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Chapter 4
Tractors and Related Equipment
4. Tractor Uses:
Tractors have many uses as construction equipment. While their primary
purpose may be to pull or push loads, they are also used as mounts for many
types of accessories, such as front-end shovels, bulldozers and others. There are
types and sizes to fit almost any job for which they are usable.
Tractors may be divided into two major types: Crawler Tractors and Wheel
Tractors.
Difference in
Equivalent Pull Required by Drawbar Pull
Effect of Grade
Drawbar Pull Towed Load due to
Rolling Resistance
(4-1)
Example (4-1):
A crawler tractor must provide a drawbar pull of (5448kg) to tow an attached
load up a (6%) grade over a haul road having a rolling resistance of (36 kg/ton).
Determine the equivalent required drawbar pull for the tractor, if the weight of
the tractor is (23.75tons)
Solution:
The equivalent drawbar pull is as follows:
2. Deducting from the product of the coefficient of traction and the gross
weight on the pulling wheels the pull required to overcome the rolling
resistance when it's traveling on a level haul surface.
Pull Required
Net Drawbar Pull
Wton Coefficient of Traction - to overcome the
of a wheel tractor
Rolling Resistance
(4-3)
As the speed is increased through the selection of higher gear, the rim pull will
be decreased in approximately the same proportion. Thus, for a given unit whose
engine is operated at a rated power, the product of the speed times the rim pull
will remain approximately constant.
4.2. Gradability:
Gradability is defined as the maximum slope (expressed as a percent) that a
crawler or wheel-type tractor (or related equipment) may move up at a
uniform speed.
The gradability may be determined for an empty or loaded vehicle, thus, the
gradability for a tractor will be higher than for a tractor pulling a loaded vehicle.
It may be specified for any desired gear.
The gradability of a crawler tractor is determined by subtracting from the
available drawbar pull the total pull required to overcome the rolling resistance
of the unit and any load that it will pull.
Drawbar Pull to
Wtons 10 Gradability % (4-4)
Overcome Grade
Drawbar Pull to
Overcome Grade
Gradability
(4-5)
Wtons 10
Note:
In order to provide a reasonable factor of safety, not more than 85% of the rated
drawbar pull of a tractor should be used in determining the gradability of the
unit.
Example (4-2):
Determine the gradability of a crawler tractor pulling a high-pressure rubber-
tired self-loading scraper and its load. The following information is available:
Tractor horsepower, 180
Drawbar pull in 1st gear, 15300 kg
Weight of tractor, 20.25 tons
Weight of loaded scraper, 39.48 tons
Rolling resistance for tractor, 73 kg/ton
Rolling resistance for scraper, 95 kg/ton
Solution:
The gradability is determined as follows:
Pull required for
rolling resistance 20.25 73 50 465.75 kg
of tractor
Combined pull
required for 465.75 3750.6 4216.35 kg
rolling resistance
Drawbar pull in 1st gear 15300 kg
Maximum available
0.85 15300 13005 kg
drawbar pull
Pull available
13005 465.75 12539.25 kg
for grade
Drawbar Pull to
Overcome Grade 12539.25
Gradability 61.9%
Wtons 10 20.25 10
Gradability 62%
4.3. Bulldozers:
The term bulldozer may be used in a broad sense to include both a bulldozer and
angledozer. These machines may be further divided, on the basis of their
mountings, into crawler-tractor-mounted or wheel-tractor-mounted. A bulldozer
may be classified (based on the method of raising and lowering the blade) as
cable-controlled or hydraulically controlled.
Bulldozers Angledozers
Example (4-3):
Estimate the approximate output of a bulldozer for the following conditions:
Swell, 25%.
Haul distance, 30m.
Moldboard size, 2.9m long, 0.9m high.
Rated moldboard capacity, 2.5m3 loose volume.
Operating factor, 50min/hr.
Pushing speed, 2.4 km/hr.
Returning speed, 4.8 km/hr.
Fixed time, loading and shifting gears, 0.32 min.
Solution:
Net moldboard capacity= 2.5 1.25 2m 3
Probable round-trip time:
30
60
1000 0.75 min
Pushing, 30m, @ 2.4 km/hr, 2.4
30
60
1000 0.375 min
Returning, 30m, @ 4.8 km/hr, 4.8
Fixed time, 0.32 min
Total time= 0.75+0.375+0.32= 1.445 min
Trip per hour, 50 1.445 34.6
Output per hour, 34.6 2 69.2 m 3 / hr
Example (4-4):
Find the production rate of the crawler-tractor-mounted loader shown in Figure
(4-1), using the following information:
Bank or stock
Pile
Truck
6
m 6
m
Assume that the tractor will travel at an average of 80% of the specified speeds
in 2nd gear, forward and reverse. The fixed time should be based on time studies
for the particular equipment and job, for this example let it be (0.4 min).
Solution:
The cycle time per load will be, in minutes:
Time (minutes)
Fixed time (load, shift, turn and dump) 0.40 0.40
62
Haul time 0.19
0.8 78
62
Return time 0.16
0.8 97
Although the rated capacity of the bucket is (1.72m3), it's probable that the
average volume will be about 90% of this capacity for sustained loads.
0.9 1.72 1.55 m 3 1.55
60
No. of cycles 80
0.75
The material swell is 25% and the operating factor for the tractor is (45 min/hr)
124 45
Volume per hour in bank measure will be= 74.4 m 3 / hr
1.25 60
The production rate will be 74.4 m3/hr
Example (4-5):
Resolve Ex. (4-4) using a wheel-tractor-mounted loader, which is equipped with
a torque converter and a power-shift transmission, having the following speed
ranges, forward and reverse:
Solution:
At first the average speeds for hauling and returning must be calculated as
shown below:
The average volume will be about 90% of the rated capacity of the bucket
(1.72m3).
0.9 1.72 1.55 m 3
60
No. of cycles 105.3
0.57
The material swell is 25% and the operating factor for the tractor is (45 min/hr)
163.2 45
Volume per hour in bank measure will be= 97.92 m 3 / hr
1.25 60
The production rate will be 97.92 m3/hr
Compare this answer with the production rate for the crawler loader from the
previous example; note that the rate is higher for wheel loaders than that of
crawler loaders if both are operating for the same distances.
Example (4-6):
Find the production rate of the wheel-tractor-mounted loader, using the
following information:
Bucket capacity, 1.9 m3
Loose volume of handling material, 1602 kg/m3
Swell, 25%
Tractor operating factor, 45 min/hr
The unit is equipped with a torque converter and a power-shift
transmission, having the following speed ranges, forward and reverse:
Solution:
These values are based on a swell of (25%), and an average load equal
to (90%) of the rated capacity of the buckets.
HW:
Find the production rate of the wheel-tractor-mounted loader, using the
following information:
Bucket capacity, 2.3 m3
Loose volume of handling material, 1480kg/m3
Swell, 20%
Tractor operating factor, 52 min/hr
The unit is equipped with a torque converter and a power-shift
transmission, having the following speed ranges, forward and reverse:
Note: Tabulate the results for two distances: 24m and 48m.