The main focus of this training is statistical analysis,

which involves both descriptive statistics and

inferential statistics.

The major concern of descriptive statistics is to
present information in a convenient, usable, and
understandable form.

Descriptive statistics is used to describe a set of
data in terms of its frequency of occurrence, its
central tendency, and its dispersion.

 Inferential statistics, on the other hand, is not

concerned with just describing the obtained
data.
 It addresses the problem of making broader
generalizations or inferences from sample data
to population.
 This is the more complicated part of statistical
analysis.
 A basic aim of inferential statistics is to use the
sample scores for hypothesis testing.

It stands for Statistical Product and Service Solutions.

It originally stands for Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences.

Now renamed as PASW (Predictive Analytics
Software)

It is a comprehensive system for analyzing data.

It can take data from almost any type of file and use
them to generate tabulated reports, charts and plots of
distributions and trends, descriptive statistics, and
complex statistical analyses.

 PASW (formerly SPSS) is a computer

program used for statistical analysis.
 Before 2009, it was called SPSS, but in
2009 it was re-branded as PASW
(Predictive Analytics SoftWare). The
company announced July 28, 2009 that
it was being acquired by IBM for US$1.2
billion.
* http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPSS Accessed Nov 19, 2009
 Its 1st version was released in 1968 after being
developed by Norman H. Nie and C. Hadlai Hull.
Norman Nie was then a political science postgraduate
at Stanford University, and now Research Professor in
the Department of Political Science at Stanford and
Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the
University of Chicago.
 SPSS is among the most widely used programs for
statistical analysis in social science. It is used by market
researchers, health researchers, survey companies,
government, education researchers, marketing
organizations and others.

SPSS Base

SPSS Advanced Model
 When a researcher is ready to test a
specific hypothesis generated from
a theory or to answer a research
question posed, he or she is faced
with the task of choosing an
appropriate statistical procedure.

 First, for any hypothesis posited, the statistical

procedure chosen must offer a legitimate test of
the hypothesis; otherwise, no meaningful
interpretation of the results can be made.
 Second, choosing an inappropriate statistical
procedure can also mean choosing a less-than-
robust test that fails to detect significant
differences between group scores or significant
relationships between pairs of variables.
1. the nature of the hypothesis
2.the levels of measurement of
the variables to be tested

Test of Difference
Test of Relationship
A population is the complete collection
of elements (scores, people,
measurements, and so on) to be
studied.
A sample is a sub-collection of elements
drawn from a population.
A parameter is a numerical measurement
describing some characteristic of a
population.
A statistic is a numerical measurement
describing some characteristic of a
sample.

Qualitative (or categorical or attribute) data can be

separated into different categories that are
distinguished by some non-numerical characteristic.

Quantitative data consist of numbers representing
counts or measurements.
g Discrete data result from either a finite
number of possible values or a countable
number of possible values. (That is, the
number of possible values is 0, 1, 2 or more)
g Continuous data result from infinitely many
possible values that can be associated with
points on a continuous scale in such a way
that there are no gaps or interruptions.
 The nominal level of measurement is characterized by
data that consists of names, labels, or categories only.
The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme.
 Example: gender, civil status, blood type, food
preference, etc.

The ordinal level of measurement involves data that

may be arranged in some order, but differences
between data values either cannot be determined or
are meaningless.

Example: nutrition status; level of consciousness;
nurses rank

The interval level of measurement is like the ordinal
level, with the additional property that meaningful
amounts of differences between data can be
determined. However, there are no inherent
(natural) zero starting point.

Example: body temperature, year (1955, 1843, 1776,
1123, etc.)

 The ratio level of measurement is the interval

modified to include the inherent zero starting point.
For values at this level, differences and ratios are
meaningful.
 Example: participants age, height , weight, fluid
intake, etc.