TIMBER

LECTURE - 2
 Types of timber physical properties seasoning, conversion, defects decay and
preservation of timber Industrial timber plywood block, particle
and fibre board Drawings on types of wooden joineries window,
doors and ventilators its construction details
LUMBER:
The sawed wood meant for construction in the form of boards is called
lumber.
Prepared scientifically to attain desired shape, appearance and strength
Softwood Types of Trees
Hardwood Exogenous Trees - These trees grow outward.
Plywood Endogenous Trees - These trees grow Inward
Veneer
Softwoods Hardwoods
Fiber Board
Produced from cone baring
trees
Exogenous Trees Produced by broad leaved trees
Coniferous Soft Woods Needle like leaves

Deciduous Hard Woods

Poor fire resistance High fire resistance

Example: Pine, Cedar Example: Ebony, Teak

 TYPES OF TIMBER PRODUCTS
Timber

Natural solid timber Engineered timber products

Fiber Particle Block

Plywood boards Laminates Veneers
boards board
Veneer
Thin slice or sheet of wood - cover (something) with a decorative layer of fine wood.
Glued onto core panels (typically, wood, particle board or medium-density Fiberboard) to produce flat panels such
as doors, tops and panels for cabinets, parquet floors and parts of furniture.
Thin sheet of wood, 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm in thickness obtained by different
knife cutting process.
Rotary veneers
Cutting sliced veneers
Types:
Natural
Dyed
Recon / Artificial
A Veneer sheet
Plywood
Plywood is an assemblage of wood veneers bonded together to produce a
flat sheet. While it can be tailored to suit an extensive range of applications,
the normal product consists of at least 3 plies, with the grain in the
alternate plies running at right angles. Prepared by sticking thin layers of woods
or veneers .
Thickness varies from 2.5mm, 4mm, 6mm to 19mm, 25mm
Sizes available are * , * , * , * , * a d *
There are four groupings of plywood products, with each group designed for
specific applications:
Structural - Structural plywood is used in permanent structures like form
work, flooring, bracing and manufactured beams.
Exterior - External plywood is used in External Applications that are not
subject to loads, such as exterior door skins, signs and cladding.
Interior - Internal plywood is used in interior structures that are
aesthetically appealing and do not need to bear weight, such as wall
panelling, furniture, ceiling linings and interior door skins.
Marine - Marine plywood is meant for use in marine applications, such as
the hulls of boats and yachts. It minimizes potential water damage.
 Special types of plywood
Flexible Plywood
Also called as flexi ply
Can easily be rolled up
Used for creating round and curved shaped
furniture
FR grade: Fire Retardant
Used in places where fire risks have to be
reduced
Surface is treated with fire resisting
chemicals
Termite-Resistant and Borer-proof
Offers protection from external pests that
can destroy the wood.
Structural Plywood
Suitable for construction applications where
structural stability is required
Concrete Shuttering Plywood
It has a shiny phenolic film over the surface
Used to create wooden moulds for concrete
casing
 Properties of Plywood
Leading brands of plywood in India:
Century Plyboards (India) Ltd.
Greenply Industries Ltd.
National Plywood Industries Ltd.
Sarda Plywood Industries Ltd.
Mayur Plywood
Kitply Industries Ltd.
Thickness available
MR grade (Moisture Resistant): 3, 4, 6, 8, 12,
15, 18, 21, 25 mm
BWR grade (Boiling Water Resistant): 4, 6, 9,
12, 16, 19, 25 mm
Shuttering plywood: 6, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25
mm
Sizes available (in sq. feet)
8x4 , 8x3 , 7x4 , 7x3 , 6x4 , 6x3
Indian Standards Specifications
IS: 303 - MR Plywood, BWP/BWR Plywood,
Flexi Ply
IS: 710 - Marine Plywood
IS: 10701 - Structural plywood
IS: 5509-1980 - Fire Retardant Plywood
IS: 4990 - Shuttering Plywood
 Market Rates of Plywood
Commercial Waterproof Regular
Thickness Plywood Plywood Plywood

Rs.84 Rs.46
18mm Rs.54

Rs.51 Rs.78 Rs.42

16mm

Rs.42 Rs.57 Rs.38

12mm

Rs.38 Rs.48 Rs.33

9mm

Rs.29 Rs.39 Rs.24

6mm
Fiber Board
Known as pressed wood or reconstructed wood
Types:
Low Density Fiber Board (LDF)
Medium Density Fiber Board (MDF)
High Density Fiber Board (HDF)

Mdf is more common out of the two.

