INTRODUCTION

Administrative law is the law which deals with the rights, duties and liabilities of the administrative
agencies of the government. It is defined as a body of rules which deals with the rights and liabilities
of the administrative bodies of the government.1

Administrative Law determines the organisation of the government, its powers and duties of the
officials related to that governmental organisation.2 Administrative law specifies the rights and
liabilities of private individuals in their dealings with public officials and also specifies the procedures
by which those rights and liabilities can be enforced by those private individuals. It provides
accountability and responsibility in the administrative functioning.3

Administration is a function that is present in all the spheres of life. It is present there in the
government, private companies and any other agency having decision making authorities present in it.
Administration is present everywhere where there is a structured organisation with a leadership
present.

Marx defines administration as Administration is determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious

purpose. It is the systematic ordering of affairs and the calculated use of resources aimed at making
those happen which one wants to happen.4

Public Administration is a branch of a branch of political science dealing primarily with the structure
and workings of agencies charged with the administration of governmental functions.5

Public Administration is considered to encompass all the activities which are undertaken to
accomplish the given objective. In other words, public administration is the sum total of managerial,
technical, clerical and manual activities.6

Public Administration can be understood to involve policies enacted by the government and the
governance of the territory under the control of the administration.

Administration is an important and essential part of politics and social sciences as it is the executive
or the administration which helps in the smooth functioning of the state and helps in the practical
running of the state machinery. It is well known that Administration is the constitutional bodies at
work or in motion. Administrative law ensures that these functions are carried out within the
boundaries of law.

1
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/administrative-law.html
2
https://www.lawnotes.in/Scope_of_Administrative_Law
3
http://publicadministrationtheone.blogspot.in/2012/08/administrative-law-meaning-scope-and.html
4
http://managementstudyguide.com/what-is-public-administration.htm
5
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/public%20administration
6
http://www.questjournals.org/jrhss/papers/vol4-issue6/D461520.pdf
THERESA MAY

Theresa May is the current Prime Minister of Great Britain. She formally became the Prime Minister
after the resignation of former Prime Minister David Cameron in the wake of Britains decision to
leave the European Union after the referendum held in September 2016.

She is the second the woman Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since Margaret Thatcher in the
1970s. She is the current leader of the Conservative Party and she became the Prime Minister
unopposed and her main focus was on the Brexit negotiations. She also triggered Article 50 in March
2017 and later called for an election in April 2017, which was held in June 2017. She won by the
slimmest of margins after the elections resulted in a hung parliament. She later had to broker a
confidence and supply deal with Democratist Unionist Party of Northern Ireland to form a minority
government to become the Prime Minister for the second time.

Prime Minister May had announced a lot of policy related decisions in her manifesto to improve the
conditions in Britain and to lead the Union in the path of progress.

Miss May has the most difficult task for a British Prime Minister in recent times as she has to balance
the effects of Brexit both economically and politically and also manage the volatile negotiation
process which has proved to be exceedingly challenging with the Eurpean Union playing hardball in
the economic sanctions which are to be placed on United Kingdom after the exit.

Miss May has been facing problems regarding the progress in Brexit negotiations and has been the
target of criticism by other party leaders and even her own cabinet members. It is said that her Brexit
secretary David Davis and Chancellor Phillip Hammond alongside 30 Members of the Parliament are
willing to challenge the leadership of Theresa May.7

From the way Miss May had held the elections in a delicate situation with the Brexit negotiations
looming, it was quite evident that the Conservative Party had a distinct advantage over the other rival
parties. This move shows that Miss May is an astute politician but her ability as an administrator is
not yet been proven. Recent criticism is that Miss May has not done enough in the Brexit
negotiations.8

Miss Mays manifesto for the Elections of 2017 had a lot of policies for the welfare of the British
citizens but even then the main focus of her assuming the office was Brexit negotiations. It can be
safely assumed that the success or failure of the Brexit negotiations will determine the political legacy
and the image of Theresa May.

