Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Fff (1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (1)
Soil Mechanics for Second Year
Civil Engineering
Course Content:
Chapter (1): Physical Properties.
-:
- Particles
- water
- Air
Solid Va Wa = 0
Vv
Void Vw Ww
Vt Wt
Water Air
Vs Ws
2) Porosity: (n)
Vv
Vv
n Vt
Vt
n 0.0 1.0
Vw Vv Vw
Sr
Vv
4) Water content : ( Wc )
Ww Ww
Wc
Ws Ws
Jb Jd Js Jsat. Jsub.
Jw = 1 t/m3 = 1 g/cm3 = 10 kN/m3
3 3
= 1000 kg/m = 62.4
Soil Mechanics (1)Ib/ft P
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (5)
a) Bulk density: (Jb)
Wt
J b
Vt
Bulk = natural = total = wet = moist
Ws
J d
Vt
Ws
J s
Vs
Wt
J sat
Vt
J sub. J sat. J w
( )
( 2.6 - 2.8
emax eo Vmax Vo
Dr
emax emim Vmax Vmim
sand
Soil Dr (%)
Very loose 0 - 15
Loose 15 - 35
Medium 35 - 65
Dense 65 - 85
Very dense 85 - 100
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (8)
1 1
J mim J o
Dr
1 1
J mim J max
n
(1) e
1 n
e
( 2) n
1 e
(3) sr * e Gs * Wc
Jb
( 4) J d
1 Wc
Gs sr * e
(5) J b ( ) *J w
1 e
Vw w Ww
Vs s Ws
Ws Gs * J w *Vs
Ww J w *Vw
Prove that
Gs sr * e
Jb *J w
1 e
OR
Find the relation between
Prism -
e
Sr*e Sr*e*Jw
1 Gs*Jw
Vw Vw
Sr
Vv e
Vw Sr * e
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (11)
( Jb ) -
Wt
Jb
Vt
Sr * e * J w Gs * J w
Jb
1 e
( Sr * e Gs ) * J w
Jb
1 e
Prove that
Jb
Jd
1 Wc
OR
Find the relation between
Jb, Jd, Wc
( ) ( J or Gs ) -
(Wc ) -
Ww
Wc
Ws
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (12)
1=
Assume (Ws = 1)
Wc = Ww
Prism -
Wc Wc
Jw
1
1
Gs
(Jd , Jb ) -
Wt 1 Wc
Jb (1)
Vt Vt
1
Jd
Vt (2)
J d 1
J b 1 Wc
J
J d
b
1 Wc
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (13)
Prove that
Sr * e Gs *Wc
OR
Find the relation between
Sr, e, Gs, Wc
( ) ( J or Gs ) -
(Wc, Sr, e ) -
Vv
e
Vs
1=
Assume (Vs = 1)
e = Vv
Prism -
e
Sr
e Sr
e
Jw
1 Gs Jw
Prove that
e
n
1 e
OR
Find the relation between
e, n
( ) ( J or Gs ) -
(n, e ) -
Vv
e
Vs
Assume (Vs = 1)
e = Vv
(n) -
vv e
n
vt 1 e
Prove that
n
e
1 n
OR
Find the relation between
e, n
( ) ( J or Gs ) -
n
1
1-n
(e) -
vv n
e
vs 1 n
Try: Prove that
Gs * J w (1 Wc)
Jb
(1 e)
Prism -
Js w Js
1 1 J w
Js Jd Jd
Jd
1 S Js
Wc
J s J d J w
Jd *J s
Prove that
Wc
Sr
Wc ( sat .)
OR
Find the relation between
Sr, WcWc(sat)
( Wc ) -
Ww
Wc( sat )
Ws
Wc = Ww (sat.)
( ) Prism -
a Wc( sat )
Wc VV = w Wc(sat)
Jw
w Wc
Jw
S S
Vw (Wc / J w )
Sr
Vv (Wc( sat ) / J w )
Wc
Sr
Wc ( sat )
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (20)
( )
(1) (2)
Embankment
Pit
e1 e2
V1 V2
V1 1 e1 Jd2
V2 1 e2 J d1
prism prism
a a
w w
S S
Assume
prism Vs = 1
( )
(1) (2)
Embankment
Pit
e1 e2
V1 V2
V1 1 e1 Jd2
V2 1 e2 J d1
Solution
Given
Jb = 1.97 gm/cm3 Jw 1 .0
Wc = 20 %
Gs = 2.65
1 S 2.65
Assume Vs = 1
Ws = Gs * 1 * Jw = 2.65
1 S Gs
Assume Vs = 1
Ws Gs * J w Gs
Ws
Jd
Vt
GS
1 .5 Vt 0 .66 Gs
Vt
a
1.82 0.49 w 0.49
1 S 2.72
Vv 1.82 1
n 0.45 45%
Vt 1.82
0.82 w 0.82
Full saturated 1.82
1 S 2.72
V2 = 1 m3 Wc = 8 %
V1 = ???
Jb
Jd
1 Wc
1.77
Jd 1.64
1 0.08
V1 J d2
V2 J d1
V1 1 . 84
V 1 ( pit ) 1 . 12 m 3
1 1 . 64
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 8
Example (4)
The weight of a partially soil sample is 600 gm and
its volume is 365 cm3 after oven drying the weight
of the sample reduced to 543 gm. Taking the
specific gravity 2.67, find the water content, void
ratio and degree of saturation. If the sample is
saturated with water without change of volume,
find the saturated density.