Made from wood fibres
Wood fibres are mixed with glue and go through a hot-
press machine.
The Indian Standards quality specification:
IS:12406 and IS:14857
Uses:
Used for making better quality ready made
often used in loudspeaker enclosures
used for custom-made requirements such as for making
wardrobe doors and for the shutters of kitchen
cabinets.
TIMBER JOINERY DETAILS
Windows & Doors
JOINERY
The process of connecting or joining two pieces of wood together
through the use of various forms of wood joints.
In basic materials processing, common forms of joinery include
dovetail joints, mortise-and-tenon joints, biscuit joints, lap joints, and
Butt joints spline joints.
Dovetail Joint
Joining two boards in which
alternating slots (or tails) and
protrusions (or pins), each
resembling in shape the v-shaped
outline of a bird's tail, are snugly
fitted together, thus increasing the
gluing area.
Produces a joint that, even
without glue, can be difficult to
pull apart.
Regarded as one of the strongest
and most reliable forms of wood
joinery.
Mortise-and-Tenon Joint
A joinery technique where the cut end
(tenon) from one board fits into the
matching opening (mortise) of
another.
Mortise (definition)
An opening chiseled, drilled or routed into a
board to receive the end of an intersecting board.
The opening or socket that receives the tenon in
the classic woodworker's mortise-and-tenon
joint.
The female part of a mortise-and-tenon joint.

Tenon (definition)
The end of a board, cut to a specific size and
shape, that is inserted into the mortise, or
opening, in a second board.
The male part of a mortise-and-tenon joint.
Dado Joint
A joint where one piece is grooved
to receive the piece which forms
the other part of the joint.

Dado (definition)
A groove which is cut across the grain
to receive the butt end or edge of a
second piece.
Miter Joint
The woodworking joint created
when two boards are cut at an
angle to one another.

The most common miter joint is

the 45-degree miter such as the
cuts used to build square or
rectangular picture frames.
Biscuit Joint
A butt joint that is reinforced with
football- or lozenge-shaped wooden
"biscuits."
Biscuits are usually made from
compressed wood, frequently birch
wood.
When the biscuit comes into contact
with glue in the biscuit slot, it swells
thus creating a tighter joint.
Sometimes called a plate joint.
 Lap Joint
A joint where one piece of wood is
crossed over another.
BUTT JOINT
An easy but often weak technique for joining two boards
together simply by gluing and pressing two flat surfaces
together.
Typically made by gluing an end to an adjoining flat surface.
Rabbet Joint
A joi e y tech i ue he e a L
groove across the end of the edge
of one piece of wood fits into a
edge or end of another board with
a L g oo e.

Rabbet (definition)
A rectangular, stepped recess cut
along the edge of a section of wood.
(May be used as a verb or noun.)
Finger Joint
A joinery technique used mostly in
i dust y he e s all fi ge s a e
cut into corresponding pieces that
will be joined together.

Finger joints are used to making

wide boards, in extending the
length of dimensional lumber, and
in laminated construction.
Joinery Reinforcements
Key (or Biscuit)
A small, flat lozenge-shaped dowel for edge
or corner-jointing. Wood biscuits are fitted
into slots that are created with a biscuit
jointer.

Dowel pin
Pegs of wood that fit into two matching holes
to strengthen a joint.

Spline
A thin piece of wood that fits in the mating
grooves cut into two pieces of wood.
 WINDOWS
Window is an
opening formed
in a wall or roof to
admit day light
through some
transparent or
translucent
material fixed in
the window
opening.

Functional
requirement
Admission of
daylight and
ventilation
 WINDOWS
Types of windows

Hinged
Side hung
Side hung casement
Top hung
Bottom hung

Pivoted
Horizontally pivoted
Vertically
Louvered

Sliding
Vertically
Horizontally

Composite action
Projected side hung
Projected top hung
Sliding folding
 WINDOWS
Wood Casement
Windows
WINDOWS
 WINDOWS
Windows
Hardware

Hinges
Fasteners
Stays
Lock
 DOORS
Functional
requirements of a
door

When closed
Privacy
Strength & stability
Resistance to
weather
Durability and
freedom from
maintenance
Fire safety
Resistance to the
passage of heat
Resistance to the
passage of sound
Security
 DOORS
Types of doors

Hinged
Side hung, single leaf,
single swing
Side hung, double
leaf, sing swing
Side hung, double
leaf, double swing
Side hung, single leaf,
double swing

Sliding
Single leaf, straight
sliding
Double leaf, straight
sliding
Four leaf, straight
sliding

Sliding Folding
Center folding, sliding
door with two half
and two full leaf
Edge folding, sliding
door with four leaf
 DOORS
Types of Wood
doors

Paneled

Glazed

Flush

Match Boarded
 HARD WOOD JOINTS
Types

Mortice & Tenon

Joint
Single
Double with Haunch
fits into groove
Double with Haunch
40mm deep

Double Tenon

Pinned Mortice &

Tenon joint

Dowell Joint
Single
Double

Tongue in Groove
for panel doors
HARD WOOD JOINTS
 PANELED DOORS
Types

Traditional Panel
Doors
Four Panel Door
Six Panel Door

Bevel Raised
Panel Doors

Raised and
Fielded Panel
Doors
 PANELED DOORS

Bevel Raised
Panel Doors

Raised and
Fielded Panel
Doors
 GLAZED DOORS
Types

French Casement
 FLUSHED DOORS
Types

Cellular Core Flush

Door

Skeleton Core
Flush Door

Solid Core Flush

Door
 FLUSHED DOORS

Skeleton Core Solid Core Flush

Flush Door Door
 MATCHBOARDED DOORS
Types

Ledged
matchboarded
door

Ledged and
Braced
Matchboarded
door