CHI-SQUARE TEST

St. Paul University Philippines

Tuguegarao City

CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION
Unlike the normal and Student-t
distribution, the Chi-Square distribution is
not symmetric.
The values of the Chi-Square distribution
can be 0 or positive, but they can not be
negative.
The Chi-Square distribution is different for
each number of degrees of freedom.
CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION
The Goodness-of-fit test is used to test the
hypothesis that an observed frequency fits
(or conforms ) to some claimed theoretical
distribution.
The Test Statistic for Goodness-of-Fit Tests
is 2 = (O - E)2 / E

Contingency Tables
A contingency table (or two-way table) is a
table in which frequencies correspond to
two variables. (One variable is used to
categorize rows, and a second variable is
used to categorize columns). A test of
independence tests the null hypothesis that
the row variable and column variable in a
contingency table are not related.
 ASSUMPTIONS
When working with data in the form of a
contingency table, we test the null
hypothesis that the row variable and the
column variable are independent and the
following assumptions apply:
the sample data are randomly selected.
For every cell in the contingency table, the
expected frequency E is at least 5

Test Statistic for a Test of

Independence
2 = (O - E)2 / E
Critical Values
Tests of independence with contingency tables
involve only right-tailed critical regions.
In a contingency table with r rows and c
columns, the number of degrees of freedom is
given by df = (r - 1) (c - 1)
 Expected Frequency for a
Contingency Table

(row total)(column total)

Expected Freq. E = --------------------------------
grand total

Example
Test the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between
the sex of employees and their job satisfaction level if in a certain
company in Makati, the following results were obtained.
Job Satisfaction level
Sex low medium high total
male 45 60 55 160

female 9 10 10 129

Total 54 70 65 189
 Solution
1. Ho: There is no significant relationship between
sex and job satisfaction level of 189 employees.

Ha: There is a significant relationship between sex

and job satisfaction level of 189 employees.

2. = .05 since the significance level is not specified

3. chi(x2) test

4. To find the tabular value

Degrees of freedom = (row classification - 1)
(column - 1)
df = (r - 1) (c - 1)
r= 2, since sex is classified as male or
female
c= 3, since job satisfaction level is
classified low medium and high
df = (2 - 1) (3- 1) = 2
 4. To find the tabular value
tabular value = 5.99 with = .05 (found in
the appendix of chi square table)

5. Computation
A. Compute for the expected frequency (fe)
Formul
(row total) (column total)
Expected Freq. E = --------------------------------
grand total

fe (45)=(160)(54)/189 = 45.71
fe (9)=(129)(54)/189 = 8.29
fe (60)=(160)(70)/189 = 59.26
fe (10)=(129)(570)/189 =10.74
fe (55)=(160)(65)/189 = 55.03
fe (10)=(129)(65)/189 = 9.97
 Observed frequency with the
corresponding expected
frequency

Observed 45 9 60 10 55 10
frequency

Expected 45.71 8.29 59.26 10.74 55.03 9.97

frequency

X2 value
B. Compute for the X2 value
Formula:
2 = (observed frequency expected frequency) 2 / expected
frequency
= (O - E)2 / E
2

2 = 0.13
 6. Decision

Since the computed value is 0.13 less

than the tabular value 5.99 accept Ho.
This means the that there is a significant
relationship between sex and job
satisfaction level of 189 employees.

ASSIGNMENT

Solve the following problem by

following the steps sequencially.
 ASSIGNMENT
Test the hypothesis if
hypertension is related to the
drinking habits among 200 male
respondents in a certain locality
as shown below.

ASSIGNMENT

Non - Moderate Heavy Total

Drinkers Drinkers Drinker
s
With 22 42 54 118
hypertension
Without 45 22 15 82
hypertension
Total 67 64 69 200