Strength of Materials 11 1

Strength of Materials II
Prepared by
DR. AMMAR A. ALI

Strength of Materials II Dr. Ammar A. Ali
Stability of Elastic Columns
1.1 Types of Columns
Columns may be divided into two broad categories:
1. short columns, for which the strength is governed by the strength of the materials and the
geometry of the cross section (Fig. 1.1).
Fig. 1.1 Short column.
2. slender (long) columns, for which the strength may be significantly reduced by lateral
deflections (Fig. 1.2).
Fig. 1.2 Slender column.
Intermediate column, lies between the previous two types.
2
1.2 Failures of Columns
The failures of the two types of columns are different. Short columns display crushing
(or yield) failure (Fig. 1.3), while slender columns will buckle (Fig. 1.5). While the
intermediate columns may fail by combined effect of direct compressive and buckling
stresses.
1.2.1 Failure of Short Columns
The compressive axial stress that will be developed due to

axial compressive load on the cross-sectional area is
The allowable stress should be less than the crushing

(yield) failure stress which can be expressed as
where is the crushing (yield) axial load.
Fig. 1.3 Short column

failure.
For design purposes, the cross-sectional area is given as
Example 1.1:
The short column of cross-section shown in Fig. 1.4 is subjected to an axial load 75 kN.
a. Determine the compressive axial stress if .

b. Design the column by determining the minimum dimension a to carry the applied load.
Assume crushing failure stress .
3
a/2
Section A-A
P = 100 kN
A A
Fig. 1.4 Example 1.1.
Solution:
a.
b.
4
1.2.2 Failure of Slender Columns
The slender columns will fail by bending with excessive

lateral deflection (i.e. buckling) as shown in Fig. 1.5.
These types of columns usually fail under stresses less
than crushing stresses.
Fig. 1.5 Slender column

failure.
L. Euler (1707-1783), gave the first detailed analysis of buckling of columns. The
buckling load as given by Euler depends on geometrical dimensions rather than on material
properties. For simply supported column of length , modulus of elasticity and moment of
inertia , the axial buckling load is
The maximum stress will be allowed for slender columns than
where is the cross-sectional area of the column.
Eulers theory depends on some assumptions as
1. The column is perfect straight initially.

2. The load is applied axially.
3. The column is perfectly elastic, homogenous and isotropic and obeys Hookes law.
4. The cross-section of the column is uniform throughout its length.
5. The self-weight of the column is negligible.
5
1.3 Derivations for Buckling of Columns
In addition to geometrical dimensions, the restraining and boundary conditions of the

columns affect in determining the buckling load. In the following, the derivations for columns
with different boundary conditions are presented.
1. Column with Both

Ends are Pinned (Fig.
1.6)
Fig. 1.6 Column with Both Ends are Pinned.
The ordinary differential equation above is linear, homogeneous and with constant
coefficients. Its solution can be found in any standard text on differential equations (see Note 1
below) and is given by
where and are as yet unknown constants. The boundary conditions for pinned ends are
6
represents the mode shape and as shown in Fig. 1.7. The lowest value which is practically is
the most expected is when which gives
2
Pcr = EI / L2 Pcr = 4 2
EI / L2 Pcr = 9 2
EI / L2
L/3
L/2
L L/3
L/2
L/3
n=1 n=2 n=3
Fig. 1.7 First three buckling mode shapes for the Euler column.
7
2. Fixed-free Column (Fig.

1.8)
Fig. 1.8 Fixed-free Column

The ordinary differential equation above is linear, nonhomogeneous and with constant
.
coefficients. Its solution consists of homogenous and particular solutions ( and respectively)
and is given by (see Note 2 below),
where and are as yet unknown constants. The boundary conditions for fixed end are
8
3. Fixed-fixed Column (Fig. 1.9)
Fig. 1.9 Fixed-fixed Column
.
The solution of the above equation is
9
4. Column with One End

