussion. Let f(x) x 4 and g(x) x.8
Displacement-length ratio
400
G R A P H I N G C ALC U L ATO R
200 EXERCISES
0 77. Graph y1 x, y2 x, and y3 x x in the same
25 30 35 40 45 50 screen. Find the domain and range of y3 x x by ex-
Length at water line (ft) amining its graph. (On some graphing calculators you can
FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 73 enter y3 as y3 y1 y2.)
[0, ), [0, )
74. Sail area-displacement ratio. To find the sail area- 78. Graph y1 x , y2 x 3 , and y3 x x 3 .
displacement ratio S, first find y, where y (d64)23 and d Find the domain and range of y3 x x 3 by
is the displacement in pounds. Next find S, where S Ay examining its graph.
and A is the sail area in square feet. (, ), [3, )
Domain of f Range of f 7-foot table, we use the function f to get f (7) 329. To find the length of a table,
that costs $349, we use the function f 1 to get f 1(349) 8. Of course, we could
f
find the length of a $349 table by looking at the function f, but f 1 is a function
6 299
whose input is price and whose output is length. In general, the domain of f 1 is the
7 f 1 329 range of f, and the range of f 1 is the domain of f. See Fig. 9.2.
8 349
CAUTION The 1 in f 1 is not read as an exponent. It does not mean 1.
f
Range of f 1
Domain of f 1 The cost per ribbon for Apple Imagewriter ribbons is a function of the number
of boxes purchased:
FIGURE 9.2
g (1, 4.85), (2, 4.60), (3, 4.60), (4, 4.35)
If we interchange the first and second coordinates in the ordered pairs of this func-
tion, we get
(4.85, 1), (4.60, 2), (4.60, 3), (4.35, 4) .
This set of ordered pairs is not a function because it contains ordered pairs with the
same first coordinates and different second coordinates. So g does not have an in-
verse function. A function is invertible if you obtain a function when the coordi-
nates of all ordered pairs are reversed. So f is invertible and g is not invertible. The
helpful hint function g is not invertible because the definition of function allows more than one
Consider the universal prod- number of the domain to be paired with the same number in the range. Of course,
uct codes (UPC) and the when this pairing is reversed, the definition of function is violated.
prices for all of the items in
your favorite grocery store. One-to-One Function
The price of an item is a func-
tion of the UPC because every If a function is such that no two ordered pairs have different x-coordinates
UPC determines a price. This and the same y-coordinate, then the function is called a one-to-one function.
function is not invertible be-
cause you cannot determine In a one-to-one function each member of the domain corresponds to just one
the UPC from a given price. member of the range, and each member of the range corresponds to just one
member of the domain. Functions that are one-to-one are invertible functions.
Inverse Function
The inverse of a one-to-one function f is the function f 1, which is obtained
from f by interchanging the coordinates in each ordered pair of f.
1 1 1
b) g 2, , 5, , 7,
2 5 7
c) h (3, 5), (7, 9)
Solution
a) Since (2, 4) and (2, 4) have the same y-coordinate, this function is not
one-to-one, and it is not invertible.
9.2 Inverse Functions (9-11) 501
y
b) This function is one-to-one, and so it is invertible.
2, 2, 5, 5, 7, 7
3 1 1 1
g1
1
c) This function is invertible, and h1 (5, 3), (9, 7) .
3 2 1 1 2 3 x
1
2
You learned to use the vertical-line test in Section 3.6 to determine whether a
3
graph is the graph of a function. The horizontal-line test is a similar visual test for
determining whether a function is invertible. If a horizontal line crosses a graph two
(or more) times, as in Fig. 9.3, then there are two points on the graph, say (x1, y) and
FIGURE 9.3
(x 2, y), that have different x-coordinates and the same y-coordinate. So the function
is not one-to-one, and the function is not invertible.
Horizontal-Line Test
A function is invertible if and only if no horizontal line crosses its graph more
than once.
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
3 2 1 1 2 3 x 1 1 2 3 4 x
1 1
Solution
a) This function is not invertible because a horizontal line can be drawn so that it
helpful hint crosses the graph at (2, 4) and (2, 4).
