ESCALATORS AND LIFTS

| Rahul Nair 5th yr. B. ARCH.

ESCALATORS

An escalator is a conveyor
transport device for
transporting people,
consisting of a staircase
whose steps move up or
down on tracks that keep
the surfaces of the
individual steps horizontal.

Modern escalators have

metal steps in a continuous
loop that move on tracks.
Escalators are typically
used in pairs with one going
up and the other going
down, however in some

places, especially European stores and metro

WASHINGTON METRO : WORLDS
station, there are no escalators going down; the
escalators only go up. Some modern escalators in LONGEST ESCALATOR

stores and shopping malls have glass sides that reveal their workings. Although
most escalators are straight, some shopping malls use curved versions.

Most escalators have moving handrails that approximately keep pace with
the movement of the steps. The
direction of movement (up or
down) can be permanently the
same, or be controlled by
personnel according to the
time of day, or automatically
be controlled by whoever
arrives first, whether at the
bottom or at the top (of course
the system is programmed so
that the direction is not
reversed while somebody is on
the escalator). In the last two
cases there has to be an alternative nearby.

ESCALTORS AND LIFTS Page 2

 Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in places where
elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department stores,
shopping malls, airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, and public
buildings.

MODEL SIZES AND OTHER SPECIFICATIONS

STANDARD ESCALATOR STEP WIDTHS

TYPE INCHES MILLIMETERS STEP CAPACITY APPLICATIONS

Very
16 in 400 mm One passenger, with feet together An older design, extremely rare today
small

Low-volume sites, uppermost levels of department

Small 24 in 600 mm One passenger
stores, when space is limited

Medium 32 in 800 mm One passenger + one package or Shopping malls, department stores, smaller airports
one piece of luggage.

36 in 900 mm

Two passengers - one may walk Mainstay of metro systems, larger airports, some
Large 40 in 1000 mm
past another retail usage

OPERATION AND LAYOUT

Escalators, like moving walkways, are powered by constant-speed alternating

current motors and move at approximately 12 feet (0.300.61 m) per second. The
maximum angle of inclination of an escalator to the horizontal floor level is 30
degrees with a standard rise up to about 60 feet (18 m). Modern escalators have
single piece aluminum or steel steps that move on a system of tracks in a
continuous loop.

Escalators have three typical configuration options: parallel (up and down escalators
"side by side or separated by a distance", seen often in multilevel motion picture
theatres), crisscross (minimizes structural space requirements by "stacking"
escalators that go in one direction, frequently used in department stores or shopping
centers), and multiple parallel (two or more escalators together that travel in one
direction next to one or two escalators in the same bank that travel in the other
direction).

ESCALTORS AND LIFTS Page 3

Escalators are required to have moving handrails that keep pace with the movement
of the steps. The direction of movement (up or down) can be permanently the same,
or be controlled by personnel according to the time of day, or automatically be
controlled by whoever arrives first, whether at the bottom or at the top (the system is
programmed so that the direction is not reversed while a passenger is on the
escalator).

CRISSCROSS LAYOUT

MULTIPLE PARALLEL LAYOUT

PARALLEL LAYOUT

DESIGN

A number of factors affect escalator design, including physical requirements,

location, traffic patterns, safety considerations, and aesthetic preferences. Foremost,
physical factors like the vertical and horizontal distance to be spanned must be
considered. These factors will determine the pitch of the escalator and its actual
length. The ability of the building infrastructure to support the heavy components is
also a critical physical
concern. Location is
important because
escalators should be
situated where they can
be easily seen by the
general public. In
department stores,
customers should be able
to view the merchandise
easily. Furthermore, up
and down escalator traffic
should be physically
separated and should not
lead into confined spaces.

ESCALTORS AND LIFTS Page 4

HISTORY

In 1892, Charles A. Wheeler patented ideas for the first practical moving staircase,
though it was never built. Some of its features were incorporated in the prototype
built by the Otis Elevator Company in 1899.