is Fixed and the other
End is Horizontally
Guided (Fig. 1.10)
Fig. 1.10 Fixed- Horizontally Guided Column
10
11
5. Column with One End is Pinned and the other End is Horizontally Guided (Fig.
1.11)
Fig. 1.11 Pinned- Horizontally Guided Column
.
12
6. Column with One End is Fixed and other is Pinned (Fig. 1.12)
Fig. 1.12 Fixed- Pinned Column
.
13
where and are as yet unknown constants. The boundary conditions for pinned ends are
14
To find location of P.I. (Fig. 1.13):
Fig. 1.13 Point of inflection
Note 1: Homogenous Solution
The solutions of
(where a, b and c are constants) fall into one of the following three cases, depending on the
solutions of the characteristic equation, .
15
The two solutions are
1. Distinct real Roots: if
2. Equal real roots: if
3. Complex roots: if
Note 2: Particular Solution
Solution consists of two parts homogenous solution and particular solution . Homogenous
solution for buckling of columns is given as (see Note 1)
The particular solution using undetermined coefficients method:
16
1.4 Effective Length
The effective length, , of a member hinged at its ends is the distance between the axes of the
hinges. For general end restraints, the effective length , is the length of an end-hinged member
which has the same load bearing resistance as the member under consideration.
The effective length factor, , is the ratio of the length, , of the equivalent column to
the actual length ; and the length of the equivalent column is the distance between two
consecutive points of inflection (points of zero moment) in the actual column (Fig. 1.14).
Le
L
Fig. 1.14 Effective length.
The above expressions of buckling loads for different types of columns can be expressed as
17
where is effective length factor. values for above columns can be given as in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
L Le
Le
Le
18
Le
L
Le
Le
Example 1.2:
A slender solid round bar 3 m long and 50 mm in diameter is used as a strut. Determine the
buckling load. Use . Knowing that the boundary conditions are as following
19
a. Both ends are pinned.

b. Fixed-free.
c. Fixed-fixed.
d. Fixed-pinned.
Solution:
a. Both ends are pinned.
b. Fixed-free.
c. Fixed-fixed.
d. Fixed-pinned.
20
Example 1.3:
A slender column of timber section 150200 mm is 6 m long both ends being fixed as shown in
Fig. 1.15. If the Youngs modulus for timber 17500 MPa, determine:
a. Buckling load, and

b. Safe load for the column if factor of safety = 3.0.
150 mm
y
x x
200 mm
y
Fig. 1.15 Example 1.3
Solution: .
a.
The least moment of inertia is about y axis,
The effective length factor for a fixed-fixed column is 0.5, so
b.
21
Example 1.4:
Determine Eulers buckling load for I-section joist shown in 200 mm

Fig. 1.16, which is of 5 m length and used as a slender strut y
with both ends are fixed. Take the modulus of elasticity as
10 mm
.
x x
400 mm
Solution:
10 mm
10 mm
y
The least value of moment of inertia is about y-y axis .
1.5 Slenderness Ratio
The above equation can be re-expressed as
where is slenderness ratio of the column and is the least radius of gyration and it equals
22
The stress corresponding to buckling load is
Tests have verified that Eulers formula accurately prdicts buckling load, where the
buckling stress is less than the proportional limit of the material (Fig. 1.17) and
adherence to the basic assumptions is maintened.
Stress,
Et
pl
Strain,
Elastic range Inelastic range
Fig. 1.17 Stress-strain diagram for typical metal.
If yielding is the failure criterion, the failure load may be determined as the product of
and cross-sectional area. This column is called a short column. A column that falls between these
two extremes will fail by inelastic buckling when a localized yielding occur (Fig. 1.18). This will
be initiated at some point of weakness or crookedness. This type of column is called an
intermediate column. Its failure strength cannot be determined by using either the elastic
buckling criterion of the long column or the yielding criterion of the short column. It is designed
and analyzed by using emperical formulas based on extensive test results.
23
Stress,
y
2
cr = E / (kl / r)2
pl
2
cr = Et / (kl / r)2
kl / r
Inelastic Elastic
buckling buckling
Fig. 1.18 Stress-slenderness ratio curve.
In general, the behavior of most metals can be idealised to be bi-linear as shown in Fig.
1.19. The idealized behavior suggests that the proprtional limit is so close to the yield
strength , so that as shown in Fig. 1.23.
Stress,
Strain,
Elastic range Inelastic range
Fig. 1.19 Idealized Stress-strain relationship.
24
Example 1.5:
Determine the Euler buckling load for an axially loaded shown in Fig. 1.20. The column has
pinne ends about minor axis and and pinned-fixed about major axis. Assume proportional limit
stress . The column length is 3.5 m.
Pcr Pcr
8.5 mm
y
a a x x
3.5 m 3.5 m 340 mm
5.8 mm
y
125 mm
y
x
Section a-a
y y
x x
x
Major axis
y
Minor axis
Solution:
25
Since, then buckling predicted to be about minor axis.
, then elastic buckling.
Example 1.6:
Calculate the Eulers critical load for a strut 10 mm 100 mm

