Acknowledgement:

I wanted to take a moment to thank my

parents for all the support that theyve
shown me throughout my projects. I always
appreciate all their ability just to support me,
so that Ill always feel more confident and
capable, I would also like to thank Mr.Jonel
Lambuguin for accepting this project and
being a good role model to his students. I
will always be grateful.
Table of contents:
Page
3 .Structural of Frame Up
4 Two Classification of
Literature
5 .Classification of Prose
6.. Classification of Fiction
*Folktales (Fable, Legend Fairytale)
21 .. .Myth
26 .Parable
30. Short Story
48. Anecdote
52. Satire
54 .Novel
55 .Novelette
61. Drama/Play
 Structural Frame up of Literature

LITERATU
RE

PROSE POETRY

Narrative
Fiction Non-Fiction Lyric Poetry
Poetry

Auto
Folktales Myth Biography Epic Ballad Ode Elegy
Biography

Metrical
Fables Legend Diary Memoirs Sonnet
Tale

Dramatic
Fairytales Essay Letter
Poetry

Parable Short Story

Anecdote Satire

Novel Novellete

Drama/Play

1
 Two classification of Literature

1.) Prose-Prose is a form of language that

exhibits a natural flow of speech and
grammatical structure, rather than a
rhythmic structure as in traditional poetry.
Where the common unit of verse is based on
meter or rhyme, the common unit of prose is
purely grammatical, such as a sentence or
paragraph.
2.) Poetry- Literary work in which special
intensity is given to the expression of
feelings and ideas by the use of distinctive
style and rhythm; poems collectively or as a
genre of literature.

2
Classification of Prose:
1.)Fiction- is the classification for any story or
setting that is derived from imaginationin
other words, not based strictly on history or fact.
Fiction can be expressed in a variety of formats,
including writings, live performances, films,
television programs, animations, video games,
and role-playing games, though the term
originally and most commonly refers to the
narrative forms of literature (see literary
fiction), including novels, novellas, short
stories, and plays.
2.)Non-Fiction- Prose writing that is based on
facts, real events, and real people, such as
biography or history.
3
Classification of Fiction
Folktales- a tale or legend originating and
traditional among a people or folk, especially
one forming part of the oral tradition of the
common people.
Example of Folktales
A.)Fable- is a literary genre: a succinct fictional
story, in prose or verse, that features animals,
legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or
forces of nature that are anthropomorphized (given
human qualities, such as the ability to speak human
language) and that illustrates or leads to a particular
moral lesson (a "moral"), which may at the end be
added explicitly as a pithy maxim.
A fable differs from a parable in that the latter
excludes animals, plants, inanimate objects, and
forces of nature as actors that assume speech or
other powers of humankind.
4
EXAMPLES:
ANG ASO AT ANG UWAK

May ibong uwak na nakakita ng karne na nakabilad sa

araw. Tinangay niya ito at lumipad nang malayo.

Sa dulo ng sanga ng isang puno, sinimulan niyang kainin

ang karne.

Ngunit narinig niya ang malakas na boses ng isang aso na

nagsabi: Sa lahat ng ibon, ang uwak ang pinaka-
magaling. Walang kakumpara!

Natuwa ang uwak at binukas ang bibig para humalakhak.

Ang nangyari ay nalaglag ang karne mula sa kanyang
bibig. Nahulog ito sa lupa kung saan kaagad sinunggaban
ng aso.
Ngayon alam na natin na ang papuri ay maaaring uri ng
panloloko rin. 5
The Snake and the Frog
A Fable from Africa
Some time ago in the African jungle a baby snake set out
to play. As he slithered away his mother chanted words of
caution:
"Watch out young son,
For things with claws,
For things with a beak,
For things with strong jaws."
"Claws, beak, jaws. Claws, beak, jaws," Snake Baby
replied.
At the same time baby frog set out to play. As he slithered
away his mother chanted words of caution:
"Watch out for the hiss,
Watch out for the coil,
Watch out for the squeeze,
They will cause turmoil.
6
"Hiss, coil, squeeze. Hiss, coil, squeeze," Frog Baby
replied.Baby snake and Baby frog met in the jungle and
played the day away. What good games they played! First
they played Leap Frog. Then they played Hide and
Hug.That night Frog Baby told Frog Mama about his fun
and the games he played."No, no, Frog Baby! Hide and
Hug is not a game for you. It is the game of the hiss, coil,
and squeeze. Promise you will never play with him again.
Also that night Snake Baby told Snake Mama about his
fun and the games he played.
"No, no, Snake Baby! Hide and Hug is not a game for
you. Hide and Hug is what you must do. This is the way
you get your meals! Promise me you will hiss, coil, and
squeeze. It will feel so good and then your belly will
become full."
The next day as Frog Baby set out he fearfully recited his
words of caution, "Hiss, coil, and squeeze." But as Snake
Baby set out his tongue lashed out as happily sang, "Hiss,
coil, and squeeze. Makes a meal for me."
Now we know why frog and snake won't be found playing
games together -it is against their nature.
7
B.)Legend- A legend is a narrative of human actions that
are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place
within human history and demonstrating human values,
and which possesses certain qualities that give the tale
verisimilitude. Legend, for its active and passive
participants, includes no happenings that are outside the
realm of "possibility," but may include miracles. Legends
may be transformed over time, in order to keep them fresh
and vital, and realistic. Many legends operate within the
realm of uncertainty, never being entirely believed by the
participants, but also never being resolutely doubted

Examples:
The Legend of Maria Makiling (Philippine Legend)
Noong unang panahon, maraming hayop at
makahoy pa ang mgabundok. Isang araw, isang
magsasaka ang pumunta sa bundok.
Mangangahoysiya at manghuhuli ng usa upang
may makain ang kaniyang pamilya.Tuwang-
tuwa ang magsasaka. Nakita rin niya ang
hinahanap niyang usa.Ngunit mabilis na
nakatakbo ang usa.Sinundan ito ng
magsasaka.Naligaw siya at hindi na niya
malaman ang daangpabalik sa
kanila.Nagpatuloy sa paghahanap ng daan ang
magsasaka.Isang kubo ang natanawniya sa gitna
ng gubat. At siya ay humanga sa kanyang
nakita.Bumukas ang pinto at isang
napakagandang babae ang nakita ng
magsasaka.Nagpakilala ang babae sa
magsasaka, dahil pagod na pagod ang
magsasakapinaupo niya ito at binigyan ng ma-
iinom at pagkain.At binigyan niya ito ngisang
basket na punong-puno ng gulay at prutas para
sa pamilya ngmagsasaka.Pagdating sa bahay
nila iniabot niya ito sa kanyang asawa.At laking
gulatniya, na ang isang basket ng prutas at gulay
ay naging ginto.Ganito din raw nangyari sa
kanilang kanayon nabinigyan din ni
MariaMakiling ng tulong.Lumipas ang ilang
taon. Isang araw, nabalitaan nila na may
dalawangmasamang taong nagnakaw sa kubo sa
gitna ng gubat. Nagalit si Maria. Mulanoon,
hindi na siya nagpakita sa tao. Gayunman, hindi
nila malimot angkabutihang ginawa ni Maria sa
kanila. Tinawag nilang bundok ng
MariaMakiling ang bundok na tirahan ni Maria
bilang alaala sa minamahal nilangmagandang
babae.
The Stone in the Temple
A Muslim Legend
The sons of Makhzum should raise the Black
Stone, declared one of the men in the circle. It is
our right as foremost of the tribes.
Who gave you such a position? demanded
another man. The sons of Jumah will raise it!
Not while the sons of Abdu Manaf stand here,
said another. The honor should be ours.
Then you will have to fight for it, cried
another. None but the sons of Abdul-Dar shall raise
the stone!
In the years before Muhammads holy mission, it
happened that the tribes around Mecca decided to
rebuild their temple, the Kaaba. In those days, the
Kaaba was simply a yard enclosed by a wall. Their
plan was to build a higher, thicker wall and add a
roof.
Each tribe had chosen a section of the wall and
started pulling down the stones. The sacred Black
Stone, built into the east corner, had been removed
carefully and set aside.
At last they had gotten down to the foundation
laid by Abraham. They had begun to rebuild, and the
wall had grown steadily higher. But when the time
had come to raise the Black Stone back to its place,
they could not agree on which tribe would have the
honor.
The dispute grew fiercer and fiercer, till it
seemed likely that blood would flow. But then Abu
Amayya said, Brothers, let us not fight among
ourselves. I have an idea: Wait for the next man who
comes through the gate, then give the decision to
him.
All agreed and settled down to wait. And it
happened that the first man to enter the gate was
Muhammad, he whom they called The Trustworthy
One.
When Muhammad had listened to their claims,
he considered for a moment. Then he said, Bring
me a cloak.
They brought one, and Muhammad spread it on
the ground. Then he took the Black Stone and placed
it in the center.
 Each tribe will choose a man to hold the cloak
by its edge. Then all will raise the stone together.
This was done, and Muhammad himself set the
stone in place. Then all the tribes were satisfied, and
work went on with no further dispute.

