Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
El Desarrollo de la mentalizacin y su
rol en la psicopatologa y psicoterapia
(Technical Report No. 02-0048)
Quizs uno no debera llamarla teora, ya que esto evoca pretensiones muy
fuertes acerca de ser teoras como las de la ciencia. Sin embargo, hay buenas
razones para darle esta potente etiqueta para enfatizar que cada concepto
mental en particular obtiene su significado no en insolacin sino slo como
un elemento entre un esquema explicatorio de conceptos, esto es, una teora.
Niveles de representacin
que saltan una barrera como si quisieran alcanzar una meta, pero
muestran inters cuando la pelota salta a propsito un espacio vaco.
1
La traduccin de la palabra attachment es muy difcil, pero con unin me refiero a las relaciones que
involucran cario o apego a la otra persona, no son relaciones con desconocidos.
9
Perspectiva evolutiva
Entendimiento emocional
Atencin comn
Similarmente, las madres de nios con unin segura tienden a tratar mejor
a sus hijos como mentes individuales, mostrando sensibilidad a sus niveles
actuales de entendimiento, usando trminos de estados mentales en su
interaccin con ellos, y as sucesivamente. Meins y sus colegas notaron una
sinergia aqu, siempre y cuando la mentalizacin fomente la unin segura, y
la unin segura realce las interacciones que fomenten la mentalizacin. La
unin segura permite a los nios que tengan el espacio mental para explorar
las vidas mentales de otros.
14
2
No aparece la traduccin de esa palabra.
16
Sobre las bases de los estudios de neuro imaginacin, Lane propuso que las
cortezas anterior cingulate rostral y la prefrontal media pueden ser el lugar
geomtrico de las representaciones de los estados emocionales. Luego
propuso que la corteza anterior cingulate dorsal refleja un conocimiento
fenomenal (implcito) de emociones y que la anterior cingulate rostral est
involucrada con el conocimiento reflexivo (explcito). En contraste, propuso
que la corteza prefrontal media est involucrada en la representacin de los
estados mentales de otras personas.
Lateralizacin
Neuronas espejo
Esto significa que cuando voy a ejecutar una accin dada puedo predecir sus
consecuencias. A travs de un proceso de equivalencia motora puedo usar
esta informacin tambin para predecir las consecuencias de las acciones
ejecutadas por otros. Este proceso de simulacin motora implcito,
automtico e inconciente permite al observador usar sus propios recursos
para penetrar en el mundo del otro sin la necesidad de teorizar sobre ello...
cuando observo a otros individuos que actan puedo reconocerlos
inmediatamente como agentes dirigidos a una meta igual que yo.
Modularidad
Conclusiones
Alguna evidencia sugiere que la corteza anterior cingulate juega un rol clave
en la mentalizacin de uno mismo, por lo menos en el dominio de los estados
emocionales. Como se dijo anteriormente, Lane propone que las
representaciones implcitas de uno mismo (i.e., el auto conocimiento
fenomenal) puede estar localizado en el anterior cingulate dorsal y que las
representaciones explicitas de uno mismo (i.e., reflexin) pueden estar
localizada en la anterior cingulate rostral. En contraste, los descubrimientos
intrigantes respecto de las neuronas espejo sugieren que las
representaciones de uno mismo y de otros concerniente a la interpretacin
de las acciones intencionales que promueven la mentalizacin en virtud del
circuito anatmico compartido.
Hay mucha literatura sobre los dficit de la mentalizacin en los nios con
autismo y con el sndrome de Asperger. La evidencia sugiere que la
debilitacin neurobiolgica de los precursores cognitivos claves de la
mentalizacin explican estos desrdenes. Otros han explorado el rol de los
dficit de la mentalizacin en la esquizofrenia conceptualizado como un
dficit de neuro desarrollo. En contraste, hemos explorado caminos
sicosociales de los dficit de la mentalizacin. Hemos propuesto que los
individuos con una historia de unin desorganizada e insegura, en los cuales
las fundaciones de la mentalizacin implcita eran establecidas pobremente,
son particularmente vulnerables a desafos subsecuentes de desarrollo.
Especficamente, el maltrato puede socavar el desarrollo de las capacidades
mentalizadoras y llevar a la re-emergencia de modos de representacin del
mundo interno que antecede la equivalencia mentalizacin-squica y la
pretensin.
Trauma
3
Borderline = frontera, lnea divisoria. No s si lo llaman as, por lo menos esa es la traduccin literal.
26
Depresin
Sumario
Cualquiera sea el contenido del dialogo, una gran parte del proceso de la
mentalizacin implcita es no verbal. Por cierto hay mucho ms pasando
interactivamente que jams podramos explicar con palabras. Nuestro foco
explcito es altamente selectivo, mientras que la mentalizacin implcita es
relativamente ilimitada. Considerando los cambios de imagen que tienes
dinmicamente de tu paciente y los procesos de la mirada social-cognitiva
que t y tu paciente emplean en el proceso de mentalizar a otros y a ti
mismo. Aqu nos referimos al contacto visual y aversin a la mirada,
expresiones faciales y vocales de un arsenal de emociones marcadas y reales,
gestos y posturas, todo en movimiento dinmico e interactivo. Cuando hay
34
Conclusiones
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