of T-section shown in Fig. 1.21. The strut y
is 4.5 m long and is built in at both ends.
y
Take and x x
. 80 mm 70 mm
y
10 mm
Fig. 1.21Example 1.5
Solution:
26
Example 1.7:
A slender bar with pinned ends and length is held between immovable supports as shown
in Fig. 1.22. What increase in the temperature of the bar will produce buckling at the Euler
load?
A T B
Solution:
Axial force due to change in temperature
27
Buckling force
Example 1.8:
The truss shown in Fig. 1.23 supports a vertical load at joint . Each member is a
slender circular steel pipe with outside diameter 100 mm and wall thickness 6.0
mm. The distance between supports is 7.0 m. Joint is restrained against displacement
perpendicular to the plane of the truss. Determine the critical value of the load.
40 55
A C
7m
Solution:
28
For joint B:
The answer is the lowest value
Example 1.9:
The members of the truss shown in Fig. 1.24 are assumed to be pin connected. If member is a
steel rod having a diameter of , determine the greatest magnitude of load that can be
supported by the truss without causing this member to buckle. Assume .
29
H G F E
3m
D
A B C
P P
4m 4m 4m
Solution: .
H G
FGF
F BF
3m
F BC
A B
P P
4m
30
Columns in Non-Sway Frames
A column in a non-sway frame would have no sideways movement at the top relative to the
bottom. The buckling of a non-sway frame would result in a buckled column shape having at
least one point of inflection between the ends of the member, such as cases (a), (b), and (c) of
Fig. 1.25. The effective length factor is always less than or equal to 1 ).
P1 P2
Le = kL
Le = kL
0.7 k 0.5
(a)
1.0 k 0.7
P1 P2
I=
Pinned
joint
Le = kL
Le = kL k = 1.0 k = 0.7
(b)
P1 P2
I 31
=
Rigid
joint
P1 P2
I=
Rigid
joint
Le = kL
k = 0.7 k = 0.5
Le = kL
(c)
Fig. 1.25 Buckling of a column in a sway frame.
Columns in Sway Frames .
In a sway frame, the top of the column moves relative to the bottom. Cases (d), (e) and (f) of
Table 1 are sidesways buckling cases which are illustrated in Fig. 1.26. The effective length
factor is always greater than or equal to 1 and is unlimited ).
Le = kL P1 P2
Le = kL
2.0 k 1.0
k 2.0
(a)
32
Pinned
joint
P1 P2
I=
Le = kL k = 2.0
k=
Le = kL
(b)
Rigid
P1 joint P2
I=
Le = kL Le = kL
k = 2.0 k = 1.0
(c)
Fig. 1.26 Buckling of a column in a sway frame.
33
Example 1.10:
A mechanical equipment support structure is made from three metal members non-sway frame,
each 10 mm by 10 mm. If the equipment is expected to placed 100 mm from the left, as shown in
Fig. 1.27, what is the maximum load ? Assume all columns are steel bars with a modulus of
elasticity, , of 200 GPa and a allowable stress of .
100 mm
F
B C
300 mm
420 mm
300 mm
.
Solution:
1. Buckling failure:
34
100 mm
F
B C
Pcr ,AB Pcr ,CD
Then the lowest value will cause buckling failure is
2. Yield failure:
35
where is the crushing (yield) axial load.
3. Flexural failure.
100 mm
F
B C
300 mm
2 1
3F 3F
Mmax=200
3 F
Let
From the above criteria, .
36
Example 1.11:
For the frame shown in Fig. 1.28, Assuming non-sway and sway frame, determine both the
largest load F that the frame can carry and its position x. Assume BC of very high rigidity and
the AB and CD of circular solid section with 50 mm diameter. Take .
x
F
B C
I=
3m
D
A
3.6 m
Solution:
1. Non-sway frame.
x
F
B C
I=
k AB = 0.5 kCD = 0.7
D
A
37
x
F
B C
Pcr ,AB Pcr ,CD
2. Sawy frame.
38
x
F
B C
I=
k AB = 1.0 kCD = 2.0
D
A
39
Columns are sometimes braced differently about the major and minor axes, as shown by
column AB in Fig. 1.29. If all connections to the column are assumed to be simple (pinned)
connections, the deflected shapes for buckling about the two axes will be as shown.
Roof spandrel beams
L1
Bracing Deflected shape
strong axis
L1 + L2
Deflected shape
weak axis L2
East elevation, column AB South elevation, column AB
Fig. 1.29 Column unbraced lengths.
Note that the column is braced so that the unbraced length for weak axis buckling is less
than the unbraced length for buckling about the strong axis. In this situation either axis may
control, depending on which has the associate longer kl/r ratio. Naturally, if there is no
40
reasonable certainty that the bracing will not be removed, the columns should be designed with
the bracing neglected.
Example 1.12:
A rectangular column with cross-sectional dimensions and is pin-supported at ends and