C.)Fairytales- A fairy tale is a type of short story that

typically features folkloric fantasy characters, such
as dwarfs, dragons, elves, fairies, giants, gnomes,
goblins, griffins, mermaids, talking animals, trolls,
unicorns, or witches, and usually magic or
enchantments. Fairy tales may be distinguished from
other folk narratives such as legends (which
generally involve belief in the veracity of the events
described) and explicitly moral tales, including beast
fables. The term is mainly used for stories with
origins in European tradition and, at least in recent
centuries, mostly relates to children's literature.

Example of Fairytales:
 Mangita and Larina
(Philippine Fairy Tale)
Many years ago there lived on the banks of the Laguna de
Bai a poor fisherman whose wife had died, leaving him two
beautiful daughters named Mangita and Larina.
Mangita had hair as black as night and a dark skin. She was
as good as she was beautiful, and was loved by all for her
kindness. She helped her father mend the nets and make the
torches to fish with at night, and her bright smile lit up the
little nipa house like a ray of sunshine.
Larina was fair and had long golden hair of which she was
very proud. She was different from her sister, and never
helped with the work, but spent the day combing her hair and
catching butterflies. She would catch a pretty butterfly,
cruelly stick a pin through it, and fasten it in her hair. Then
she would go down to the lake to see her reflection in the
clear water, and would laugh to see the poor butterfly
struggling in pain. The people disliked her for her cruelty,
but they loved Mangita very much. This made Larina
jealous, and the more Mangita was loved, the more her sister
thought evil of her.
One day a poor old woman came to the nipa house and
begged for a little rice to put in her bowl. Mangita was
mending a net and Larina was combing her hair in the
doorway. When Larina saw the old woman she spoke
mockingly to her and gave her a push that made her fall and
cut her head on a sharp rock; but Mangita sprang to help her,
washed the blood away from her head, and filled her bowl
with rice from the jar in the kitchen.
The poor woman thanked her and promised never to forget
her kindness, but to her sister she spoke not a word. Larina
did not care, however, but laughed at her and mocked her as
she painfully made her way again down the road. When she
had gone Mangita took Larina to task for her cruel treatment
of a stranger; but, instead of doing any good, it only caused
Larina to hate her sister all the more.
Some time afterwards the poor fisherman died. He had gone
to the big city down the river to sell his fish, and had been
attacked with a terrible sickness that was raging there.
The girls were now alone in the world.
Mangita carved pretty shells and earned enough to buy food,
but, though she begged Larina to try to help, her sister would
only idle away the time.
The terrible sickness now swept everywhere and poor
Mangita, too, fell ill. She asked Larina to nurse her, but the
latter was jealous of her and would do nothing to ease her
pain. Mangita grew worse and worse, but finally, when it
seemed as if she would soon die, the door opened and the old
woman to whom she had been so kind came into the room.
She had a bag of seeds in her hand, and taking one she gave
it to Mangita, who soon showed signs of being better, but
was so weak that she could not give thanks.
The old woman then gave the bag to Larina and told her to
give a seed to her sister every hour until she returned. She
then went away and left the girls alone.
Larina watched her sister, but did not give her a single seed.
Instead, she hid them in her own long hair and paid no
attention to Mangitas moans of pain.
The poor girls cries grew weaker and weaker, but not a seed
would her cruel sister give her. In fact, Larina was so jealous
that she wished her sister to die.
When at last the old woman returned, poor Mangita was at
the point of death. The visitor bent over the sick girl and then
asked her sister if she had given Mangita the seeds. Larina
showed her the empty bag and said she had given them as
directed. The old woman searched the house, but of course
could not find the seeds. She then asked Larina again if she
had given them to Mangita. Again the cruel girl said that she
had done so.
Suddenly the room was filled with a blinding light, and when
Larina could see once more, in place of the old woman stood
a beautiful fairy holding the now well Mangita in her arms.
She pointed to Larina and said, I am the poor woman who
asked for rice. I wished to know your hearts. You were cruel
and Mangita was kind, so she shall live with me in my island
home in the lake. As for you, because you tried to do evil to
your good sister, you shall sit at the bottom of the lake
forever, combing out the seeds you have hidden in your
hair. Then, she clapped her hands and a number of elves
appeared and carried the struggling Larina away.
Come, said the fairy to Mangita, and she carried her to her
beautiful home, where she lives in peace and happiness.
As for Larina, she sits at the bottom of the lake and combs
her hair. As she combs a seed out, another comes in, and
every seed that is combed out becomes a green plant that
floats out of the lake and down the Pasig.
And to this day people can see them, and know that Larina is
being punished for her wickedness.

Why the Crab has no Head(African Fairytale)

A very long time ago, before man came along to upset the
natural balance, all animals lived together peacefully. But in
those days, none of the animals had heads of their own, except
the elephant, who was the King of the animals. He had a large
collection of heads in all shapes and sizes, which he kept stored
in a large cave. Every time an animal wished to leave the village
compound to go out into the field or the bush, he would go to
the elephant first and ask to borrow a head. On his return to the
animal village the head would be returned to the kings store.
This worked very well for a time. The only problem was that
there were not quite enough heads for all the animals. There
always seemed to be one short, so at least one of the animals
always had to stay behind in the village.

Eventually some of the animals became dissatisfied that every

time they wanted to go out, they had to waste time to collect a
head and then return it again. The King agreed to have a meeting
and it was decided that each animal should be given its own
head to keep for all time. The King started making all the
arrangements, assisted by his secretary, the crab, and when all
was ready and all the heads were lined up in the village square,
he sent out the cockerel, who had been given a head for this
purpose, to announce that all animals should come to the square
so that the King could give them a head.
The cockerel went round the whole of the village and every
body who heard the message rushed to the square. When he
thought e had informed every body, and was just making his
way back to the square, the cockerel spotted the crab, without
his head, meandering down a track on his way to the river bank.
The cockerel advised him to make his way back to the square
quickly, but crab just shrugged. I am the secretary of the King,
he said, the King will keep a head for me, I am sure of it. I need
to have a quick bath. I will see you bye and bye. And he
sauntered on his way.

At the village square where all the other animals had gathered,
the elephant started giving out heads. He tried to make sure that
each animal received a head that suited it. So the hippopotamus
got a very large, fat head; the rhinocerus got a head with fierce
looking eyes; the giraffe got a long head to go with his long
neck. Nobody liked the hyena very much, so he got the ugliest
head there was, but the antelope, who all thought was the most
graceful of the animals, got the most beautiful head. This went
on all morning until all the animals had their own head. Just as
the King thanked the cockerel for his work, and was about to
return to his palace, the crab came sauntering back. Where have
you been hiding out, asked the King. Im afraid all the heads
have been given out, and there is not a single one left for you!

However much the crab protested, there was nothing to be done,

and that is the reason why to this day the crab goes through life
without a head.
Found among the papers of John Fumey, my deceased father in
law, in Madina, Accra.