7
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/philip-hammond-theresa-may-tory-leader-refuse-back-
conservatives-general-election-chancellor-cabinet-a7965936.html
8
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/26/theresa-may-welcomes-donaldtuskto-downing-street-
crunch-brexit/
THERESA MAYS ADMINISTRATIVE POLICIES

Miss Theresa May had mentioned a lot of policies in her manifesto for the June 2017 elections. These
policies include social welfare, introducing a scheme for solving the housing problem in Britain and
also for increasing the number of grammar schools within the Union. All these policies are said to
develop a stronger and united Britain. The manifesto places importance on brexit negotiations and
acknowledges the importance of the outcome of the negotiations on Britain and by extension on her
administration. The below are her policies.

1. IMMIGRATION POLICY

Earlier, as England was a part of the common market by virtue of being a member of the European
Union, Britain had to open its doors to immigrants from fellow members of the European Union.

It has been one of the criticisms faced by Miss May that she is focusing on the immigration problem
rather than the economic sanctions and the problems which the nation will face due to the impending
exit from the European Union.

Miss May, since the day she was the Home Secretary, had been focused on curbing immigration in the
Country. She has actively been against immigrants from entering this country and still is continuing
with her aggressive stance against immigration.

But this is not beneficial either for either the citizens of Britain or for the immigrants who are staying
within the Union. The immigration policy is perceived to be given undue importance by the Prime
Minister after the decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union last September.9

It is admirable that the administration is trying to tackle the problem of immigration, but her aim to
reduce immigration is considered to have caused a lot of hardships for the immigrants as well as the
British citizenry.

While Miss May was the Home Secretary, she introduced a policy wherein immigrants who earn
more than 18,600 Pound Sterling can only bring their dependants, their wife and children with them.
This policy was aimed at reducing the number of immigrants immigrating into Britain. But instead
this particular policy did not work and the number of immigrants rose from 100,000 to 330,000 in
three years time.

But still, Theresa May is still intent on reducing the number of immigrants in the nation and it is a part
of Miss Mays policies and it is well understood that immigration is an issue which the Prime Minister
is very intent to handle. Considering her previous position in the cabinet as the Foreign Secretary, this
is an issue she has considerable knowledge about this particular issue.

9
Ibid
The income cap placed on the immigrants from availing the benefits of the NHS in Britain has not
only had an adverse effect on immigrants but also on the British Citizens. This has led to a lot of
confusion for the immigrants already residing within the United Kingdom.10

The immigration policy of Miss May would be catastrophic to the British economy and to the target
of the administration to lower immigrants below 100,000 will be catastrophic to the British economy
and the policy has been criticised as being backward looking.11

The manifesto of the Conservative Party has made it clear that it is the policy of the government to
curb immigration in the UK.

The Theresa May administration is looking to:

Cut net migration to 'tens of thousands' a year

Firms asked to pay more to hire migrant workers
Immigrants asked to pay more to use NHS

It is the National Health Service requirements which have created a problem for both the immigrants
and the citizens of Great Britain. Prime Minister May helped roll out an NHS health surcharge to
ensure taxpaying foreigners were charged twice for the same level of care. She has been an active
supporter for reducing immigration in Great Britain.

But is the common consensus that the restrictions imposed on the immigrant population is
unreasonable and even British citizens feel that such restrictions being imposed on using social
welfare systems is having a detrimental effect on them too. Statistics show that more British citizens
are leaving the Union rather than staying. A recent statistical survey shows that on an average, 54,000
British citizens are immigrating to other countries.

2. BRITAINS EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION.

In September 2017, Britain held a referendum as to whether the nation must leave the European
Union. There was divided opinion regarding whether they should leave the common European market
and the Union. The British public voted just over 50% to ensure that Britain left the European Union.
This makes the European and the British political landscape radically. It is now a well known fact that
Scotland and Northern Ireland were not interested in leaving the European common market but they
now face no choice as they are a part of the Union and are forced to leave with no option being given
to them.