as shown in Fig. 1.30. At midheight, the column is restrained in the plane of the figure but is free
to deflect perpendicular to the plane of the figure. Determine the ratio such that the critical
load is the same for buckling in the two principal planes of the column.
P
C
L/2
x x b
B h
L/2 Section x-x

b
Solution:
a. Buckling about strong axis:
b. Buckling about weak axis:
41
Example 1.13:
A strut length , moment of inertia of cross-section is which is uniform throughout and

modulus of elasticity is . It is fixed at bottom and its upper end is elastically supported laterally
by a spring of stiffness , as shown in Fig. 1.31. Show from the first principles that the buckling
load is given by
where
P P P
K v H H
x x
v v M = P ( - v) - H (x)
x
42
Solution:
The solution of the above differential equation is
43
Example 1.14:
A strut length , moment of inertia of cross-section is which is uniform throughout and

modulus of elasticity is . The column is simply supported (pinned) at both ends, and axially
loaded by as shown in Fig. 1.32. The rotation at bottom is further restrained by a torsional
spring with stiffness . Show from the first principles that the buckling load is given by
where
P P P
v H H = MO / L
x x
v H
v
M = -P v + H x
L L
P
H
K
MO = - K O
P
x
O
44
Solution:
45
Example 1.15:
Determine the ratio of buckling strengths of two slender columns one hollow and the other solid.
Both are made of the same material and have the same length, cross-sectional area and end
conditions. The internal diameter of hollow column is half of its external diameter.
Solution:
If is the diameter of the solid and is the external diameter of the hollow, then
Moment of inertia of hollow section is
Moment of inertia of solid section is
46
1.6 Rankines Formula
Empirical or semi-empirical methods are generally used to predict the failure of a column of any
length: these then form the basis for safe load or safe stress tables given in Codes of Practice.
One such method which gives good agreement with experiment is that due to Rankine. The
Rankine theory proposes that
where
For short columns:
47
For slender columns:
For columns of identical material and cross-section properties, the crushing load is
constant while the buckling load is variable due to variations in length or slenderness ratio as
shown in Fig. 1.33.
Euler
Py
Rankine
KL / r
Fig. 1.33 Buckling load with slenderness ratio relationship.
From Rankines formula,
Or
48
where and is known as Rankines constant which is adjusted to take account of

imperfections.
Example 1.16:
The external and internal diameters of a hollow cast iron column are 50 mm and 40 mm
respectively. If the length of this column is 3 m and both of its ends are fixed, determine the
crippling load using Rankines formula. Take the values of and in
Rankines formula.
Solution:
Example 1.17:
A hollow cylindrical cast iron column is 4 m long with both ends fixed. Determine the minimum
diameter of the column if it has to carry a safe load of 250 kN with a factor of safety of 5. Take
the internal diameter as 0.8 times the external diameter. Take and in
Rankines formula.
Solution:
49
Example 1.18:
A 1.5 m long column has a circular cross-section of 50 mm diameter. One of the ends of the
column is fixed in direction and position and other end is free. Taking factor of safety as 3,
calculate the safe load using:
a. Rankines formula, take yield stress, and .