C.)Myth- A myth is any traditional story consisting of

events that are ostensibly historical, explaining the origins
of a cultural practice or natural phenomenon. The word
"myth" is derived from the Greek word mythos (),
which simply means "story". Mythology can refer either
to the study of myths, or to a body or collection of myths.
Myth can mean 'sacred story', 'traditional narrative' or 'tale
of the gods'. A myth can also be a story to explain why
something exists.
Example of Myth:
The Story of Bathala
(Philippine Myth)

In the beginning of time there were three powerful gods who

lived in the universe: Bathala, who was the caretaker of the
earth, Ulilang Kaluluwa, a huge serpent who lived in the clouds,
and Galang Kaluluwa, the winged god who loved to travel.
These three gods did not know each other. Bathala often dreamt
of creating mortals, but the empty earth stopped him from doing
so. Ulilang Kaluluwa, who was as lonely as Bathala, liked to
visit places, and the earth was his favorite.
One day the two gods met. Ulilang Kaluluwa, seeing another
god rivaling him, was not pleased. He challenged Bathala to a
fight to decide who would be the ruler of the universe. After
three days and three nights, Ulilang Kaluluwa was slain by
Bathala. Instead of giving him a proper burial, Bathala burned
the snake's remains.
A few years later the third god, Galang Kaluluwa, wandered into
Bathala's home. He welcomed the winged god with much
kindness and even invited him to live in his kingdom. They
became true friends and were very happy for many years.
Galang Kaluluwa became very ill. Before he died he instructed
Bathala to bury him in the spot where Ulilang Kaluluwas body
was burned. Bathala did exactly as he was told. Out of the grave
of the two dead gods grew a tall tree with a big round nut, which
is the coconut tree.
Bathala took the nut and husked it. He noticed that the inner skin
was hard. The nut itself reminded him of Galang Kaluluwas
head. It had two eyes, a nose, and a round mouth. Its leaves
looked so much like the wings of his dear winged friend. But the
trunk was hard and ugly, like the body of his enemy, the snake
Ulilang Kaluluwa.Bathala realized that he was ready to create
the creatures he wanted with him on earth. He created
vegetation, animals, and the first man and woman. Bathala built
a house for them out of the trunk and leaves of the coconut trees.
For food, they drank the coconut juice and ate its delicious white
meat. Its leaves, they discovered, were great for making mats,
hats, and brooms. Its fiber could be used for rope and many
other things.

Amaltheas Horn
(Greek Myth)
When Rhea gave birth to Zeus, she put him in a cave,
located at Mount Ida in the island of Crete. In this way,
his father Cronus would be unable to find him and
swallow him, which he had done with his previous
children. There, it was the goat Amalthea that
nourished Zeus with her milk until he was grown up.
One day, as young Zeus played with Amalthea, he
accidentally broke off her horn. To make up for it and as a
sign of gratitude, Zeus blessed the broken horn, so that its
owner would find everything they desired in it. It became
known as the Horn of Amalthea or the Cornucopia, an
eternal symbol of abundance.
When Amalthea died, Zeus used her hide to create his
thunder-shield (the Aegis).
D.)Parable- A parable is a succinct, didactic
story, in prose or verse that illustrates one or
more instructive lessons or principles. It differs
from a fable in that fables employ animals,
plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as
characters, whereas parables have human
characters. A parable is a type of analogy.
Example of Parable:
Ang Pulubi
Minsan may dalawang pulubi na nasa lansangan
na namamalimos ng barya sa mga nagdaraan.
Isang gabi, sila'y ginising mula sa
pagkakahimbing ng isang nakasisilaw na
liwanag. At mula sa liwanag na iyon ay may
namataan silang isang pambihirang nilalang.

Maganda ang damit at gawa sa mamahaling

bato ang kasuotan nito. Natuwa ang dalawang
pulubi. "Ito na marahil ang hari ang mga hari,"
ang sabi ng isa. "Tama! Pagkakalooban niya
tayo ng kayamanan, at hindi na uli tayo
kailangan pang mamalimos!"
Lumapit nga sa kanila ang hari at sila'y
kinausap. "Ano ang maaari ninyong ihandog sa
akin?" ang tanong nito. Nagtaka and isang
pulubi. Bakit sila pa ang magbibigay? Ang
naisaloob niya.
Samantalang ang ikalawang pulubi ay
nagmamadaling nagbukas ng kanyang sako at
kumuha ng pinakamalaking piraso ng tinapay na
mayroon siya. "Anong gagawin mo?" ang
tanong ng naunang pulubi dito. "Iaalay ko sa
kanya ang pinakamalaki kong tinapay."
"Nababaliw ka na ba? At papaano ka?"
"Karapat-dapat lamang ipagkaloob sa hari ang
nararapat para sa kanya at ito ang aking
gagawin!"
Inalay nga ng pulubing yaon ang malaking
piraso ng tinapay. "Ito lang po ang aking
maipagkakaloob," ang sabi pa nito sa hari."
Ngunit ito na po ang pinakamalaking bagay sa
buhay ko. Nawa'y tanggapin ninyo." Tinanggap
ng hari ang tinapay na alay ng pulubi.
Nang balingan nito ang isa pang pulubi ay
nakita nitong nagkukumahog ng naghahagilap
ang pulubing iyon sa paghahanap ng
maipagkakaloob. Sa wakas, nakakita rin ito ng
pinakamaliit na butil ng mais. Inalay nito sa hari
ang naturang butil ng mais. "Heto lang ang
maaari kong ipagkaloob sa inyo," ang sabi pa
nito. Iyon lang at tinanggap iyon ng hari. At
bigla ngang naglaho ang liwanag at nawala na
rin ang hari. Maya-maya'y may napansin ang
isang pulubi sa buhat-buhat niyang sako. Animo
bumigat iyon. Nang buksan niya iyon, laking
gulat niya sa nakita! Sa loob ng sako ay may
nakalagay na ginto! Isang malaking piraso ng
ginto na 'sing laki ng tinapay na ipinagkaloob
niya sa hari! Napalunok ang isa pang pulubi
nang makita iyon. Nang bisitahin din niya ang
kanyang sako, hindi siya nagulat nang makita
niyang nakalagay na ginto doon. Gintong 'sing
liit ng isang butil ng mais na ipinagkaloob niya.
MENSAHE:
Kung ano ang itinanim, siyang aanihin. Kung
ano ang ipinagkaloob natin sa Diyos ay siya rin
nating tatanggapin

(The Lamp(Parable of Jesus Christ)

(Matthew 5:14-16)
14
You are the light of the world. A
town built on a hill cannot be
hidden.15 Neither do people light a lamp
and put it under a bowl. Instead they put it on its
stand, and it gives light to everyone in the
house. 16 In the same way, let your light shine
before others, that they may see your good
deeds and glorify your Father in heaven.
E.)Short Story- A Short story is a piece of prose
fiction that can be read in one sitting. Emerging
from earlier oral storytelling traditions in the 17th
century, the short story has grown to encompass a
body of work so diverse as to defy easy
characterization. At its most prototypical the short
story features a small cast of named characters,
and focuses on a self-contained incident with the
intent of evoking a "single effect" or mood.
Example of Short Story
Florante at Laura
Ang kuwento ng Florante at Laura ay nagsisimula sa isang
madilim na gubat sa may dakong labas ng bayang Albanya,
malapit sa ilog Kositong na ang tubig ay makamandag. Dito
naghihimutok ang nakataling Florante na inusig ng masamang
kapalaran. Ang mga gunita niya ay naglalaro sa palagay niya ay
nagtaksil na giliw na si Laura, sa kanyang nasawing ama, at
kahabag-habag na kalagayan ng bayan niyang mahal.

Sa gubat ay nagkataong may naglalakad na isang Moro na

nagngangalang Aladin. Narinig niya ang tinig ni Florante at dali-
dali niya itong tinunton. Dalawang leon ang handang sumakmal
sa lalaking nakatali. Pinatay ni Aladin ang dalawang
mababangis na hayop at kanyang kinalagan at inalagaan si
Florante hanggang sa muling lumakas.

Ikinuwento ni Florante ang kanyang buhay. Siya ay anak nina

Duke Briseo at Prinsesa Floresca. Muntik na siyang madagit ng
buwitre at iniligtas siya ng kanyang pinsang si Menalipo na
taga-Epiro. Sinambilat ng isang halkon ang kwintas niyang
diyamante. Pinadala siya ng kanyang ama sa Atena upang mag-
aral sa ilalim ng gurong si Antenor. Natagpuan niya doon ang
kanyang kababayang si Adolfo na kanya ring lihim na kaaway.
Iniligtas siya ni Menandro sa mga taga ni Adolfo nang minsang
magtanghal sila ng dula sa kanilang paaralan. Tapos ay
nakatangap si Florante ng liham tungkol sa pagkamatay ng
sinisinta niyang ina.

Pagkabalik niya sa Albanya kasama ang matalik niyang

kaibigang si Menandro, pinatay niya si Heneral Osmalik na
kumubkob sa Krotona. Nagkaroon siya ng mga tagumpay sa
labimpitong kahariang di-pa-binyagan matapos niyang iligtas si
Laura sa hukbo ni Aladin na umagaw sa Albanya nang siyay
nakikipaglaban sa ibang bayan. Natalo din niya ang Turkong
hukbo ni Miramolin at iba pa. Nagwakas ang kanyang
pagsasalaysay sa pandarayang ginawa sa kanya ni Adolfo
matapos kunin ang trono ng Albanya at agawin sa kanya si
Laura.