10
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/electiom-2017-theresa-may-immigration-policy-timetable-
targets-conservative-manifesto-prime-minister-a7768371.html
11
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/electiom-2017-theresa-may-immigration-policy-timetable-
targets-conservative-manifesto-prime-minister-a7768371.html
It is obvious and implied that the Brexit negotiations is the most important issue to be dealt by the
May administration. She had initially talked about taking a hard stance for negotiating UKs exit from
the European Union. But she has faced a lot of difficulties which have forced the Conservative
Partys leader and the Prime Minister to soften her stance regarding this issue. Furthermore, the
general consensus within the party and the public is that Miss May has not done enough in the
negotiations. This criticism came recently from the President of the European Union, Donald Tusk.12

The key members in her cabinet and the Prime Minister have had disagreements over the
governments focus being on curbing immigration due to Brexit rather than focusing on strengthening
the economy.13

The announcement of Brexit in itself caused the value of the British Pound Sterling to fall to an all
time low and some economic effects were felt by the British economy and the market. The stock
markets fell sharply. But in the end, it was the decision of the majority to leave the European Union
and not the decision of the administration. The administration, true to its word, held a referendum and
in the end, they heeded the opinion of the people and they chose to leave the European Union as per
the wishes of the British public. Article 50, which triggers the process of leaving the European Union,
was triggered in March 2017 and the negotiation process has been in progress since then.

It is the common opinion that Miss May has not done enough in the negotiations. This particular
opinion is prevalent even among the Members in the cabinet of the Prime Minister.

3. SOCIAL WELFARE POLICY HOUSING

It is quite common that most of the houses in Britain are not owned by the residents themselves. Most
of the countries in the world face the problem of housing and it is a problem which is faced by a vast
majority of the countries in the world with a huge population have to deal with this problem where the
citizens of that country dont have proper housing. In a recent survey conducted by the Lyons
Housing Commission, it was concluded that the public concern for housing has been at its highest in a
period of 40 years. It is one of the most important policies in the manifesto of any major party in
Britain.14

The Housing Problem has been a major source of problem in the British Isles. The problem in many
situations is that the houses which are being leased or rented are subject to poor maintenance by the

12
Ibid
13
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tory-manifesto-changes-fox-hunting-dementia-tax-
grammar-schools-policies-theresa-may-election-result-a7786691.html
14
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/nov/20/britains-housing-crisis-must-be-tackled-now
landlords and therefore, the tenants find the houses not fit to reside in and as a result their cost of
living increases.15

In England, the demand for houses is greater than the supply of housing. The housing problem is one
that Britain has faced for years and it is only now the major parties have taken notice of it.

Theresa May had announced that her administration will allocate an extra 2 billion on solving the
housing problem in Britain by granting this extra amount to councils which will utilise these funds to
build extra homes to solve the housing problem. But the problem in this particular situation is that
only 1% of the housing projects are done by local councils and the rest are all done by private
companies and firms. The cost of housing in Britain has increased over the years and even though
these extra funds can be used to cure the problem of inadequate housing, the urgent need for
temporary housing is greater than the need for permanent housing structures. Even the rent costs of
affordable housing are quite expensive in Britain.16 It is to be noted that 20% of the youths in the
United Kingdom are homeless.17

3.1 NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES

It is one of the policies of Theresa May that pensioners will be provided free care if their assets and
savings are less than 100,000. In the case of patients suffering from dementia or being treated from
home, they need not pay for the services rendered by the government. Initially, the idea was to ensure
that those availing the National Health Services provided by the government can borrow and avail
free treatment and the government will later recoup the amount which was used by the person for
availing medical services will later be deducted from his estate.18 But this particular part was scrapped
as it was not well received by the population.

Another plan of Miss May is to sell assets of the NHS in land which is being underused to increase
the efficiency of the services both in terms of services provided and from the economic perspective.
This policy is being criticised on the grounds that even though the government will sell off the land
which is being underused, the NHS will only get a small part of the sale amount, which is not really
helpful for the NHS to improve the quality of its services.19

However, the supporters of this policy have expressed that the NHS has a lot of property and selling
off a part of it will not have a detrimental effect.