b. Eulers formula, elastic modulus .
Solution:
50
a. Rankines formula
b. Eulers formula
Example 1.19:
A short length of tube, 40 mm internal diameter and 50 mm external diameter, failed in

compression at a load of 240 kN. When a 2 m length of the same tube was tested as a strut with
fixed ends, the load at failure was 158 kN. Assuming that in the Rankines formula is given
by the first test, find the value of the constant in the same formula. What will be the crippling
load of this tube if it is used as a strut 3 m long with one end fixed and the other hinged?
Solution:
51
Example 1.20:
Find the Euler buckling load for a hollow cylindrical cast iron column 200 mm external diameter
and 25 mm thick if it is 6 m long and is hinged at both ends. Take .
Compare the load with the crushing load as given by the Rankines formula, taking
and ; for what length of the column would these two formulae give
the same failure load?
Solution:
52
53
Giving imaginary number which means that no a unique length gives both Euler or Rankine load
failure.
Example 1.21:
A hollow cast iron column whose outside diameter is 200 mm has a thickness of 20 mm. It is 4.5
m long and is fixed at both ends. Calculate the safe load by Rankines formula using a factor of
safety of 4. Calculate the ratio of Eulers and Rankines critical loads. Take ,
and .
Solution:
54
Example 1.22:
A column is made up of two channel sections and flange plates as shown in Fig. 1.34. Determine
by Rankines formula the safe load, the column of 6 m length, with both ends fixed, can carry
with a factor of safety 4. The properties of one channel are ,
and . Distance of centroid from back of web
. Take and .
250 mm
y 10 mm
x x
200 mm
y 10 mm
Solution:
55
1.7 Columns with Eccentric Load
When a column is loaded eccentrically this means that the load action line does not lie exactly
along the centroidal axis of the column.
Case 1: Eccentric load at one end. (Fig. 1.35)
x
P P
e e
Pe / L Pe / L
P
L L M Pe / L
v
v
x x
v
Pe / L Pe / L Pe / L
P
Fig. 1.35 Eccentric load at one end.
56
The boundary conditions for pinned ends are
The previous analysis shows that the eccentricity of loading does not change the buckling load
value.
For previous case, to determine the maximum lateral deflection,
57
Assuming ,
Example 1.23:
For a column which is of L length and is hinged at both ends, an eccentric load of is applied,
find the maximum deflection and its location.
Solution:
The deflection and its location for different load ratios are given in Table 1.2 and drawn in Fig.
1.36.
58
Table 1.2
1.2
0.8
Load ratio,
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Deflection, v / e
Fig. 1.36 Deflection vs. load ratio.
Example 1.24:
A column of circular section is subjected to a load of 120 kN. The load is parallel to the axis but
eccentric by an amount of 2.5 mm. The external and internal diameters of column are 60 mm and
50 mm respectively. If both the ends of the column are hinged and column is 2.1 m long, then
determine the maximum stress in the column. Take .
Solution:
59
60
Case 2: Eccentric load at both ends.
x
P P
e e
P
L L M
v
v
x x
v
P P P
e e e
Fig. 1.37 Eccentric loads at both ends.
The boundary conditions for pinned ends are
61
The previous analysis shows that the eccentricity of loading does not change the buckling load
value.
From symmetry, the maximum lateral deflection position is at , so
The maximum bending moment is
And the maximum compressive stresses will be
62
The above equation derivation is based on simple column, but it can be applied for
other columns with different boundary conditions by replacing the column length with the
effective column length ,
Then,
The same can be applied for maximum deflection:
Example 1.25:
A wooden box column is constructed by joining four pieces of lumber

together, as shown in Fig. 1.23. The load is applied at a distance of
from the centroid of the cross section. (a) If the length is , what are the maximum stress
and the maximum deflection? (b) If the allowable stress is , what is the maximum
permissible length ?
100 mm
P 100 mm 200 mm
e
L
200 mm
Solution:
63
(a)
(b)
Example 1.26:
Derive for deflection formula of the column shown in Fig. 1.39.
64
x
P
e
Example 1.27:
Determine the load P required to cause the steel I- P