Nagpakilala ang Moro na siyay si Aladin, kaaway na mahigpit

ng relihiyong Kristiyano at ng bayan ni Florante. Ang kanyang
kapalaran ay sinlagim ng kay Florante. Inagaw sa kanya ng
kanyang amang si Sultan Ali-Adab ang kanyang kasintahang si
Flerida.
Pagkatapos ng pagsasalaysay ay narinig nila ang dalawang tinig
na nag-uusap. Tumayo ang dalawang lalaki at nakita nila sina
Laura at Flerida na nag-uusap. Si Fleriday tumakas sa Persya
upang hanapin si Aladin at nang mapagawi siya sa may dakong
gubat ay nasumpungan niya si Laura na ibig gahasain ni Adolfo,
pinana niya ito at naligtas si Laura sa kamay ng sukab.

Ikinuwento ni Laura ang paghuhuwad ni Adolfo sa lagda ng

kanyang ama upang madakip si Florante. Isinalaysay niya ang
pamimilit ni Adolfo sa kanya at pagdadala sa gubat.

Sa ganoon ay nabatid nina Florante at Aladin na ang kani-

kanilang mga katipan ay pawang tapat sa kanila. Sina Florante at
Laura ay matagumpay na naghari sa Albanya at sina Aladin at
Flerida, pagkatapos na maging binyagan at pagkamatay ni
Sultan Ali-Adab, ay naghari sa Persya.

Cock-a-doodle doo
In a faraway land, there was a rooster who lived with his master
and the wife. Every early morning, the rooster would make a
very loud sound. This shocked his master and the wife so much
that they jumped up from their sleep.

One day, the rooster heard that his master and the wife wanted
to slaughter him for dinner. He was afraid. He wanted to run
away. But before he went off, he quickly took one of the wifes
shoes and the masters fiddling stick. Then he ran off into the
forest feeling happy and satisfied. F.)Anecdote- An anecdote is a
brief, revealing account of an individual person or an incident.
Often humorous, anecdotes differ from jokes because their
primary purpose is not simply to provoke laughter, but to reveal
a truth more general than the brief tale itself, such as to
characterize a person by delineating a specific quirk or trait, to
communicate an abstract idea about a person, place, or thing
through the concrete details of a short narrative.An anecdote is
"a story with a point.
F.)Anecdote- An anecdote is a brief, revealing account of
an individual person or an incident. Often humorous,
anecdotes differ from jokes because their primary purpose
is not simply to provoke laughter, but to reveal a truth
more general than the brief tale itself, such as to
characterize a person by delineating a specific quirk or
trait, to communicate an abstract idea about a person,
place, or thing through the concrete details of a short
narrative.An anecdote is "a story with a point.

Example of Anecdote
Growing up with Filipino Time [A
Childhood Anecdote]

Filipino Time, which means things get done whenever they get
done. Official Timing of The Philippines.
Example: I set up a party for 6:00. This is interpreted as 7:00
Filipinotime.In some cases, Filipino hosts deliberately set the
time an hour or so earlier, knowing that the guests will arrive an
hour or so late. In this case, the poor Americans are surprised to
see that theyre the first ones to arrive and the only ones there
for the first hour or so.
Back in first grade, my house is located just the opposite of my
elementary school, divided by the national highway connecting
Muzon Rizal on its neighboring towns. Every summer, heat rises
from the asphalt like a stifling haze which permeates to the
surrounding houses and because of that, we would awake from
our daily siesta drenched in sweat, like a fish being fried on its
oil.
With my school just around my doorstep, being late is entirely
impossible, which cuts out perfectly fine for me. I loathed the
idea of being late. Theres nothing more dehumanizing than to
walk inside a full-packed classroom and all the eyes of the
teachers and students are on you, as if class tardiness is a crime
of capital punishment.
My mom, meanwhile, is the complete opposite. She enjoys
walking me to school and accompanying me to the classroom on
the last minute. She fusses over my hair for long periods of time,
as if appearance is of paramount importance. One time, during
the School Recognition day wherein I was one of the students
who would be awarded on stage, we my mom ascribed to a long
process of make-up and hairstyle that I had to remind her many
times my exposure on stage wouldnt last ten seconds long. We
were so late that by the time we got to the school grounds, the
emcee has already been calling my name several times, and all
the gaze of the people were on us as we climb up the stage, my
mom taking her precious time and smiling away while I just
want the earth to swallow me whole.
My fear of being late probably spawns from the fact that I hate
taking too much time of other people. Time is very important to
most, if not all people, and you cant just spend their time by
making them wait. I assumed the rest of the world shared the
same thoughts, but not in The Philippines, Im afraid.
I would have long ascribed myself to the Filipino time by being
casually late, like the rest of my family and friends are, if it were
not because of a traumatic incident back in the first grade. It was
the first day of classes so you would think nothing would bum
you out. Everythings different, new uniforms, new books and
new friends, new teachersyet it turns out that the class I
belonged in had the unfortunate situation of having a terror
teacher as the adviser. This particular teacher, and her friend,
are time fiends. They expect you to be on time all the time. As it
turns out, I was the first person in the class who got a taste of
their treatment when I arrived ten minutes late.
When my mom dropped me off the door, the teacher and her
friend towered over me, arms crossed against their chest with
malicious twinkle on their eyes. They started barking why I was
late, what are my excuses. They especially became more
enraged when they found out my house is just around the corner.
The teacher didnt let me enter the class then. She made me stay
at the door as the homeroom started. The corridors were empty
except for me. The least thing I wanted to do is to cry but my
pride acted like an impenetrable dam to my angry tears. After
some time, the teacher let me in, but not before ordering the
whole class to transfer to the half of the room. You see, our
room is divided by two columns of chairs and desks, with each
desk accommodating at least three students. My classmates were
at the other half, while the teacher made me sit on the remaining
half alone. The ostracism lasted until recess but the ordeal is
stuck in my mind ever since.
From then on, I promised I would never be late again.
I exercised a strict adherence to time, may it be for classes,
assignments, coverage, work, or even casual hang-out with
friends, which is a hard thing to stick with since more than half
of the people in this country have now succumbed to the
Filipino time, or thirty minutes (even an hour) AFTER the
designated time. I mean, couldnt someone make a study or
something of how Filipino time affects our economy and overall
productivity??
One time I had to attend a coverage organized by a Japanese
group dedicated to performance artists in a posh hotel at the
heart of Manila, the Japanese special guests arrived 15 minutes
before the time. The Filipino guests, speakers and press people
wouldnt arrive until an hour later and by the time then, the
Japanese peeps have already finished their dinner and are called
for another engagement as per their schedule. That was such a
Facepalm moment..
My friends and workmates would often tease me about my time
OCD but I couldnt care less. What pisses me off sometimes is
how they kept doing the same thing, making you wait for hours
and hours even if they know youre already at the rendezvous .
Its exhausting and unfair, having to wake up early just so you
can get there in time while the other party takes his time. Then
again, just like the other eccentricities of my race, I learned to
accept that its sort of a cultural thing, like theyve grown used
to people around them taking their time so they took their time
as well.
But at some point in life, if I would be given a chance to fake
my death, I would rehearse a scenario where I died waiting for
someone, like a wild car would run over me while Im waiting
on the sidewalk or a heavy block of cement would fall over my
head. I can already imagine it on tabloid headlines and evening
news: Girl killed in a freak accident while waiting for a
friend Then they should start taking time seriously for a
change.