15
https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/14/britain-housing-crisis-10-ways-solve-rowan-moore-
general-election
16
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/04/theresa-may-wont-fix-housing-disaster-rent-
controls
17
https://www.theguardian.com/housing-network/2017/sep/27/homelessness-young-people-centrepoint
18
19
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/theresa-may-naylor-review-nhs-privatisation-sell-off-
property-developers-a7766486.html
3. POLICY IN EDUCATION INCREASING THE NUMBER OF GRAMMAR SCHOOLS IN
BRITAIN

The Prime Minister has outlined in her manifesto that she intends to make Britain the worlds largest
meritocracy by increasing the number of grammar schools in Britain. A grammar school is one of the
several types of schools prevalent in England. A grammar school in the current scenario is a state held
secondary schools which select pupils by means of an examination conducted at the age of 11.20

Grammar schools have existed as recently as in the 16th Century. The current system underwent
drastic changes in the 1960s and the 1990s.21

In simple terms, a grammar school is a school of learning where the students are selected on the basis
of their score in the 11 plus examination. Those who are selected are allowed to attend grammar
schools and the rest are made to attend modern schools. It is essentially an institution that takes only
the cream of students.22

Prime Minister Theresa May intends to create a new generation of Grammar Schools in Britain by
scrapping the ban that was placed on Grammar Schools two decades ago.23

The ban on Grammar Schools was brought into effect by the Tony Blair administration in 1988. It is
the opinion of the current Prime Minister that the modern school policy is holding poor, bright
children back.24

It is being told that grammar schools are supposed to identify the students who have the potential to
do well and separate them from those students who may not perform well.

It is the opinion of the Prime Minister that the current system of education, where the pupils are
allotted schools on the basis of the locality they live in is not fair as students in affluent areas get
access to a better standard of education than the other students.

There is a lot of controversy regarding this policy and it is one of the opinions that this policy would
not help in increasing the standard of the education system in Britain and would undermine the
chances of poor children being granted access to quality education. The reason for this policy facing a

20
http://www.bbc.com/news/education-34538222
21
Ibid
22
Ibid
23
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/grammar-schools-what-are-they-education-explainer-
controversy-theresa-may-a7233531.html
24
Ibid
lot of criticism is that a substantial gap in the quality of knowledge is already present between the
financially disadvantaged and the financially stable students25.

In this scenario, conducting a test which tests the ability of the students at the tender age of eleven
will not solve the issue but will only widen the gap in quality between the poorer and the richer
students.

Since it is now understood that the problem in the education system is at the primary level and not at
the secondary level, bringing in the grammar schools will not help Britain in improving the quality of
its education in the long term.

Another important decision made by the administration is to channel 4 billion in education for
improving the standards of education in Britain. She has also pledged to increase the expenditure on
educational institutions in Britain to improve its quality of education.

Another important decision taken by the Prime Minister of Britain is that she has decided to scrap the
free meals scheme in all schools in England and instead has replaced it by offering free breakfast for
students. This new schemes cost is only 1/4th of the cost of the previous free meal scheme.26 This
reduces the expenditure by the government but it also deprives many underprivileged children of
meals during school hours.

But after the poor reception to the Prime Ministers Queens Speech, the Conservatives have taken a
decision to scrap this policy due to poor reception for this policy among school teachers, students and
parents. This policy therefore has been scrapped and it did not feature in the manifesto of the
Conservative Party since then.27 Many people have criticised the free breakfast scheme as only a
money saving measure by the Government and not a welfare policy.28

4. TAX AND OTHER FINANCIAL ISSUES

In the case of tax and other financial issues, Prime Minister Theresa May has detailed her plans for the
Conservative partys minority regime from June 2017.

Firstly, the Conservative administration headed by Theresa May will look to reduce the deficit of the
government within the next ten years. The administration is also looking to regulate and simplify the
process of taxation in order to mitigate the effect of Britain leaving the European Union.