section column to fail either by buckling or by
yielding. The column is fixed at its base and free 25 mm
at its top. .
Section properties for I-section :
, ,
, , .
2.5 m
65
Solution:
Eccentric load does not affect on buckling load value about either weak or strong axes.
So, the solution is to find buckling load about the weak axis (y-axis) and to check for
yielding about x-axis due to eccentric load.
1. Buckling about y-axis.
2. Check yielding about x-axis.
Then, .
Example 1.28:
The hollow shaft is fixed at one end but free at the other end. Determine the maximum eccentric
force P the shaft can support without causing it to buckle or yield. Also, find the corresponding
maximum deflection of the shaft. Take and .
66
2m
P a
150 mm 40 mm
60 mm
Section a-a
Solution:
67
By trial and error:
Maximum deflection:
Example 1.29: P
e
The I-section steel column is fixed at its base. Its y x
top is constrained to rotate about the yy axis and x
free to move along the yy axis. If y
determine the allowable eccentric force P that can
be applied without causing the column either to
buckle or yield. Use F.S. = 2.0 against buckling and
F.S. = 1.5 against yielding. .
Section properties:
, , 6m
, , .
68
Solution:
1. Buckling about the y-axis.
1. Yielding about x-axis.
69
Example 1.30:
The steel column supports the two eccentric loadings. If it is assumed to be pinned at its top,
fixed at the bottom, and fully braced against buckling about the yy axis, determine the
maximum deflection of the column and the maximum stress in the column. .
130 kN 50 kN
120 mm 80 mm
10 mm 100 mm 10 mm
x
10 mm
6m
y 100 mm y
Solution:
Section properties:
70
Since , then the column does not yield.
2. Maximum deflection:
Example 1.31:
A steel column is pinned at its top and fixed at its base. Also, the column is braced along its
weak axis at mid-height. If , investigate whether the column is adequate to support
this loading. Use F.S. = 2.0 against buckling and F.S. = 1.5 against yielding. .
Section properties:
, ,
, ,
71
P/4 P
250 mm 250 mm
4m
4m
Solution:
1. Buckling about y-axis.
72
Homeworks
HW. 1.1: A column built in on one end and free x

at the other end has a load that is P
eccentrically applied at distance e from e
the centroid, as shown. Show that the
deflection curve is given by
Fig. 1.45 HW 1.1.
73
HW. 1.2: On the cylinder shown, the applied

load with eccentricity of
, the length ,
and the modulus of elasticity
. The external and
internal diameters of column are 60
mm and 50 mm respectively. What
are the maximum stress and the
maximum deflection?
Fig. 1.46 HW 1.2.
HW. 1.3: On the cylinder shown in the previous problem, if the allowable normal
stress is , what is the permissible length of the cylinder?
HW. 1.4: On the column shown, the applied load , the length
and the modulus of elasticity . What are the maximum stress
and the maximum deflection? .
e 30 mm
e 30 mm
P
P L 50 mm 30 mm
L 50 mm 30 mm
50 mm
50 mm
Fig. 1.47 HW 1.4.
HW. 1.5: On the column in the previous problem. If the allowable normal stress is
250 MPa, what is the maximum permissible length L of the column?
74
HW. 1.6: A wide-flange

member is used as a column, as
shown. The applied load
, the length
and the modulus of elasticity
. What are the
maximum stress and the
maximum deflection?
.
Fig. 1.48 HW 1.6.
HW. 1.7: On the column in the previous problem. If the allowable normal stress is
24 ksi, what is the maximum permissible length L of the column?
75
1.8 Columns with Initial Curvature (Fig. 1.49)
x
The initial shape of the column may be assumed
circular, parabolic or sinusoidal without making
much difference to the final result. But the most P
common form is
Final position
of column
where,
L C C' C''
v' v
x
Initial
v curvature
Fig. 1.49 Column with initial

curvature.
At distance x from bottom end,
where
76
which means that the third term in above equation will be

infinity and this is not possible. So, .
where, .
At , .
77
Example 1.32:
Determine the maximum stress developed in a circular steel strut which is subjected to an axial
load of 140 kN. The outside and inside diameters of the strut are 200 mm and 140 mm
respectively. It is 5 m long and has both of its ends hinged. The strut is having initial curvature of
sinusoidal form with initial maximum deflection of 8 mm. Take .
Solution:
78
1.9 Columns with Lateral Loads (Beam-Columns) (Fig. 1.50).
P
wL / 2
w / unit length
vmax
v
L/2
x
wL / 2
Fig. 1.50 Column with initial