Tests such as the vertical- b) This function is invertible because every horizontal line that crosses the graph
line test and the horizontal- crosses it only once.
line test are certainly not
accurate in all cases. We dis- Identifying Inverse Functions
cuss these tests to get a visual
idea of what graphs of func- Consider the one-to-one function f (x) 3x. The inverse function must reverse the
tions and invertible functions ordered pairs of the function. Because division by 3 undoes multiplication by 3,
look like. we could guess that g(x) 3x is the inverse function. To verify our guess, we can
use the following rule for determining whether two given functions are inverses of
each other.
In the next example we verify that f (x) 3x and g(x) 3x are inverses.
502 (9-12) Chapter 9 Additional Function Topics
Solution
a) Find g f and f g:
3x
(g f )(x) g( f(x)) g(3x) x
3
x x
( f g)(x) f (g(x)) f 3 x
3 3
Because each of these equations is true for any real number x, f and g are
x
inverses of each other. We write g f 1 or f 1(x) 3.
b) Find the composition of g and f :
study tip
(g f )(x) g( f (x))
Personal issues can have a
1 1
tremendous effect on your g(2x 1) (2x 1) 1 x
progress in any course. So do 2 2
not hesitate to deal with per- So f and g are not inverses of each other.
sonal problems. If you need
c) If x is any real number, we can write
help, get it. Most schools have
counseling centers that can (g f )(x) g( f (x))
help you to overcome per- g(x 2) x2 x .
sonal issues that are affecting
your studies.
The domain of f is (, ), and x x if x is negative. So g and f are not
inverses of each other. Note that f (x) x 2 is not a one-to-one function, since
both (3, 9) and (3, 9) are ordered pairs of this function. Thus f (x) x 2 does
not have an inverse.
Switch-and-Solve Strategy
If an invertible function is defined by a list of ordered pairs, as in Example 1, then
the inverse function is found by simply interchanging the coordinates in the ordered
pairs. If an invertible function is defined by a formula, then the inverse function
must reverse or undo what the function does. Because the inverse function inter-
changes the roles of x and y, we interchange x and y in the formula and then solve
the new formula for y to undo what the original function did. This switch-and-
solve strategy is illustrated in the next two examples.
Solution
Replace f (x) by y, interchange x and y, then solve for y:
x1
y Use y in place of f (x).
x3
y1
x Switch x and y.
y3
x (y 3) y 1 Multiply each side by y 3.
xy 3x y 1 Distributive property
xy y 3x 1
y(x 1) 3x 1 Factor out y.
3x 1
y Divide each side by x 1.
x1
3x 1
f 1(x) Replace y by f 1(x).
x1
You should check that ( f f 1)(x) x and ( f 1 f )(x) x.
The strategy for finding the inverse of a function f (x) is summarized as follows.
1. Replace f (x) by y.
2. Interchange x and y.
3. Solve the equation for y.
4. Replace y by f 1(x).
If a function involves two operations, the inverse function undoes those opera-
helpful hint tions in the opposite order from which the function does them. For example, the
You should know from mem- function g(x) 3x 5 multiplies x by 3 and then subtracts 5 from that result. To
ory the inverses of simple undo these operations, we add 5 and then divide the result by 3. So
functions that involve one or
two operations. For example, x5
g1(x) .
the inverse of f(x) x 99 3
is f 1(x) x 99. The in-
verse of f(x) x33 22 is Note that g1(x) 3x 5.
f 1(x) 33(x 22).
M A T H A T W O R K
g1(x) x 2 for x 0
Note that by restricting the domain of g1 to [0, ), g1 is one-to-one. With this re-
striction it is true that (g g1)(x) x and (g1 g)(x) x for every nonnegative
number x.
Solution
Because of the restriction x 3, f is a one-to-one function with domain
[3, ) and range [0, ). The domain of the inverse function is [0, ), and its range
is [3, ). Use the switch-and-solve strategy to find the formula for the inverse:
y (x 3)2
x (y 3)2
y 3 x
y 3 x
Because the inverse function must have range [3, ), we use the formula
f 1(x) 3 x. Because the domain of f 1 is assumed to be [0, ), no restriction
is required on x.
Graphs of f and f 1
Consider f (x) x 2 for x 0 and f 1(x) x. Their graphs are shown in
Fig. 9.5. Notice the symmetry. If we folded the paper along the line y x, the two
graphs would coincide.