Weakness or Strength?
Sometimes your biggest weakness can become your biggest
strength. Take, for example, the story of one 10-year-old boy
who decided to study judo despite the fact that he had lost his
left arm in a devastating car accident.
The boy began lessons with an old Japanese judo master. The
boy was doing well, so he couldn't understand why, after three
months of training the master had taught him only one move.
"Sensei," the boy finally said, "Shouldn't I be learning more
moves?"
"This is the only move you know, but this is the only move
you'll ever need to know," the sensei replied.
Not quite understanding, but believing in his teacher, the boy
kept training.
Several months later, the sensei took the boy to his first
tournament. Surprising himself, the boy easily won his first two
matches. The third match proved to be more difficult, but after
some time, his opponent became impatient and charged; the boy
deftly used his one move to win the match. Still amazed by his
success, the boy was now in the finals.
This time, his opponent was bigger, stronger, and more
experienced. For a while, the boy appeared to be overmatched.
Concerned that the boy might get hurt, the referee called a time-
out. He was about to stop the match when the sensei intervened.
"No," the sensei insisted, "Let him continue."
Soon after the match resumed, his opponent made a critical
mistake: he dropped his guard. Instantly, the boy used his move
to pin him. The boy had won the match and the tournament. He
was the champion.
On the way home, the boy and sensei reviewed every move in
each and every match. Then the boy summoned the courage to
ask what was really on his mind.
"Sensei, how did I win the tournament with only one move?"
"You won for two reasons," the sensei answered. "First, you've
almost mastered one of the most difficult throws in all of judo.
And second, the only known defense for that move is for your
opponent to grip your left arm."
The boy's biggest weakness had become his biggest strength.
Sometimes your biggest weakness can become your biggest
strength. Take, for example, the story of one 10-year-old boy
who decided to study judo despite the fact that he had lost his
left arm in a devastating car accident.
The boy began lessons with an old Japanese judo master. The
boy was doing well, so he couldn't understand why, after three
months of training the master had taught him only one move.
"Sensei," the boy finally said, "Shouldn't I be learning more
moves?"
"This is the only move you know, but this is the only move
you'll ever need to know," the sensei replied.
Not quite understanding, but believing in his teacher, the boy
kept training.
Several months later, the sensei took the boy to his first
tournament. Surprising himself, the boy easily won his first two
matches. The third match proved to be more difficult, but after
some time, his opponent became impatient and charged; the boy
deftly used his one move to win the match. Still amazed by his
success, the boy was now in the finals.
This time, his opponent was bigger, stronger, and more
experienced. For a while, the boy appeared to be overmatched.
Concerned that the boy might get hurt, the referee called a time-
out. He was about to stop the match when the sensei intervened.
"No," the sensei insisted, "Let him continue."
Soon after the match resumed, his opponent made a critical
mistake: he dropped his guard. Instantly, the boy used his move
to pin him. The boy had won the match and the tournament. He
was the champion.
On the way home, the boy and sensei reviewed every move in
each and every match. Then the boy summoned the courage to
ask what was really on his mind.
"Sensei, how did I win the tournament with only one move?"
"You won for two reasons," the sensei answered. "First, you've
almost mastered one of the most difficult throws in all of judo.
And second, the only known defense for that move is for your
opponent to grip your left arm."
The boy's biggest weakness had become his biggest strength

G.)Satire- is a genre of literature, and sometimes

graphic and performing arts, in which vices, follies,
abuses, and shortcomings are held up to ridicule, ideally
with the intent of shaming individuals, corporations,
government, or society itself into improvement. Although
satire is usually meant to be humorous, its greater purpose
is often constructive social criticism, using wit to draw
attention to both particular and wider issues in society.
Example of Satire:
LETS SEE IF I HAVE THIS RIGHT . . .
Id like to confirm that my thinking is properly aligned with, and supportive
of, the Duterte Administration. You know, to abide by the terms of my
resident visa.
As I understand it, that hokey rising star of Asia slogan was propaganda
promoted by the failed Aquino Administration, a bunch of losers who
allowed drugs, crime and poverty to flourish and were not able to get peace in
Mindanao. Plus they offended our good neighbor China by filing a court
case, and they operated as a lackey of the warmongering imperialists in
America.
Our nation is actually a dirty, drug infested, crime-riddled cesspit of poverty
and depraved, corrupt politicians, most of whom we have managed to switch
to our side.
The Philippines is under dire threat from drugs so we should take drastic
action and execute those who impose their dirty medicines on our peaceful
society. Unless they are people of power themselves, and potentially useful to
us. Then we should spare them. The courts are largely hopeless. Our police
are better judges than our judges. They work faster, thats for sure!
The US is a greedy, self-serving dog and has prevented us from developing
as a modern, civil society. They keep imposing their colonial restraints on our
innocent persons. Opening the Tacloban airport after Yolanda was a
propaganda play. Weve tried, but the Americans keep interfering. Like that
gay Jew, former Ambassador Goldberg, what a jerk. We should work with
China and Russia to carve out our own independence and enrichment. Japan,
too, if they will loan us enough money.
Democracy in the Philippines has failed the people. We can provide a better,
faster-changing government by cutting through all the red tape of due process
and even laws. We know better than everybody else what needs to be done.
Thats why none of us listens to anybody and why it is important to prosecute
those who might get the publics attention and disrupt our efforts. Like that
sex fiend and Satan-worshiper Lila De Lima.
We have not issued any policy inconsistencies or contradictions. The media
and general public are hasty and make incorrect interpretations before the
matters are finalized. They should be more patriotic and patient. We will run
a powerful communications program to counter the irresponsible journalists
and media. Our first targets will be the investigative or fact-finding
publications, given that they are not really Filipino patriots when they imply
bad motives or work.
We are a completely open and honest government, with 161 exceptions.
I think I understand now, and want to be a patriot, too! Sign me up! Sign me
up! I can free my schedule immediately to start spreading the Word. It will
take me a couple of hours to set up my trolling program. Gotta get the VPN
working right and about a dozen fake accounts. Thats the patriotic thing to
do, after all.
I can stop going to church right away and set up deposit accounts for the
payments Ill get. Definitely having the right kind of patriotism pays big
time.
I understand we are not supposed to use those biased Western news
organizations like the Associated Press or that Frenchie agency, but should
take our direction from Mocha Uson. Shes kinda pretty, although Im not
particularly keen on the picture of her with her hand down that fat guys
pants. But, bottom line, she is a right proper Filipino patriot.
Upward Philippines! To a magnificent future under our Great Leader and the
best staff, programs and patriotic followers in the universe!
Cheers to our brave legislators! They are bold enough to tear down this
idiotic democracy with its irresponsible due processes and freedoms.
Hurrah to the cabinet! They stand as one, united and patriotic, even the
commies!
Praise be to our Lord Duterte, the man of the moment, and the old wise-guys
who surround him and interpret what he really means! Where others see a
blathering psychopath, we see a man of courage and vision who represents
our very souls in his every unintelligible utterance.

Novel-A novel is any relatively long, written work of

narrative fiction, normally in prose, and typically
published as a book. The genre has been described as
having "a continuous and comprehensive history of about
two thousand years.

Example of Novels:
Po-on
The events in Poon A Novel happened from 1880 to 1889, when
an Ilocano family abandoned their beloved barrio in order to overcome the
challenges to their survival in southern Pangasinan in the Philippines, and
also to flee from the cruelty they received from the Spaniards. One of the
principal characters of the novel is Istak, a Filipino from the Ilocano stock
who was fluent in Spanish and Latin, a talent he inherited from the teachings
of an old parish priest in Cabugao. He was an acolyte aspiring to become a
priest. He was also knowledgeable in the arts of traditional medicine. The
only hindrance to his goal of becoming a full-pledged priest was his racial
origins. He lived in a period in Philippine history when it a possible Filipino
uprising against the Spanish government was about to erupt, a time after the
execution of three mestizos, namely Mariano Gmez, Jos Apolonio Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora (or the Gomburza, an acronym for the three)
at Bagumbayan (now known as Rizal Park) in February, 1872. There were
signs that a revolution will happen, despite of the lack of unity among the
inhabitants of the Philippines islands at the time. Another approaching
occurrence was the help the Filipinos would be receiving from the Americans
in finally removing the governing Spaniards from the archipelago after three
hundred years. The novel recreates the societal struggles in which the
characters of Po-on were situated in, which includes the protagonist Istak 's
personal search for life's meaning and for the true face of his beliefs at
principles. Throughout this personal journey, he was accompanied by a
dignity that is his alone Istak was assigned the task of delivering a message to
General Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of the Philippine revolutionaries, but
died at the hands of American soldiers, on his way to delivering the message.