curvature.
79
At , .
Example 1.33:
Determine the maximum stress induced in a horizontal column of length 2.5 m and of
rectangular cross-section 40 mm wide and 80 mm deep when it carries an axial thrust of 100 kN
and a vertical load of 6 kN/m length. The column is having pin joints at its ends. Take
.
Solution:
80
HW. 1.8: The ideal column is subjected to the force at its midpoint and the axial
load . Determine the maximum moment in the column at midspan. is
constant. Hint: Establish the differential equation for deflection. The
general solution is
where
81
P
F/2
vmax
F
v
L/2
x
v
F/2
Fig. 1.51 HW. 1.8.
82
1.10 Inelastic Buckling Load using Tangent-Modulus Formula (Fig. 1.26)
P PT
h
A B
5
4
+ 3 +
PL 2 T T
1
n n n n n n
v v
P PT P
Fig. 1.52 Inelastic Buckling of Column.
83
T
E
pe
o
Sl
= ET
PL
eE
Slop
T
Fig. 1.53 Stress-Strain Curve for Elastic-Inelastic Behavior of Column.
The solution of the above differential equation leads to
or
This formula called the tangent-modulus formula or Engessers formula. It can be generalized for
any type of boundary conditions to be
84
Example 1.34:
A column of intermediate length buckles when the compressive stress is 280 MPa. If the
slenderness ratio is 60, determine the tangent modulus.
Solution:
Example 1.35:
The 2 m long column has the cross section shown and is made of material which has a stress-
strain diagram that can be approximated as shown in Fig. 1.54. If the column is pinned at both
ends, determine the critical load for the column.
(MPa)
12 mm
385
125 mm
12 mm
y= 175
75 mm 12 mm
(mm/mm)
0.001 0.004
Solution:
85
Then elastic buckling.
Hw. 1.9: A simply supported 2 m pipe has an outside diameter of 75 mm and a

thickness of 3 mm. The pipe material has the stress-strain curve shown in
Fig. 1.55. Determine the buckling load.
(MPa)
300
260
y= 100
(mm/mm)
0.001 0.004 0.007
Fig. 1.55 HW. 1.9.
86
Example 1.36:
A pinned-pinned column having a square cross section on a side and a length of

is loaded axially through special bearing blocks that allow free rotation when
bending of the column starts. The member is made of material for which the compressive stress-
strain curve is shown in as in Fig. 1.56. The tangent modulus for this stress-strain curve is
shown by abscissas to the curve on the upper scale. (Point corresponds to the
proportional limit, point on curve .) Compute the load .
Solution:
87
Using trial and error,
1st trial, select . From the diagram .
Also,
2nd trial, select , .
88

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Strength of Materials II

DR. AMMAR A. ALI

Stability of Elastic Columns

1.1 Types of Columns

Columns may be divided into two broad categories:

Fig. 1.1 Short column.

Fig. 1.2 Slender column.

Intermediate column, lies between the previous two types.

1.2 Failures of Columns

1.2.1 Failure of Short Columns

The compressive axial stress that will be developed due to

The allowable stress should be less than the crushing

where is the crushing (yield) axial load.

Fig. 1.3 Short column

For design purposes, the cross-sectional area is given as

a. Determine the compressive axial stress if .

Assume crushing failure stress .

Fig. 1.4 Example 1.1.

1.2.2 Failure of Slender Columns

The slender columns will fail by bending with excessive

Fig. 1.5 Slender column

The maximum stress will be allowed for slender columns than

where is the cross-sectional area of the column.

Eulers theory depends on some assumptions as

1. The column is perfect straight initially.

1.3 Derivations for Buckling of Columns

In addition to geometrical dimensions, the restraining and boundary conditions of the

1. Column with Both

Fig. 1.6 Column with Both Ends are Pinned.

n=1 n=2 n=3

2. Fixed-free Column (Fig.

Fig. 1.8 Fixed-free Column

3. Fixed-fixed Column (Fig. 1.9)

Fig. 1.9 Fixed-fixed Column

4. Column with One End

Fig. 1.10 Fixed- Horizontally Guided Column

The solution of the above equation is

Fig. 1.11 Pinned- Horizontally Guided Column

Fig. 1.12 Fixed- Pinned Column

To find location of P.I. (Fig. 1.13):

Fig. 1.13 Point of inflection

Note 1: Homogenous Solution

The two solutions are

1. Distinct real Roots: if

2. Equal real roots: if

Note 2: Particular Solution

The particular solution using undetermined coefficients method:

1.4 Effective Length

Fig. 1.14 Effective length.

a. Both ends are pinned.

a. Both ends are pinned.

a. Buckling load, and

The least moment of inertia is about y axis,

The effective length factor for a fixed-fixed column is 0.5, so

Determine Eulers buckling load for I-section joist shown in 200 mm

Fig. 1.16 Example 1.4

The least value of moment of inertia is about y-y axis .

1.5 Slenderness Ratio

The above equation can be re-expressed as

The stress corresponding to buckling load is

Elastic range Inelastic range

Fig. 1.17 Stress-strain diagram for typical metal.

Fig. 1.18 Stress-slenderness ratio curve.

Elastic range Inelastic range