If a point (a, b) is on the graph of the function f, then (b, a) must be on the graph
of f 1(x). See Fig. 9.6. The points (a, b) and (b, a) lie on opposite sides of the diag-
onal line y x and are the same distance from it. For this reason the graphs of f
and f 1 are symmetric with respect to the line y x.
y y
y=x f 1 y=x
f (x) = x 2 5
x 0 (b, a)
4 4
f
3 3
2 2
(a, b)
1 f 1
(x) = x 1
5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 x 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 x
1 1
2 2
3 3
WARM-UPS
True or false? Explain your answer.
1. The inverse of (1, 3), (2, 5) is (3, 1), (2, 5) False
2. The function f (x) 3 is a one-to-one function. False
1
3. If g(x) 2x, then g1(x) 2x . False
4. Only one-to-one functions are invertible. True
5. The domain of g is the same as the range of g1. True
6. The function f (x) x 4 is invertible. False
7. If f (x) x, then f 1(x) x. True
8. If h is invertible and h(7) 95, then h1(95) 7. True
1
9. If k(x) 3x 6, then k1(x) 3x 2. True
10. If f (x) 3x 4, then f 1(x) x 4. False
9. 2 EXERCISES
Reading and Writing After reading this section, write out the 7. What is the switch-and-solve strategy for?
answers to these questions. Use complete sentences. The switch-and-solve strategy is used to find a formula for
1. What is the inverse of a function? an inverse function.
The inverse of a function is a function with the same 8. How are the graphs of f and f 1 related?
ordered pairs except that the coordinates are reversed. The graphs of f and f 1 are symmetric with respect to the
2. What is the domain of f 1? line y x.
The domain of f 1 is the range of f.
Determine whether each function is invertible. If it is invertible,
3. What is the range of f 1? then find the inverse. See Example 1.
The range of f 1 is the domain of f.
9. (3, 3), (2, 2), (0, 0), (2, 2) No
4. What does the 1 in f 1 mean?
The 1 in f 1 is not treated as an exponent. It is simply a 10. (1, 1), (2, 8), (3, 27) Yes, (1, 1), (8, 2), (27, 3)
notation for the inverse of the function f. 11. (16, 4), (9, 3), (0, 0) Yes, (4, 16), (3, 9), (0, 0)
5. What is a one-to-one function?
12. (1, 1), (3, 81), (3, 81) No
A function is one-to-one if no two ordered pairs have the
same second coordinate with different first coordinates. 13. (0, 5), (5, 0), (6, 0) No
6. What is the horizontal-line test? 14. (3, 3), (2, 2), (1, 1) Yes, (3, 3), (2, 2), (1, 1)
The horizontal-line test says that if a horizontal line can be
drawn to cross the graph of a function more than once, then 15. (0, 0), (2, 2), (9, 9) Yes, (0, 0), (2, 2), (9, 9)
the function is not one-to-one. 16. (9, 1), (2, 1), (7, 1), (0, 1) No
9.2 Inverse Functions (9-17) 507
Determine whether each function is invertible by examining the 22. f(x) 3x and g(x) 0.33x No