A Walk to Remember
The story starts with a prologue from Landon Carter at age 57. The remainder
of the story takes place when Landon is a 17-year-old high school
senior. Landon lives in the small, religious town of Beaufort, North
Carolina. His father is a genial, charismatic congressman.
His father is not around very much, as he lives in Washington, D.C. Landon
is more reclusive, which causes some tension in their relationship. Landon's
father pressures him into running for class president. His best friend, Eric
Hunter, who is the most popular boy in school, helps him and, to his surprise,
Landon wins the election. As student body president, Landon is required to
attend the school dance with a date. He asks many girls, but none are
available. That night, he looks through his yearbook, trying to find an
acceptable date. Since nobody else seems to be available, Landon reluctantly
asks Jamie Sullivan, the daughter of Hegbert Sullivan, the Beaufort church
minister, who accepts his invitation. While Jamie is very religious and carries
a Bible with her wherever she goes, Landon (one of the popular students) is
reluctant to go to the dance with someone like her. When Landon is
threatened by Lew, Jamie comes to Landon's aid, to his appreciation. At the
end of the night, he admits she was the best date possible.
A few days later, Jamie asks Landon to participate in the school's production
of The Christmas Angel. While Landon is not very enthusiastic about
participating, he agrees to it anyway. Jamie, on the other hand, could not be
happier about her new castmate. Landon knows that if his friends learn about
his role in the play, he will be teased relentlessly. One day at rehearsal, Jamie
asks if Landon will walk her home, after which it becomes routine. A couple
of days later, Eric mocks the couple during their walk home and Landon
becomes truly embarrassed to be with Jamie. Meanwhile, Landon continues
to learn about all the people and organizations Jamie spends her time helping,
including an orphanage. Landon and Jamie visit the orphanage one day to
discuss a possible showing of The Christmas Angel, but their proposal is
quickly rejected by Mr. Jenkins. When Jamie and Landon were waiting to
meet Mr. Jenkins, she tells Landon that all she wants in the future is to get
married in a church full of people and to have her father walk her down the
aisle. While Landon thinks this is a strange wish, he accepts it. In truth, he is
beginning to enjoy his time with her.
One day, while they are walking home, Landon yells at Jamie and he tells her
that he is not friends with her. The next day at the first show of The
Christmas Angel, Jamie enters the stage dressed as the angel, making Landon
simply utter his line, "You're beautiful", meaning it for the first time.
Following that, Jamie asks Landon if he would go around town and retrieve
the jars containing money collected for the orphans' Christmas
presents. When Landon collects the jars, there is only $55.73, but when he
gives the money to Jamie, there is $247. Jamie buys gifts for the orphanage,
and Landon and Jamie spend Christmas Eve there. Jamie's Christmas gift to
Landon is her deceased mother's Bible. As they get in the car to go home,
Landon realizes his true feelings for her. "All I could do is wonder how I'd
ever fallen in love with a girl like Jamie Sullivan". He invites her to his house
for Christmas dinner. The next day Landon visits Jamie at her house, where
they share their first kiss on her porch. Afterward, Landon asks Hegbert if
they can go to Flavin's, a local restaurant, on New Year's Eve. While Hegbert
initially refuses, after Landon declares his love for Jamie, Hegbert allows it.
On New Year's Jamie and Landon go to dinner, where they share their first
dance. A couple of weeks later, Landon tells Jamie that he is in love with
her. To his surprise, Jamie replies by insisting that he cannot be. In response,
Landon demands an explanation, and Jamie reveals that she is dying
of leukemia.
The following Sunday, Hegbert announces to his congregation that his
daughter is dying. Jamie does not return to school the following Monday and
that it is eventually learned that she is too ill and will never return to
school. While they are having dinner at Landon's house, Jamie tells Landon,
"I love you, too", for the first time. A couple weeks later, Eric and Margaret
visit Jamie's house, where they apologize for ever being rude to her. Eric
gives Jamie the $400 that he collected for the orphanage. Jamie refuses to
stay at the hospital, because she wants to die at home. In turn, Landon's father
helps to provide Jamie the best equipment and doctors so she can spend the
rest of her life at home. This gesture helps to mend the gap between father
and son. One day, while sitting next to Jamie while she sleeps, Landon comes
up with an idea. He runs to the church to find Hegbert and asks him for
permission to marry Jamie. While Hegbert is reluctant, his refusal to deny
Landon's request is seen by Landon as approval. Landon runs back to Jamie's
side and asks, "Will you marry me?"
Landon and Jamie are married in a church full of people. Although she was
weak and was in a wheelchair, she insisted on walking down the aisle so that
her father could give her away which was part of her dream. Landon
remembers thinking "It was...the most difficult walk anyone ever had to
make. In every way, a walk to remember". When they reach the front of the
church, Hegbert says, "I can no more give Jamie away than I can give away
my heart. But what I can do is let another share in the joy that she has always
given me". Hegbert has had to experience so much pain in his life, first losing
his wife, now knowing his only child will soon be gone, too. The book ends
with Landon 40 years later at age 57. He still loves Jamie and wears her
ring. He finishes the story by saying, "I now believe, by the way, that
miracles can happen".
Novelette-may refer to: A novella, especially
with trivial or sentimental themes. A narrative
work of prose fiction shorter than a novella and
longer than a short story.
Example of Novelette:
(Philippine Novelette) Magdalena
Cecilia Manguerra Brainard has written an ambitious novel of forbidden love.
Set against the turbulent history of East Asia in the twentieth century and by
turns erotic and tragic, Magdalena vividly depicts three generations of strong
Filipino women.
Aimee Liu, author of Cloud Moutain
Cecilia Manguerra Brainard s novel Magdalena takes its title from a
protagonist descended from several generations of equally compelling female
characters. . . Brainard uses a nonlinear narrative and multiple points of view
to describe the history of the Philippines that roughly corresponds to its
contact with the United States from the Spanish American War to the war in
Vietnam. The novel brings into focus not only the romantic and social
conflicts of different generations of women but also economic and racial
divisions in the Philippines . . . Interspersed throughout the novel are archival
photographs of places and people, photographs that remind the reader that
while the characters are fictional, the backdrop is historical reality.
Kathleen Flanagan, Longwood University, World Literature Today
With her second novel, Magdalena, Cecilia Brainard adds new portraits to the
gallery in Philippine literature. She has always had a strong sense of place.
Here, she provides an inner landscape as well. Together, these provide the
coordinates for the family secrets that bind the characters as securely as
bloodlines.
Linda Ty-Casper, author of The Stranded Whale
In this novel, Brainard blends a series of multiple perspectives to create a
polyphony of voices that enacts Philippine society before and during the
Second World War. The narrative is a nuanced vision of the workings of
culture, social class, obligation and the Filipino personality.
Rocio G. Davis, author of Transcultural Reinventions: Asian American and
Asian Canadian Short Story Cycles
I have been looking for a good story about the war.
N.V.M. Gonzalez, author of The Bread of Salt and Other Stories (upon
reading Winning Hearts and Minds, one chapter of Magdalena.)
About Brainard s first novel When the Rainbow Goddess Wept
The strengthening of the national spirit; the loss of innocence in two
generations these themes are explored by the author, who was born in the
Philippines, with persuasive conviction and stark realism. (Publishers
Weekly)
A fast-paced, sensitively written first novel about the psychological damage
war wreaks, seen through the eyes of an intelligent, resilient young girl ...
Brainard s appealing characters are larger-than-life people who change before
our eyes, yet remain utterly convincing. (Kirkus Review)