Jesse W. Reno invented the first escalator and installed it as an amusement ride at
Coney Island, New York in 1897. This particular device was little more than an
inclined belt with wooden slats or cleats on the surface for traction. The incline was
as steep as 25. Reno sold this machine to the Otis Elevator Company in 1899, and
together they produced the first commercial escalator which won a first prize at the
Paris 1900 Exposition Universally in France. Some escalators of this vintage were
still being used in the Boston subway until 1994.

Around the same time that Reno's invention appeared, Charles Seeberger
developed a form of escalator as well. This device actually consisted of flat, moving
stairs, not unlike the escalators of today, except for one important detail: the step
surface was smooth, with no comb effect to safely guide the rider's feet off at the
ends. Instead, the passenger had to step off sideways. To facilitate this, at the top or
bottom of the escalator the steps continued moving horizontally beyond the end of
the handrail (like a mini-moving sidewalk) until they disappeared under a triangular
"divider" which guided the passenger to either side. The first escalator installed on
the London Underground was one such Seeberger model; it was located at Earls
Court, London, UK.

For a time, Otis Elevator sold both types of escalator. The company later combined
the best aspects of both the Reno (guiding slats) and Seeberger (flat steps)
inventions and in 1921 produced an escalator of the type used today. These
improvements in design brought the escalator into extensive use in department
stores, banks and metro stations.

The German company Orenstein & Koppel (O&K) would also become a major player
in escalator design and manufacture.

The older lines of the London Underground had many escalators with wooden steps
until they were rapidly replaced following the fire at King's Cross St. Pancras tube
station in 1987. Old escalators with wooden steps are still in use in some places,
however, such as the Tyne Cyclist and Pedestrian Tunnel in Tyne and Wear,
England, the Macy's department store in New York City and the St. Anna Pedestrian
Tunnel underneath the Schelde in Antwerp, Belgium.

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COMPONENTS

LANDING PLATFORMS

These two platforms house the curved sections of the tracks, as well as the
gears and motors that drive the stairs. The top platform contains the motor
assembly and the main drive gear, while the bottom holds the step return idler
sprockets. These sections also anchor the ends of the escalator truss. In
addition, the platforms contain a floor plate and a comb plate. The floor plate
provides a place for the passengers to stand before they step onto the
moving stairs. This plate is flush with the finished floor and is either hinged or
removable to allow easy access to the machinery below. The comb plate is
the piece between the stationary floor plate and the moving step. It is so
named because its edge has a series of cleats that resemble the teeth of a
comb. These teeth mesh with matching cleats on the edges of the steps. This
design is necessary to minimize the gap between the stair and the landing,
which helps prevent objects from getting caught in the gap.
TRUSS
The truss is a hollow metal structure that bridges the lower and upper
landings. It is composed of two side sections joined together with cross
braces across the bottom and just below the top. The ends of the truss are
attached to the top and bottom landing platforms via steel or concrete
supports. The truss carries all the straight track sections connecting the
upper and lower sections.

TRACKS
The track system is built into the truss to guide the step chain, which
continuously pulls the steps from the bottom platform and back to the top in an
endless loop. There are actually two tracks: one for the front wheels of the steps
(called the step-wheel track) and one for the back wheels of the steps (called the
trailer-wheel track). The relative positions of these tracks cause the

ESCALTORS AND LIFTS Page 6

 steps to form a staircase as they move out from under the comb plate. Along
the straight section of the truss the tracks are at their maximum distance
apart. This configuration forces the back of one step to be at a 90-degree
angle relative to the step behind it. This right angle bends the steps into a
shape resembling a staircase. At the top and bottom of the escalator, the two
tracks converge so that the front and back wheels of the steps are almost in a
straight line. This causes the stairs to lay in a flat sheet like arrangement, one
after another, so they can easily travel around the bend in the curved section
of track. The tracks carry the steps down along the underside of the truss until
they reach the bottom landing, where they pass through another curved
section of track before exiting the bottom landing. At this point the tracks
separate and the steps once again assume a staircase configuration. This
cycle is repeated continually as the steps are pulled from bottom to top and
back to the bottom again.