graph of the function. See Example 2. 1
23. f(x) 2x 10 and g(x) x 5 Yes
17. y No 2
x7
24. f(x) 3x 7 and g(x) Yes
8 3
25. f(x) x and g(x) x Yes
6
1 1
4 26. f(x) and g(x) Yes
x x
2 27. f(x) x4 and g(x) x14 No
x
3 1
2
1 3 x 28. f(x) 2x and g(x) No
2
4 Determine f 1 for each function by using the switch-and-solve
6 strategy. Check that ( f f 1)(x) x and ( f 1 f )(x) x. See
8 Examples 4 and 5.
29. f(x) 5x 30. h(x) 3x
18. y No 1 x 1
f (x) h1(x) x
5 3
8 31. g(x) x 9 32. j(x) x 7
6 g1(x) x 9 j1(x) x 7
4 33. k(x) 5x 9 34. r(x) 2x 8
1 x9 x8
k (x) r1(x)
3 1 1 3 x 5 2
2 2 1
35. m(x) 36. s(x)
4 x x
1 2 1 1
6 m (x) s (x)
8 x x
37. f(x) x 4 38. f(x) x2
3 3
3 2 1 1 2 3 x
48. v(x) x v1(x) x6 for x 0
6
2
4 49. f(x) (x 2)2 for x 2 f 1(x) 2 x
6
50. g(x) (x 5) for x 5
2
g1(x) 5 x
8
51. f(x) x2 3 for x 0 f 1(x) x
3
Determine whether each pair of functions f and g are inverses of 52. f(x) x 5 for x 0
2
f 1(x) x5
each other. See Example 3. 53. f(x) x2 f 1(x) x2 2 for x 0
21. f(x) 2x and g(x) 0.5x Yes 54. f(x) x
4 f 1(x) x2 4 for x 0
508 (9-18) Chapter 9 Additional Function Topics
61. f(x) x3
f 1(x) x
3
2
x
f 1(x)
3
57. f(x) x2 1 for x 0
f 1(x) x 1
For each pair of functions, find ( f 1 f )(x) 74. Area of a circle. Let x be the radius of a circle and h(x) be
65. f(x) x 1 and f 3 1
(x) x1
3
(f 1
f )(x) x the area of the circle. Write a formula for h(x) in terms of x.
What does x represent in the notation h1(x)? Write a
x1
66. f(x) 2x3 1 and f 1(x)
2
3
( f 1 f )(x) x formula for h1(x).
h(x) x2, the area of the circle, h1(x)
x
1
67. f(x) x 3 and f 1(x) 2x 6 ( f 1 f )(x) x 75. Vehicle cost. At Bill Hood Ford in Hammond a sales tax of
2
9% of the selling price x and a $125 title and license fee are
1 added to the selling price to get the total cost of a vehicle.
68. f(x) 3x 9 and f 1(x) x 3 ( f 1 f )(x) x
3 Find the function T(x) that the dealer uses to get the total
1 1 cost as a function of the selling price x. Citizens National
69. f(x) 2 and f 1(x) ( f 1 f )(x) x Bank will not include sales tax or fees in a loan. Find the
x x2
function T 1(x) that the bank can use to get the selling price
1 1 as a function of the total cost x.
70. f(x) 4 and f 1(x) ( f 1 f )(x) x
x 4x x 125
T(x) 1.09x 125, T 1(x)
x1 2x 1 1.09
71. f(x) and f 1(x) ( f 1 f )(x) x 76. Carpeting cost. At the Windrush Trace apartment complex
x2 x1
all living rooms are square, but the length of x feet may
3x 2 2x 2
72. f(x) and f 1(x) ( f 1 f )(x) x vary. The cost of carpeting a living room is $18 per square
x2 3x yard plus a $50 installation fee. Find the function C(x) that
Solve each problem. gives the total cost of carpeting a living room of length x.
The manager has an invoice for the total cost of a living
73. Accident reconstruction. The distance that it takes a car to
room carpeting job but does not know in which apartment
stop is a function of the speed and the drag factor. The drag
it was done. Find the function C 1(x) that gives the
factor is a measure of the resistance between the tire and the
length of a living room as a function of the total cost of the
road surface. The formula S 30L D
is used to deter-
carpeting job x.
mine the minimum speed S [in miles per hour (mph)] for a
x 50
car that has left skid marks of length L feet (ft) on a surface
with drag factor D.
C(x) 2x2 50, C1(x)
2
a) Find the minimum speed for a car that has left skid GET TING MORE INVOLVED
marks of length 50 ft where the drag factor is 0.75.
33.5 mph 77. Discussion. Let f(x) xn for n a positive integer. For
b) Does the drag factor increase or decrease for a road sur- which values of n is f an invertible function? Explain.
face when it gets wet? An odd positive integer
decreases 78. Discussion. Suppose f is a function with range (, )
c) Write L as a function S for a road surface with drag and g is a function with domain (0, ). Is it possible that g
factor 1 and graph the function. and f are inverse functions? Explain. No
S2
L
30 G R A P H I N G C ALC U L ATO R
EXERCISES
1
D=
composition g f, let y1 x2 and y2 y. 1 The graph
40 0.75 of y2 is the graph of g f. Use the graph of y2 to determine
D=
whether f and g are inverse functions.
0.50
20 D= Not inverses
80. Let y1 x3 4, y2 x, 4 and y3 y1.
3 3
4 The
0 function y3 is the composition of the first two functions.
0 20 40 60 80 100 Graph all three functions on the same screen. What do the
Length of skid marks (ft)
graphs indicate about the relationship between y1 and y2?
FIGURE FOR EXERCISE 73 They are inverse functions.