25
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/apr/15/time-for-theresa-may-to-ditch-grammar-school-plans-
david-laws
26
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tory-manifesto-changes-fox-hunting-dementia-tax-
grammar-schools-policies-theresa-may-election-result-a7786691.html
27
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/conservatives-free-school-meals-lunches-pupils-
better-off-families-homes-education-rich-poor-cuts-a7823171.html
28
Ibid
Thirdly, the May administration has promised to increase the tax free allowance to 12,500.

Prime Minister May has also introduced a triple lock policy on pensions, pledging to protect pensions
and by maintaining the lock which guarantees state pensions will go up by inflation, average earnings
or 2.5%, whichever is higher, every year.29

She has planned to replace the previous triple lock system for pensions a new double lock system for
providing pensions. The triple lock system which was in use previously ensured that pension amounts
increased annually. The double lock system controls such rises in the amounts given as pensions.30
But this system has not been favoured.

The triple lock system ensured that pensions rose annually at a marginal rate of 2.5%, but the double
lock system does not. It is helpful in saving some money for the government which the government
intends to spend on social care. It is to be noted that a general perception that the spending on social
care has declined over the years due to a number of factors. This particular plan wants to limit the
increase in pensions and use the amount thus saved on social care costs incurred by the government.31

But the policy is not famous and neither the Members of Parliament nor the pensioners, who
constitute a respectable percentage of the population are happy at the prospect of being deprived of
the opportunity for their pensions to increase by a small marginal amount annually.

This policy will definitely cut the expenditure of the government but the policy is not well received by
either the Members of the Parliament or by the general public and most importantly the people who
are benefiting from the pensions are not at all happy at the prospect of their sustenance facing a cut.

This policy has a high chance of being scrapped as it faces universal opposition from the British
citizenry.

5. RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS

The Prime Minister has come up with a detailed plan to develop the industrial situation in England.
She has been able to identify that the industries in certain parts of England have not been as profitable
as the ones in the other parts of the country. Therefore she has come up with a plan for the industries
which will focus on strategic industries which will help the general situation of the economy and the
problems related to it.32

29
http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/6-nasty-tory-policies-theresa-10609351
30
https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/apr/26/theresa-may-considering-scrapping-triple-lock-on-
pensions
31
https://www.theguardian.com/money/2017/apr/26/theresa-may-considering-scrapping-triple-lock-on-
pensions
32
https://www.ft.com/content/d215ab26-482a-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab
Her new policy for the industry hints at greater state intervention in industries and a new system of
technical education and infrastructure.33 The state will fund those sectors which are in need of
manpower and are helpful in improving the quality and status of living. For instance, more financial
resources will be channelled into developing more engineers who as a result will help in solving the
housing problem in Great Britain.34

She has promised to bolster the industries of England and has promised to channel 170 million for
establishing institutes in the core areas of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics.35 She
has named five potential sectors which may receive the funding which are life sciences, low-carbon-
emission vehicles, industrial digitalisation, the creative sector and nuclear industry. She has also
pledged that if any industry is able to prove that solving the problems in that specific industry and this
particular scheme is available only to those industries which are organised or have organised
themselves and can make an effective case for government action.36

This particular strategy of helping or aiding specific industries is touted to be an effective and helpful
one after Britains exit from the European Union is completed.37

However, there is also an opinion that the Industrial situation in England is fine and only the low level
of productivity of the labourers in such industries is the reason for the declining economic
condition.38But since, this policy focuses on technical education; it will help in solving the problem of
productivity to a certain extent.

33
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/22/pm-launches-sector-deals-industrial-strategy-of-state-
intervention
34
https://www.ft.com/content/cec52b04-e16d-11e6-9645-c9357a75844a
35
https://www.ft.com/content/22971970-e0b2-11e6-8405-9e5580d6e5fb
36
https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jan/22/pm-launches-sector-deals-industrial-strategy-of-state-
intervention
37
Ibid
38
https://www.ft.com/content/cec52b04-e16d-11e6-9645-c9357a75844a
ANALYSIS OF THERESA MAYS POLICIES.