STEPS
The steps themselves are solid, one piece, die-cast aluminum or steel. Yellow
demarcation lines may be added to clearly indicate their edges. In most
escalator models manufactured after 1950, both the riser and the tread of
each step is cleated (given a ribbed appearance) with comb like protrusions
that mesh with the comb plates on the top and bottom platforms and the
succeeding steps in the chain. Seeberger- or "step-type" escalators (see
below) featured flat treads and smooth risers; other escalator models have
cleated treads and smooth risers. The steps are linked by a continuous metal
chain that forms a closed loop. The front and back edges of the steps are
each connected to two wheels. The rear wheels are set further apart to fit into
the back track and the front wheels have shorter axles to fit into the narrower
front track. As described above, the position of the tracks controls the
orientation of the steps.

ESCALTORS AND LIFTS Page 7

HANDRAIL
The handrail provides a convenient handhold for passengers while they are
riding the escalator. In an escalator, the handrail is pulled along its track by a
chain that is connected to the main drive gear by a series of pulleys. It is
constructed of four distinct sections. At the center of the handrail is a "slider",
also known as a "glider ply", which is a layer of a cotton or synthetic textile.
The purpose of the slider layer is to allow the handrail to move smoothly
along its track. The next layer, known as the "tension member", consists of
either steel cable or flat steel tape, and provides the handrail with tensile
strength and flexibility. On top of tension member are the inner construction
components, which are made of chemically treated rubber designed to
prevent the layers from separating. Finally, the outer layerthe only part that
a passenger actually seeis the cover, which is a blend of synthetic
polymers and rubber. This cover is designed to resist degradation from
environmental conditions, mechanical wear and tear, and human vandalism.
In the factory, handrails are constructed by feeding rubber through a
computer-controlled extrusion machine to produce layers of the required
size and type in order to match specific orders. The component layers of
fabric, rubber, and steel are shaped by skilled workers before being fed into
the presses, where they are fused together.
In the mid-twentieth century, some handrail designs consisted of a rubber
bellows, with rings of smooth metal cladding called "bracelets" placed
between each coil. This gave the handrail a rigid yet flexible feel. Additionally,
each bellows section was no more than a few feet long, so if part of the
handrail was damaged, only the bad segment needed to be replaced. These
forms of handrail have largely been replaced with conventional fabric-and-
rubber railings.

ESCALTORS AND LIFTS Page 8

Primary uses and application

The benefits of escalators are many. They have the capacity to move large numbers
of people, and they can be placed in the same physical space as one might install a
staircase. They have no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic), they can
be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits, and they may be
weatherproofed for outdoor use.

When using escalators, it is customary for passengers who wish to stand and let
themselves be carried up or down to stand on one side to allow other users to walk
past them. The observance of this custom varies greatly from place to placethe
rule is more likely to be adhered to on, for example, the long escalators of an
underground transport system than in a department store. Additionally it is customary
to stand on a fixed side, so that walking people do not have to zigzag. The side for
standing also varies, and does not necessarily correspond with the rules of the road:
on the London Underground, and Washington Metro, and in Hong Kong, one stands
on the right; in Singapore and Australia on the left. The side for standing can also
vary within a country. E.g. in Japan, one stands on the left in Tokyo but on the right
in Osaka. In the Montreal Metro, while walking on escalators is theoretically
forbidden, this rule is scarcely observed and not at all enforced, and passengers tend
to stand on the right.

For fun, people sometimes use an escalator in the opposite direction, climbing up or
down the stairs faster than it moves. This can cause inconvenience for other users,
so is wisest attempted during quiet periods.

Sometimes escalators help in controlling traffic flow of people. For example, an

escalator to an exit effectively discourages most people from using it as an entrance;
hence it does not require a regular ticket check. As with turnstile jumping, this can be
physically defeated by someone able-bodied and determined to do so, but at the
price of making themselves conspicuous: the level of vigilance required to prevent
this is therefore much lower.

Similarly, escalators are sometimes used as the exit of an airport secure area. Such
an exit would generally be manned to prevent its use as an entrance.

ESCALTORS AND LIFTS Page 9

LIFTS
An elevator is a transport device used to move goods or people vertically. It is a
vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a
building. They are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction
cables and counterweight systems, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical
piston.