Tactics
The beginning...
Chapter 1
As his office door opened, Michael looked up sharply, his finger marking the
line on the page he was working on. I asked not to be disturbed, Marcia, he
firmly told his secretary. You know how important this project is.
Yes, sir, Im aware of that, but I thought you would want to know that there
has been an accident on the loading dock...
Michaels heart seized as he heard the words. Colin was on the loading dock.
His new shipment was due in this morning and he was always so particular
that any new equipment was perfect before he would accept delivery. Not
Colin, please God, not Colin; the words pounded inside Michaels head,
drowning out the words Marcia was still saying. Taking a deep breath,
Michael forced himself to listen.
theyve been taken to Mercy General. I have asked for
He theyre alive? Thank God! Michael interrupted hoarsely. Who?
I said, sir, the woman frowned.
Who, damn it?
Mr. Marsden and Mr. Wilmot. It sounds as if Mr. Wilmot was injured more
severely but
Michael didnt hear the rest of the sentence; he was already halfway through
his secretarys office as soon as he heard Colin Marsdens name mentioned.
He was admittedly relieved when he heard that Colin was not as seriously
hurt as Steve Wilmot. Michael couldnt even feel regret or guilt at his relief
that it was Steve and not Colin who had come off worse. Nothing, no one
meant more to him than Colin.
So why the hell had he never let Colin know that?
***
Colin saw Michael enter the emergency room, Michael noticeably slowing
down as he reached the man in the bed next to Colin. He stared at Wilmot for
a few seconds, before his eyes jerked toward his best friend. The fear in
Michaels eyes was obvious to Colin, who was equally shocked and satisfied
that Michael was so affected. Guilt swept through Colin; he shouldn't be
pleased that Michael was worried for him.
As soon as Michael saw that Colin was sitting up, watching him, he visibly
relaxed.
"It's okay, Mike," Colin said, as Michael came closer. "I wasn't hurt
anywhere near as badly as Steve."
"No, thank God!" Michael smiled, sidling in to stand alongside Colin's bed,
staring pointedly at Colins bandaged shoulder, held tightly to his chest by a
short sling. I was expecting to see you flat on your back with tubes and
wires and stuff. Still, you look bad enough.
Thanks, Colin retorted, grinning. He gave a one shouldered shrug, But, I
guess I was lucky; if Id been standing a few inches further
Right. Youd be worse off than poor Steve, Michael finished for him.
Colin sighed, knowing Michael was right, the odds were that he would have
died when the chain slipped and the heavy load fell. It was pure luck that he
moved to retrieve his clipboard at the same moment, receiving only a
glancing blow instead. As chief engineer, Colin considered it his duty to
double-check, on delivery, every new piece of equipment that he had ordered.
He had been doing just that when the accident happened.
Dont suppose you know what caused it? Michael asked. Michael, as the
Engineering Director and Vice President of Harrison Lethe, was Colins
direct boss, but, more importantly to both men, was also Colins oldest
friend.
Not really. I had just turned away when I heard a sound, a harsh grating
noise. Afterwards, I saw the chain hanging from the pulley. I assume it
broke. Colin posed it more like a question than a statement.
Dont worry about it now, Michael said. Ill investigate it thoroughly and
if anyone is to blame His voice had taken on a sharp edge.
Michael?
What? If it is someones fault you and Steve were injured He let the
sentence hang, but Colin knew that Michael wouldnt let it go. Deep down,
Colin also knew he would do the same if Michael had been hurt, so he didnt
comment any further.

Michael glanced over at the unconscious Steve again and then back to Colin,
an unusual expression on his face.

What? Colin asked.

I just Weve been friends for a long time. It was something of a shock to
hear that youd been rushed to the hospital. Michael shrugged. Dont want
to think about the possibility of losing you, you know?
Michaels words warmed Colins heart, but he simply said, Dont make
more of it than it was, Mike, Im fine. Theyre keeping me in for a few days,
thats all.
As if in response to the comment, an orderly arrived with a wheelchair to
transfer Colin to his room.
What about his colleague? Michael asked, nodding at Steve.
Hell be moved when theyre sure hes stabilized, the orderly answered.
Right, I see. Im gonna have a word at the desk, Colin, and see if theyll tell
more about Steves condition. I also need to make sure his wife is on the
way, Michael shrugged. I kinda left the office in a rush, left Marcia to sort
things out.
Imagining how he would have felt if their positions had been reversed, Colin
nodded in understanding.
Ill be up to see you as soon as I can, Michael added.
Okay, Colin smiled, watching admiringly as Michael walked across to the
nurses' station. God, the man has a sweet ass.

Drama/Play-A play is a form of literature

written by a playwright, usually consisting of
dialogue between characters, intended for
theatrical performance rather than just reading.
Plays are performed at a variety of levels, from
Broadway, Off-Broadway, regional theater, to
Community theatre, as well as University or
school productions. There are rare dramatists,
notably George Bernard Shaw, who have had
little preference as to whether their plays were
performed or read. The term "play" can refer to
both the written works of playwrights and to
their complete theatrical performance.
Example of Drama and Play
HAMLET: O, that this too too sullied flesh would melt,
Thaw, and resolve itself into a dew,
Or that the Everlasting had not fixed
His canon gainst self-slaughter! O God, God,
How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable
Seem to me all the uses of this world!
Fie on t! ah fie! Tis an unweeded garden
That grows to seed. Things rank and gross in nature
Possess it merely.

Classification of Non- Fiction

Autobiography-An
autobiography (from the Greek,
-autos self + -bios life +
-graphein to write) is a
self-written account of the life of a
person. The word "autobiography"
was first used deprecatingly by
William Taylor in 1797 in the
English periodical The Monthly
Review, when he suggested the
word as a hybrid, but condemned it
 as "pedantic". However, its next
recorded use was in its present
sense, by Robert Southey in 1809.
Example of Autobiography:
The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is the traditional name for the
unfinished record of his own life written by Benjamin Franklin from 1771 to
1790; however, Franklin himself appears to have called the work his
Memoirs. Although it had a tortuous publication history after Franklin's
death, this work has become one of the most famous and influential examples
of an autobiography ever written.
Franklin's account of his life is divided into four parts, reflecting the
different periods at which he wrote them. There are actual breaks in the
narrative between the first three parts, but Part Three's narrative continues
into Part Four without an authorial break (only an editorial one).

Biography-A biography, or simply

bio, is a detailed description of a person's
life. It involves more than just the basic
facts like education, work, relationships,
and death; it portrays a person's
experience of these life events. Unlike a
profile or curriculum vitae (rsum), a
biography presents a subject's life story,
highlighting various aspects of his or her
life, including intimate details of
 experience, and may include an analysis
of the subject's personality.

Example of Biography:
Jose Rizal
On June 19, 1861, Jos Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was
born in Calamba in the Philippines' Laguna Province. A brilliant student who
became proficient in multiple languages, Jos Rizal studied medicine in
Manila. In 1882, he traveled to Spain to complete his medical degree.

Diary- is a record (originally in

handwritten format) with discrete
entries arranged by date reporting on
what has happened over the course of
a day or other period. A personal diary
may include a person's experiences,
and/or thoughts or feelings, including
comments on current events outside
the writer's direct experience.
Example of Diary:
Saturday 11.6.13
Dear Diary,
Today has been great! It was my birthday today and I got a lot of presents
from my friends and family. My favourite was a big, green dinosaur. After I
opened all my presents I went to my friend Pauls house and we played
football.
Then my mum came to pick me up and take me to my Grandmas house for a
birthday meal. Next we went to visit my sister, we had to drive for a very
long time.Finally we went back home to go to bed. It was past my bedtime
and very dark!
Peter

Memoirs- is a collection of memories that

an individual writes about moments or events,
both public or private, that took place in the
subject's life. The assertions made in the work
are understood to be factual. While memoir
has historically been defined as a subcategory
of biography or autobiography since the late
20th century, the genre is differentiated in
form, presenting a narrowed focus. A
biography or autobiography tells the story "of
a life", while a memoir often tells "a story
from a life", such as touchstone events and
turning points from the author's life. The
author of a memoir may be referred to as a
memoirist or a memorialist.
Example of Memoir
What Is She Thinking: A Canyon of Quandaries
By: Michele Johnson Keesee
Two beautiful, ocean-blue eyes stared blankly from behind
scratchproof lenses. Her mouth gaped, and the sauce from the breadsticks she
ate moments beforehand stained the corners of her mouth. Her facial muscles
slacked and her shoulders slumped. Her mind had retreated to that special
place, her face utilizing its shield, guarding her private thoughts.

Over the years, I watched my daughter grow from a premature infant into an
immature teen. I sat in the far corner of the room, watching Kali and thought,
What could I have done? I did everything the doctors told me to do.

Born six weeks early on an unseasonably warm winter day, Kali triumphed,
insisting her right to exist. She required no assistance in maintaining her
unexpected early arrival. Breathing and eating, just like any full-term
newborn, four days after her birth, the hospital released her into my care.

Essay- An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that

gives the author's own argument but the definition is
vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet, and a
short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as
formal and informal. Formal essays are characterized by
"serious purpose, dignity, logical organization, length,"
whereas the informal essay is characterized by "the personal
element (self-revelation, individual tastes and experiences,
 confidential manner), humor, graceful style, rambling
structure, unconventionality or novelty of theme," etc.

