INTEGRATION BY PARTS AND TRIG SUBSTITUTION ZACH NORWOOD 1, STANDARD BY-PARTS INTEGRALS ‘Thee are the integrals that will be automatic once you have mastered integration by parts. In a typical integral of this type, you have a power of x multiplied by some other function (often e*, sinz, or cos), Let 1 be the power of x and 0” be the other function so that integrating by parts decreases the power of x, Example 1, Compute f sins de ‘We use the substitution ‘Then integrate hy parts: f sinade = —neo0a — / Other examples of integrale of this type # [x8e de # [Qx) cosrde © Prsin@x) de Don’t be frightened by the constants. ‘They don’t affect the method at all: you inteyrate fx? cos:e de ‘and /(3z/2}? cos(8x) dx using the same method; the constants are just different — cost) de = —reosr + sine + C. 2. TRICKY BY-PARTS INTEGRALS What makes these integrals strange is that setting »' = 1 is often a good idea, Also, the integrand is often not @ product, as you will see in these examples, Example 2, Compute f In(x) dx We use the substitution ‘Then integrate by parts [ince ate =sin(e)— [ote = aln(z) free =rin(e)—2 +6. 1 that example, somehow the extra factor 2 you get by integrating v= 1 cancels out with w = 2 nicely. Example 8. Compute faresin(x) de Wo use the substitution ‘Date; Qetobse 25, 2012,2 ZACH NORWOOD ‘Thon intograte by parte: ® Af sesinzde = xatesine = f ¥ ‘The integral on the right is a typical u-substitution integral. Set u ey suai af enna] Plug this result back into equation (1) to get 2° to got du -yI-#40. vate [ ssesinz de = eavesing —(-V1= 2) +0 = raresine + VI=a $C. ‘This didn’t work out quite as nicely as Example 2 did, but the © we got by integrating v’ served as (part of) the du in our substitution. For another tri -parts integral, try f (In)? dz. 3, SNEAKY BY-PARTS INTEGRALS ‘The main example of this type of integral is the following: Example 4, Compute fe? cos dr. Wo use the substitution ‘Then integrate by parts: [eeoszde = etsinz — f esinz de. Someone who's paying attention to what (s)he is doing at this point might say, ‘Well, we haven't gotten anywhere, since fe ainz-dz is no easier than the integral we started with!. ‘That's a reasonable response, but let's charge ahead anyway. Use another substitution for the integral on the right: eu Integrating by parts a second time gives [et cosva sina — (-€F cos + [et cosee) sina + eFcona— |e cone de Here's where the sneakiness comes in. ‘The integral on the far right is now our original integral, so we can add it to both sides and divide by 2 to get a formula for the original integral! 2 | ef cosedr = sins +e" cosz+C, and dividing by 2 gives [ ct covnde = He*sinz +e cova) +0, ‘This phenomenon is difficult to replicate (other than in obvious variants of the example, like fetsing dr or [ o*sin(Sx) dz). As a rooult, most problems that roquire this sneaky trick will look like fe coszdz or f° sin dr (possibly with extra constants, of course). (One important exception is f'sec° x de, though; 200 below.)INTEGRATION BY PARTS AND TRIG SUBSTITUTION 5 4, TRIG INTEGRALS Before we do some nastier by-parts integrals, we need to learn some t that you've known how to do for a while: integrals. First, an example Example 5. Compute { sin® xcos:r da. We notice that the substitution u =sinx, du = cos x dz simplifies the integral considerably: js Example 6, Compute {scx dx +0 +0. 7 scorie= [ate 5. EXTRA TRICKY (AND SNEAKY) BY-PARTS INTEGRALS, Example 7. Compute f see® rae. 6. EXERctses When you've mastered the examples in the previous few sections, try these: yf snare ©) [rinede © fe « aresin /F de. © / an® (©) f sing) at o / cos Ini) dx (9 [snemtinaée