PRINCIPLE

Lifts began as simple rope or chain hoists. A lift is essentially a platform that is either
pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern day lift consists of a cab
(also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space
called a shaft or sometimes a "hoist way". In the past, lift drive mechanisms were
powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a "traction" lift, cars are pulled up
by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a
sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight.
Sometimes two lifts always move synchronously in opposite directions, and they are
each other's counterweight.

The friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this
type of lift its name.

Hydraulic lift use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to
pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped
Hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower
cars. Recent innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-
less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.

Which technology is used in new installations depends on a variety of factors.

Hydraulic lifts are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length
becomes impractical for very high lift hoist ways. For buildings of much over seven
ESCALTORS AND LIFTS Page 10
stories, traction lift must be employed instead. Hydraulic lifts are usually slower
than traction lifts.

Lifts are a candidate for mass customization. There are economies to be made from
mass production of the components, but each building comes with its own
requirements like different number of floors, dimensions of the well and usage
patterns.

Elevator doors protect building tenants from falling into the shaft. The most common
configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally.
In a cascading configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited
space), the doors run on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked
behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side.

TYPES OF LIFT

There are a wide variety of lifts available in market for vertical movement of
people and other goods. These include:

Passenger Lifts: The passenger lifts are designed in a manner so as to effectively

serve the multi-storied buildings where the lifts need to have a high capacity so that
a large number of people can be moved quickly.
Panoramic Lifts: Also known as the capsule lifts, they offer a good view of the outer
side of the lift. These are mostly used in shopping malls and other modern buildings
and are available in one side, three side, five side and circular panels.
Home Lifts: Designed to serve the modern residential buildings, the home
elevators give a futuristic look to stylish homes.
Dumb Waiters: These lifts are used in situations (for example, kitchens) when there
is need of light lifting solutions.
Stretcher Lifts: these are Ideal for the modern hospitals and the nursing homes, the
stretcher lifts are designed in a manner to fit in a stretcher along with the required
medical equipment.
Car lifts (Traction Elevator): The car lifts are mostly needed by car manufacturers,
dealers, movers and packers, multi-storey car parking facilities.

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Goods Lifts (Freight Elevator): These lifts are used for the high rise factories and
other buildings where there is need of vertical movement of goods. goods lifts are
resistant to corrosion and fire.
MRL- Machines Roomless Lifts are unique type of lifts which can be used in limited
space and also can be used at areas where height is an issue and machine room is
not available.

An express elevator does not serve all floors. For example, it moves between
the ground floor and a skylobby, or it moves from the ground floor or a skylobby to
a range of floors, skipping floors in between. These are especially popular in
eastern Asia.

TYPE {mechanism based}

There are three types of elevator equipment in general use today. With modern
equipment from a reputable manufacturer, the quality of ride should be about
the same.

1. Hydraulic elevators. These are moved by a hydraulic piston device, and are
generally used in low-rise, low speed applications, including commercial buildings
of four floors or less and residential buildings of six floors or less.

2. Geared-traction elevators. These are moved by hoist cables driven by a

geared reduction unit, and are generally used in midrise, mid-speed applications,
such as commercial buildings of nine floors or less and residential buildings of 18
floors or less.

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3. Gearless-traction elevators. These are moved by hoist cables driven directly by
a large-frame motor, and are generally used for high-rise, high-speed applications,
such as commercial buildings over nine floors and residential buildings over 18
floors.

SPEED

The required speed will affect the type of equipment selected. The taller the
building, the higher the speed needed and also the higher the cost. Suggested
speed ranges are:

Hydraulic

Three floors or less: 100 feet per minute

Six floors or less: 150 feet per minute

Geared-traction

Five floors or less: 200 feet per minute

Nine floors or less: 350 feet per minute
Eighteen floors or less: 450 feet per minute

Gearless-traction

Fifteen floors or less: 500 feet per minute

Fifteen to 25 floors: 700 feet per minute
Above 25 floors: 1,000 plus feet per minute

ESCALTORS AND LIFTS Page 13

SIZE

The size of an elevator depends upon its rated carrying capacity, which is
determined by the net inside area according to the requirements of the national
elevator code, ANSI A17.1. The industry over the years has established
certain standard elevator car sizes. While it is not obligatory to use these
standard measurements, they offer cost advantages.

