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1. Conservation of mass
2. Conservation of Momentum
3. Continuum hypothesis
Specific Volume
Reciprocal of Density
Vs = 1/
FLUID PROPERTIES
Specific Weight
Weight per unit volume
g=*g
Specific Gravity
Ratio of the specific weight of the substance
to the specific weight of water
S = gfluid/gwater
FLUID PROPERTIES
PROPERTY WATER AIR
Density 1000 kg/m3 1.205 kg/m3
COMMON PROPERTIES OF
WATER AND AIR
A certain liquid whose
volume is 2.025 cubic
meters weighs 28250
N. Calculate its , ,Vs,
and S.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A body has a mass of 2 slugs in a
place where g = 9.81 m/s2. What
is its mass in slugs when g = 9.79
m/s2?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Pressure
Normal force per unit area
p = F/A
or p = gh
Where h is the pressure
head
FLUID PROPERTIES
A pressure head of 5 m is
equivalent to a pressure of
_______.
Sample Problem
To convert pressure head of in
meters of fluid A to pressure head
in meters of fluid B
SA
hB * hA
SB
PRESSURE HEAD
Ten meters of oil is how
many centimeters of
glycerine?
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Shear Stress
encountered in motion of all
real fluids
Viscosity
Resisting property of a fluid to
a shearing force
FLUID PROPERTIES
VISCOSITY
Dynamic viscosity
du
*( )
dy
Kinematic Viscosity
A liquid has a viscosity of
0.005 kg/m*s and a density of
850 kg/m . Calculate the
3
SAMPLE PROBLEM
Compressibility
change in volume of a
substance that is subjected to a
change in pressure on it
p
E
(V / V )
Fluid Properties
Compressibility
Perfect gas equation
pVs RT
R 8312
M
p1
p2
1 n
2 n
Fluid Properties
Surface Tension
surface energy per unit area of
interface (N/m)
pressure changes occur across a
curved surface due to surface
tension
p is related to the radius of
curvature R and surface tension
Fluid Properties
Capillarity
The rise or fall of liquids in a small
diameter tube due to molecular
attraction (cohesion and adhesion)
2 cos
h
R
Fluid Properties
If the surface tension at air-water interface
is 0.073 N/m, what is the pressure difference
between the inside and outside of an air
bubble of diameter 0.01 mm?
Sample Problems
A clean tube of internal diameter 3 mm
is immersed I n a liquid with coefficient
of surface tension = 0.48 N/m. The angle
of contact of the liquid with the glass can
be assumed to be 130. The density of
the liquid is 13,600 kg/m3. What would
be the level of the liquid in the tube
relative to the free surface of the liquid
outside the tube?
Sample Problems
No motion of a fluid relative to adjacent
layers
FLUID STATICS
Fluid pressure at a point is the same in
all direction
Points of the same elevation have the
same pressure
Pressure increases as you go down
The linear variation of pressure with
depth below the free surface is known
as the hydrostatic pressure distribution
Pressure at a Point
Absolute Pressure
pressure measured above the absolute pressure
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
Mechanical Gauges
Bourdon Gauge
Liquid Gauges
Manometers
Piezoelectric Gauges
Transducers
PRESSURE MEASURING
DEVICES
Sample Problems
The change in pressure
depends only on the change
in elevation within the fluid
and the type of fluid, not in
the size or shape of the fluid
container
PASCALS PARADOX
Horizontal Surface
SAMPLE PROBLEM
A body immersed in a fluid experiences a vertical buoyant
force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces
A floating body displaces its own weight in the fluid in
which it floats
Free liquid surface
F1
h1 F1
h2
F2
BUOYANCY
The net force due to pressure in the vertical direction is:
FB = F2- F1 = (Pbottom - Ptop) (xy)
Buoyancy
King Hero ordered a new crown to be made
from pure gold. When he received the crown
he suspected that other metals had been
used in its construction. Archimedes
discovered that the crown required a force of
4.7# to suspend it when immersed in water,
and that it displaced 18.9 in3 of water. He
concluded that the crown was not pure gold.
Do you agree?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
An iceberg having specific
gravity equal to 0.92 floats in
sea water ( S = 1.03). If 3.08 m 3
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Immersed Bodies
M = 0 requires that the centers of gravity and buoyancy coincide, i.e., C = G and
body is neutrally stable
I oo
GM CG
V
Ioo= moment of inertia
of waterplane area
about centerplane axis
GM > 0 Stable
GM < 0 Unstable
FLUIDS IN RIGID-BODY
MOTION
Acceleration
ax
tan
ay g
a
p h * 1
g
p
(a y g )
y
R
2 2
z h1
2g
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Water stands in a U-tube
as shown. If the tube is
rotated about an eccentric
axis at 8 rad/s, what are
the new heights of water in
the tube?
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Or
Q1 Q2
A1v1 A2 v2
CONTINUITY EQUATION
Energy (and Bernoulli) Equation
Sample Problems
Sample Problems
MOMENTUM EQUATION
Water jet is defluted 60 by a stationary
vane.
Incoming jet:
Diameter = 1 inch
Speed = 100 ft/s
Sample Problem
Oil passes a 60 bend on a horizontal
plane. If the flow rate is 1cms and the
pressure at the inlet flange is 25 kPa.
Determine the components of the
resultant force transmitted to the flange.
The pipe diameter is 45 cm and the
specific gravity of soil is 0.84. Neglect all
head losses.
Sample Problem