Theresa May has introduced a lot of policies in Britain since regaining office with a slim majority.
She has introduced a lot of new reforms and has since faced a lot of criticism for her policies even
though it is quite understandable that she did it with the intention of handling the after effects of
Britains exit from the European Union. It is quite evident that the success of her tenure as the Prime
Minister of Great Britain largely depends on her ability to negotiate favourable exit terms with the
European Union. She has proved herself to be an astute politician, but her mettle as an administrator is
yet to be seen as she takes charge of Great Britain in one of the most crucial phases in the nations
history where the proud nation has yet again ventured in the unknown bravely. The people of Britain
chose to leave the European common market, though Wales and Scotland beg to differ in opinion. But
since they are a part of the United Kingdom, they have no chance but to accept the consequences of
the referendum which was held in September 2016.

1. BRITAINS EXIT FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION

Miss May is the only senior leader in the Conservative Party in England, but she has quite a liberal
outlook when it comes to certain matters. She has been a vocal supporter of providing representation
for the workers in the boardroom level for better representation for the workers. She was the
replacement of former Prime Minister David Cameron once Mr. Cameron resigned after the Brexit
referendum. Miss May was an active candidate for Great Britain to stay in the common market but
once the referendum voted in favour of leaving the common market, she changed her stance and
accepted the position of Prime Minister during an uncertain period in British history.

She has been trying her best to negotiate favourable terms for Britain for dealing with the European
common market and has been trying to avoid Britain being made a scapegoat on the financial level. It
has been criticised that the negotiations have been slow and the Prime Minister has been criticised for
not doing enough to ensure Britains smooth exit from the European Union. This criticism has come
from no one else apart from the President of the European Union, Mr. Donald Tusk.

In defence of Miss May, the process of exit is a cumbersome process and the process of negotiating
when the stakes are high requires a lot of patience, tact and mental strength. And since both the parties
want to negotiate favourable terms for them, such a process at the magnitude of such a situation is
bound to be time consuming and cumbersome for both the parties.

But the criticism is not unwarranted as many of the Members of Parliament and the British public are
not satisfied with the manner and way in which the negotiations have proceeded since Article 50 was
triggered in March 2017.
 2. IMMIGRATION POLICY

Theresa May has served in the office of the Foreign Secretary of England under the Premiership of
former Prime Minister David Cameron for a period of six years. She has a very narrow and strict
policy when it comes to immigrants who enter the British Isles. It is a well known policy of the Prime
Minister who wants to reduce the number of immigrants in Britain to a few thousands when compared
to the 300,000 people who are immigrants living in Britain. She has an attitude and policy towards
immigrants which is not constructive or egalitarian in the least. The May administration has decided
to handle immigration very strictly making it very difficult for foreigners to enter Britain. She has a
similar view of Trump when it comes to the issue of unemployment. Miss May does not very directly
say that foreign nationals have taken the jobs that are ideally for the citizens of the nation. She has
stated that due to considerably cheap labour being available in Asian countries, most of the jobs have
been taken up by them due to economic factors. Miss May aims to curb this and provide jobs to the
British citizens who are qualified.

Miss May can even link this policy with the industrial policy where they have planned to utilise and
invest 170 million for developing institutes of learning in specific fields which are now needed for
the British society and economy. But trying to force immigrants to leave the country is not a good
move on a political and economic level. The immigrant population forms an adequate portion of the
workforce in many developed countries. Many such foreign nationals are hired because they have the
necessary education and the requisite knowledge. Enforcing rules which make the entry of immigrants
stronger will only make the nation economically weaker. An example can be made out of the situation
in India and England. In India, most of the unemployed or underemployed personnel possess a high
probability of having a degree in engineering. In England, it is quite discernible that there are jobs
available for engineers who possess a degree in civil engineering. Such persons can benefit
themselves and also benefit the British society by helping the British administration tackle the
housing problem by helping them in building houses for the homeless.

If Miss May is to persist with her narrow and backward39 policy with regard to immigration, she
cannot enforce her other policies effectively as the economy and immigration are directly related and
the effects will not be for the benefit of the British society.

39
Ibid