Consider the use of the elevator when selecting a size. Office and residential
elevators are designed to carry people and have a shape that is wider than it is
deep. This helps keep passengers near the doors and reduces transfer time.
Healthcare facilities usually require this same passenger shape for moving
pedestrian traffic, but also need larger cars for moving patients and equipment. In
larger commercial or residential buildings, elevators may also need to
accommodate frequent moving of materials, such as furniture, building materials,
etc. In this case, at least one elevator should be larger, similar to a hospital elevator
in shape and size.

Standard Lift Dimensions (all in mm)

Capacity Kgs Car Size Pit/HRoom Shaft Size

4 Person 300 800 X 1100 1200 X 3400 1450 X 1500
5 Person 350 850 X 1200 1200 X 3400 1500 X 1600
6 Person 450 950 X 1300 1200 X 3400 1600 X 1700
* 8 Person 630 1100 X 1400 1200 X 3400 1800 X 1800
11 Person 880 1400 X 1500 1400 X 3500 2100 X 1900
13 Person 1050 1100 X 2100 1500 X 3500 1900 X 2500
13 Person 1050 1500 X 1500 1500 X 3500 2150 X 1900
21 Person 1500 1500 X 2200 1500 X 3600 1900 X 2900
24 Person 1800 1600 X 2500 1600 X3750 2000 X 3200

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The following are suggested inside dimensions and rated capacities:

Office buildings: 6 feet 8 inches wide by 5 feet 5 inches deep; 3,500 pounds.

Apartment buildings: 6 feet 8 inches wide by 4 feet 3 inches deep;

2,500 pounds
Hotels/motels: 6 feet 8 inches wide by 5 feet 5 inches deep; 3,500 pounds.
Service elevators: 5 feet 4 inches wide by 8 feet 5 inches deep; 4,500 pounds.

Hospital passenger elevators: 6 feet 8 inches wide by 5 feet 5 inches deep;

3,500 pounds.
Hospital vehicle elevators: 5 feet 9 inches wide by 10 feet deep; 6,000 pounds.

QUANTITY

There are thumb rules to determine the number of elevators required:

Office buildings:

1. One elevator is required for every 45,000 net usable square feet. The ratio of the
number of floors to the number of elevators should be two to one or two and a half to
one, depending on the occupancy of the building. The more dense the population,
the more elevators needed.
2. The number of elevators in a single group should not exceed eight and no single
group should serve more than 16 levels.
3. In buildings of four to eight floors, a separate service elevator should be
considered. Over nine floors, a service elevator is virtually required.
4. Upper-floor, special-use areas, such as cafeterias, mail rooms, transfer
bridges, etc., can increase the required number of elevators.

Hotels/motels:

1. Provide one elevator for every 75 rooms with a minimum of one elevator up
to three floors. Do not exceed 150 feet from farthest room to elevator.
2. When room service is provided, allow for one separate service elevator for
every two passenger elevators.
3. Special-functions, meeting rooms, or lobby areas above entry level can increase
the number of elevators.

Apartment / Condominium/Dormitory

1. One elevator for every 90 units with a maximum distance of 150 feet from
elevators to the most distant unit.
2. Urban locations or high-price units might require one elevator for every 60 units.
3. Make one elevator oversize (at least 3,500 pounds) to accommodate furniture.
In buildings 10 floors or more, consider a separate service elevator.

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Healthcare facilities

1. This type of building requires specific evaluation due to the many types of facilities
and specialized uses.
2. In buildings with consistent staff and visitor traffic, consider separate
passenger elevators.
3. Provide one passenger and one service/patient elevator for every 100 beds and
bassinets in a general hospital. In all healthcare facilities, at least two elevators
must be provided.
4. Additional elevators may be required if the building is located in an urban
area and/or two or more visitors per bed are expected.
5. Additional elevators may be required if operating areas, cafeterias;
laundry, central supplies, etc. are on upper levels.

