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1. One of member of homologous series which contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
3. Alcohol contains the hydroxyl group, -OH as their functional group. [notes: not hydroxide ion,
OH- , alcohol not is alkali ]
Molekul
n Name Mr Structural formula
Formula
H
|
12+3+
CH3OH H C OH
1 Methanol 16+1
|
= 32
H
H H
| |
Ethanol 12x2 + 5 +16 C2H5OH H C C OH
2
very important + 1 = 46 | |
H H
H H H
| | |
H C C C OH
3 Propan-1-ol 60 C3H7OH
| | |
H H H
4 Butan-1-ol 74 C4H9OH
5 Pentan-1-ol 88 C5H11OH
1
Q: Give names for this alcohol.
OH
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH3
Formula: C6H13OH
Name : Hexan-3-ol
Naming Alcohol
OH
CH3 CH2 C CH2 CH2 CH3
|
CH3
Formula: C7H15OH
Name : 3-methyl hexan-3-ol
(ii) OH
CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2 CH3
|
CH3
Formula : C7H15OH
Name : 4-methyl hexan-3-ol
2
(iii)
OH
CH3 CH CH CH CH2 CH2
| | |
CH3 CH3 CH3
Formula : C9H19OH
Name : 2, 4 dimethyl heptan-3-ol
(iv)
C2H5 OH
CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH3
Formula : C9H19OH
Name : 5-ethyl heptan-3-ol
Physical Properties
Isomerism
Similar to alkenes, isomerism in alcohol results from the branching of the carbon chain and the
different location of the hydroxyl group.
3
Propanol
Butanol
4
ETHANOL
1. Preparation of ethanol.
i. Laboratory preparation (fermentation)
ii. Industrial production (hydration process)
Fermentation of Glucose
1. Yeast is added to sugar or starch.
3. Yeast releases enzymes. These enzymes break down the sugars/starch into glucose, C6H12O6.
4. Zymase slowly decomposes the glucose to form ethanol and carbon dioxide.
Zymase
C6H12O6 (aq) 2CH3CH2OH (l) + 2CO2 (g)
30 oC
Delivery tube
Conical flask
Beaker
Glucose + yeast Lime water
1. Ethanol produced from the fermentation process is impure, because its mix with the glucose
solution.
Thermometer
Water out
Fractioning
collum
Liebig
condenser
Retort stand
with clamp
Rounded
Water Water in
conical
Product from
fermentation Porcelain Distillate
Wire XXXXXXXXXXXXXXX chips (Ethanol)
gauge
Bunsen
burner
6
Q: What is the function of;
- thermometer
- porcelain chips
- Liebig condenser
A: Condensation
A: Properties;
- colourless
- volatile
- good organic solvent
- miscible with water
- highly flammable
- antiseptic
- chemically reactive
A: Uses;
- As a solvent in perfumes/cosmetics
- As a thinner in varnish, ink
- As a cleaner for compact disc.
- As a fuel for transport
- As a raw material for the manufacture of vinegar,
- As a raw material to make industrial product such as
antiseptic and cough syrup.
7
H3PO4
concentrsted
CH2 = CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH
300 o C, 60 atm
Chemical Properties
1. Combustion
ii. Ethanol burns with non-smoky and blue flame and releases
lot of heat. Suitable for use as fuel, described as clean fuel.
2. Oxidation
i. Ethanol can be oxidised into ethanoic acid by an oxidising agent.
8
Q: Draw a labeled diagram for the process.
Ethanol +
potassium dikromat(VI) +
dilute sulfuric acid
Heat
Distillate Cold
(ethanoic acid) water
- Colourless
- Vinegar smell
- Blue litmus paper turns red (acidic properties)
3. Dehydration
- H2O
ALCOHOL ALKENE
9
Q : Draw labeled diagram.
Glass wool
soaked with Porcelain
ethanol chips
Ethene
gas
Delivery Retort
Heat Heat Test stand
tube tube with
clamp
Water
10