Example of Essay (Narrative Essay)

Looking back on a childhood filled with events and memories, I find it rather
difficult to pick on that leaves me with the fabled "warm and fuzzy feelings.
As the daughter of an Air Force Major, I had the pleasure of traveling across
America in many moving trips. I have visited the monstrous trees of the
Sequoia National Forest, stood on the edge of the Grand Canyon and have
jumped on the beds at Caesars Palace in Lake Tahoe."
The day I picked my dog up from the pound was one of the happiest days of
both of our lives. I had gone to the pound just a week earlier with the idea
that I would just "look" at a puppy. Of course, you can no more just look at
those squiggling little faces so filled with hope and joy than you can stop the
sun from setting in the morning. I knew within minutes of walking in the
door that I would get a puppy but it wasn't until I saw him that I knew I
had found my puppy.

Letter- a written or printed

communication addressed to a person
or organization and usually
transmitted by mail.
Example of Letter:
Mr. M. Leaf
Chief of Syrup Production
 Old Sticky Pancake Company
456 Maple Lane
Forest, ON 7W8 9Y0

Dear Mr. Leaf:

Let me begin by thanking you for your past contributions to our Little League
baseball team. Your sponsorship aided in the purchase of ten full uniforms
and several pieces of baseball equipment for last year's season.
Next month, our company is planning an employee appreciation pancake
breakfast honoring retired employees for their past years of service and
present employees for their loyalty and dedication in spite of the current
difficult economic conditions.
We would like to place an order with your company for 25 pounds of
pancake mix and five gallons of maple syrup. We hope you will be able to
provide these products in the bulk quantities we require.
As you are a committed corporate sponsor and long-time associate, we hope
that you will be able to join us for breakfast on December 12, 2016.

Respectfully yours,
Derek Jeter
Classification of Poetry
Narrative Poetry- Narrative poetry is
a form of poetry that tells a story,
often making the voices of a narrator
and characters as well; the entire story
is usually written in metered verse. ...
Narrative poems include epics,
ballads, idylls, and lays.
A.) Epic- Traditionally, an epic poem is
a long, serious, poetic narrative
about a significant event, often
featuring a hero. Before the
development of writing, epic
poems were memorized and played
 an important part in maintaining a
record of the great deeds and
history of a culture.
Example of Epic Poetry (Beowulf)
Mighty and canny,
Hygelacs kinsman was keenly watching
for the first move the monster would make.
Nor did the creature keep him waiting
but struck suddenly and started in;
he grabbed and mauled a man on his bench,
bit into his bone-lappings, bolted down his blood
and gorged on him in lumps, leaving the body
utterly lifeless, eaten up
hand and foot. Venturing closer,
his talon was raised to attack Beowulf
where he lay on the bed, he was bearing in
with open claw when the alert heros
comeback and armlock forestalled him utterly.
The captain of evil discovered himself
in a handgrip harder than anything
he had ever encountered in any man
on the face of the earth. Every bone in his body
quailed and recoiled, but he could not escape.
He was desperate to flee to his den and hide
with the devils litter, for in all his days
he had never been clamped or cornered like this.

B.) Ballad- is a poem that is typically

arranged in quatrains with the
rhyme scheme ABAB. Ballads are
usually narrative, which means
they tell a story. Ballads began as
folk songs and continue to be used
today in modern music.
Example of Ballad:
As I was walking down the street
I saw two people in secret meet
The second one said to the first
'You have some news to quench my thirst?'
'In behind the old, damp shed
There lies a noble man slain, dead
And no one knows he lies in strife
Except his dog and lonely wife
With master gone where no one knocks
His dog has left to chase a fox
His wife has found somebody new
His house is left for all to view

Though it's been empty for a while

We'll be warm and dry in half a mile
For now we can take comfort there
We'll flee the place when it grows bare
Many people knew the noble man
But none do care where he has gone
Over his grave, all do ignore
The wind shall blow forever more.'

C.) Metrical Tales- s a narrative poem

which is written in verse that
relates to real or imaginary events
in simple, straight forward
language, from a wide range of
subjects, characters, life.
Example of Metrical Tale:
The Queens Bed

There's a certain symmetry in mis-shapes

A Correlation of zig zags
A pyramid of Mish mashery
Of Golden haberdashery
A prism geometry forgot
Disfunctional patterns
Of a Diamant Zodiac
A Tessellating Mosaic
A crazy jigsaw of zany gems
Adorned the Queens four poster bed
A Crystalised Diadem

Lyrical Poetry- Lyric poetry is a

formal type of poetry which expresses
personal emotions or feelings,
typically spoken in the first person.
A.) Ode- An ode is a kind of poem, usually
praising something. ... An ode is a form of
lyric poetry expressing emotion and
it's usually addressed to someone or
 something, or it represents the poet's
musings on that person or thing, as Keats'
ode tells us what he thought as he looked
at the Grecian urn.

Example of Ode:
To me did seem
Appareled in celestial light,
The glory and the freshness of a dream.
It is not now as it hath been of yore;--
Turn wheresoe'er I may,
By night or day,
The things which I have seen I now can see no more.
Horatian Ode
The Horatian ode was named after the Roman poet, Horace. It was usually
more calm and less formal than the Pindaric Ode, and was more for personal
enjoyment than a stage performance.
Example: Here is an excerpt from Ode to the Confederate Dead by Allen
Tate.
Row after row with strict impunity
The headstones yield their names to the element,
The wind whirrs without recollection;
In the riven troughs the splayed leaves
Pile up, of nature the casual sacrament
To the seasonal eternity of death;
Then driven by the fierce scrutiny
Of heaven to their election in the vast breath,
They sought the rumour of mortality.

B.) Elegy- For all of its pervasiveness,

however, the elegy remains
remarkably ill-defined: sometimes
used as a catch-all to denominate
texts of a somber or pessimistic
tone, sometimes as a marker for
textual monumentalizing, and
sometimes strictly as a sign of a
lament for the dead.
Example of Elegy:
Old Town Elegy
The bridge still arches the road but with what design?
The railway that once crossed Ridgeway and vale to the sea
Is erased and gone, with now scarcely residual sign
And barely more trace than near roads of Roman decree

From the bridge, track the ghosts of line, goods yard, Old Town Station
Where we lingered and noted the numbers of each passing train
Web of steel and of steam entwined village and town across nation
'Til Arcadian rural slow lines were made suddenly to wain

Gone: the Market where cows sheep and pigs brought in telling perceptions
The images, noises and smells of the farms to the town
The tweeded farmers with leathery limbs and faces
And gaiters of deepest sheen in a rich chestnut brown

Flaxen ropes, billhooks, pitchforks enough for a peasants' uprising

Spread along the High street and over the Corn Exchange square
While Newport Street furnished inns for all thirsts' reviving
And above all, the clock tower made skyline iconic and fair

Then was school run not cosseted, chauffeured, in family car

But raced, skipped or dawdled through field, street, market and station
Our little world teamed with action, unscreened, with no bar
Of health and safety; adventure without filtration
In that world we seemied in different incarnation
So are we the same people, and do we now view the same place?
Can we yet discern immortality's intimation?
The adventure continues though perhaps at a difference pace.

C.) Sonnet- The term sonnet is derived from

the Italian word sonetto (from Old
Provenal sonet a little poem, from son
song, from Latin sonus a sound). By the
thirteenth century it signified a poem of
fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme
scheme and specific structure.
Conventions associated with the sonnet
have evolved over its history. Writers of
sonnets are sometimes called
"sonneteers", although the term can be
used derisively.
Example of Sonnet:
Sonnet 53
What is your substance, whereof are you made,
That millions of strange shadows on you tend?
Since everyone hath every one, one shade,
And you, but one, can every shadow lend.
Describe Adonis, and the counterfeit
Is poorly imitated after you.
On Helens cheek all art of beauty set,
And you in Grecian tires are painted new.
Speak of the spring and foison of the year;
The one doth shadow of your beauty show,
The other as your bounty doth appear,
And you in every blessed shape we know.
In all external grace you have some part,
But you like none, none you, for constant heart.
Dramatic Poetry- is any drama that is
written in verse that is meant to be
recited. It usually tells a story or refers
to a situation. This would include
closet drama, dramatic monologues,
and rhyme verse.
Example of Dramatic Poetry:
The Raven, by Edgar Allan Poe

Prophet! said I, thing of evil!prophet still, if

bird or devil!
By that Heaven that bends above usby that
God we both adore
Tell this soul with sorrow laden if, within the
distant Aidenn,
It shall clasp a sainted maiden whom the
angels name Lenore
Clasp a rare and radiant maiden whom the
angels name Lenore.
Quoth the Raven Nevermore.