Elevators are usually installed in a building

during construction. Renovations (mostly
referred to as Modernizations in the
industry) may consist of replacements for
hoist way (floor landing) doors, car doors,
interior cab finishes, controls, all hoist way
wiring and cab wiring, hoist machines,
governors, hydraulic pistons and hall
fixtures. At times renovations may also
include replacement of the entire cab
itself. In many instances the upgrading of
components may require additional code
compliance.

MANUFACTURERS OF ELEVATORS

ThyssenKrupp (acquired Dover

Elevator Systems in 1999, the second
largest elevator manufacturer in the world)
Fujitec (Smallest major brand
elevator company)
Hitachi Elevator
KONE (Fourth largest elevator manufacturer, acquired Fiam Elevator in
1987, Montgomery Elevator in 1994.)
Mitsubishi Electric Elevator Division (maintained by its Ryoden
subsidiary in some locales)
Elevators Mais System Elevators
Otis (World's largest elevator company. Acquired The Express Lifts in 1999.)
Schindler Group (Third largest elevator manufacturer, acquired
Westinghouse Elevator in 1989)
Richmond Elevator (Largest elevator company in Vancouver, Canada)
1/6/1894;Elevators Made By the Graves Elevator Company Rochester N. Y.
Toshiba (installed elevators at Taipei 101)

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ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

1. Problem identification

Inadequate space inside the elevator cab.

High position of switches, buttons and control panel.
Narrow entry doors.
Insufficient opening time interval.

2. Planning
principle

To provide
well-dimensioned elevators, that disabled
people can use conveniently.

3. Design considerations

The accessible elevator should serve all

floors normally reached by the public.

Key-operated elevators should be used

only in private facilities or when an elevator operator is present.

Wide elevator cabs are preferable to long ones.

ELEVATOR CAB

The minimum internal elevator dimensions, allowing for one wheelchair passenger
alone, are 1.00 m x
1.30 m

The door
opening should not
be less than 0.80
m.

The inside of the

elevator should
have a handrail on
three sides
mounted 0.80 to 0.85 m from the floor (fig. 2).

The maximum tolerance for stop precision should be 20 mm.

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CONTROL PANEL

The control panel can be mounted at one of the alternative locations shown in
figure 3.

For ease of reach, the control panel should be mounted 0.90 m to 1.20 m from the
floor (fig. 2).

Control buttons should be in an accessible location and illuminated. their diameter

should be no smaller than 20 mm.

The numerals on the floor selector buttons should be embossed so as to be easily

identifiable by touch.

CALL BUTTONS

For ease of reach, call buttons should be mounted 0.90 m to 1.20 m from the floor
(fig. 4). 3.5 floor identifiers

Tactile numerals should be placed on both sides of the door jambs at an

approximate height of 1.50 m to help a lone sightless passenger to identify the floor
reached (fig. 4). 3.6 hall signal

The elevator hall signal should be placed at an approximate height of 1.80 m (fig.
4).

DOOR RE-OPENING ACTIVATORS

The door opening interval should be no less than five seconds. Re-opening
activators should be provided.

AUDIOVISUAL SIGNALS

The elevator should signal arrival at each floor by means of a bell and a light to
alert sightless and hearing-impaired passengers simultaneously.

FLOOR SURFACE

The floor of the elevator and the area in front of the elevetor on each floor should
have a non skid resilient surface or a low-pile fixed carpet.

COLOUR

The colour of the elevator door should contrast with the surrounding surface
so as to be easily distinguishable by persons with visual impairments.

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4. Existing constructions

The minimum acceptable size of an existing elevator cab, allowing for a single
wheelchair passenger, is 0.95 m x 1.25 m.
smaller cabs should be replaced.

The minimum acceptable width of an

existing elevator door opening is 0.75 m.

Call buttons and control panels mounted

higher than the recommended height may be
left in place if they are within 1.40 m of the
floor, this being the maximum reaches of a
wheelchair user.

Controls mounted higher than 1.40 m

should be replaced.

Where there are two identical control

panels, only one need be replaced.

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