Solution
Given
Wt = 600 gm
Vt = 365 cm3
W dry = Ws = 543
Gs = 2.67
a
57 w 57
365
600
203.4
S 543
161.6 w
Full saturated 161.6
365 704.6
203.4 S 543
Wt 704 . 6
J sat . 1 . 93 t / m 3
Vt 365
Sheet (1)
Physical Properties
3) Laboratory test on sample of saturated soil show that the void ratio
is 0.45 and the specific gravity is 2.65. Determine the wet unit
weight of the soil and its water content
6) Determine the wet density, dry density, void ratio, water content
and degree of saturation for a sample of moist soil which has a
mass of 18.18 Kg and occupies a total volume of 0.009 m3. When
dried in an oven, the dry mass is 16.13 Kg. the specific gravity is
2.70.
Zagazig University Structural Eng. Department
Faculty of Engineering Soil Mechanics (1)
8) A cylinder contains 500 cm3 of loose dry sand which weight 750
gm and under load of 20 t/m2, the original volume decreased by 3
% and then by vibration the volume decreased by 10 %, assume the
solid density of sand grains is 2.65 t/m3. compute the void ratio,
porosity, dry density corresponding to each of the following cases:
a) Loose sand (original state) b) Under static load
c) Loaded and vibrated
10) A saturated 100 cm3 clay sample has a natural water content of 15
% . If the specific gravity of the soil solids is 2.7, what will be the
volume of the sample when the water content is 25 %.
1 ft3 w 15
140
S 125
Ww 15
Wc 0 . 12 12 %
Ws 125
Wt 140
Jb 140 gm / ft 3
Wt 1
Ws 125
Jd 125 gm / ft 3
Vt 1
88 w 88
150 250
62 S 162
Ws 162
Jd 1 . 08 gm / cm 3
Vt 150
Ww 88
Wc 0 . 54 54 %
Ws 162
Vv 88
e 1 . 42
Vs 62
J s 162 / 62
Gs 2 . 61
Jw 1
0.45 w 0.45
1.45 3.1
1 S 2.65
Assume Vs = 1.0
Assume Vs = 1.0
w
7.15 7.15
8.15 9.85
1 S 2.7
Ww Ww
Wc 2 .65 Ww 7 .15
Ws 2 .7
Wt 9 .85
J sat . 1.21t / m 3
Vt 8 .15
J sub . J sat . J w 1.21 1 0.21t / m 3
a
0.7
0.59 w 0.59
8.15
9.85
1 S 2.69
Ww Ww
Wc 0.22 Ww 0 .59
Ws 2.69
Vv Vv
e 0 .7 Vv 0 .7
Vs 1 .0
Wt 2.69 0 .59
Jb 1 .93
Vt 1 .7
Ws 2.69
Jd 1 .59
Vt 1 .7
Vw 0 .59
Sr 0 .85
Vv 0 .7
Saturated state
w
0.7 0.7
1.7
1 S 2.69
Ww 0 .7
Wc 0 . 26
Ws 2 . 69
Wt 2 . 69 0 . 7
J sat . 1 . 99 t / m 3
Vt 1 .7
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(9)
6) Determine the wet density, dry density, void ratio,
water content and degree of saturation for a sample of
moist soil which has a mass of 18.18 Kg and occupies
a total volume of 0.009 m3. When dried in an oven,
the dry mass is 16.13 Kg. the specific gravity is 2.70.
Sol.
a
3.1*10-3
2.05*10-3
w 2.05
0.009
18.18
5.9*10-3
S 16.13
Wt 18 .18
Jb 2020 kg / m 3
Vt 0 .009
8 cm
S
V (8 ) 2 * 25 1256 cm 3
4
a
540
423 w 423
1256
2371
716 S 1948
w
540 540
1256
716 S 1948
H.W.
W1
W2
W3
W4
W5
W6
-:
-
-
(-)
(-)
A B C
Commutative
Sieve size Wt. retained Wt. passing
Wt. retained % passing
(mm)
50.8 W1 w1
38.1 W2 w1+w2
19.05 W3 W1+w2+w3
9.52 W4
4.76 W5
2.38 W6
2.0 W7
1.19
0.595
0.42
0.297
0.21
0.14
0.074
0.063
B = total weight A
C = (B / Total weight)*100
100
90
80
S = 3-5 cm
70
% Passing
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Seive Size
: -
-
x -
X S >log( D ) log( small ) @ -
X 3 . 0 >log( 26 . 7 ) log( 10 ) @ 1 . 3 cm
1
Sieve (4.75)
10
X 3 . 0 >log( 4 . 75 ) log( 1) @ 2 . 03 cm
0.01
Sieve (0.074)
0.1
X 3 . 0 >log( 0 . 074 ) log( 0 . 01 ) @ 2 . 61 cm
100
90
80
70
% Passing
60
50
40
XD10
30
20
10
0
D60 D30 D10
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Seive Size
D 10 %
D 30 %
D 60 %
D10
D30
D60
5 15 6 (sand)
4 (gravel)
( D 30 ) 2
Cc
D 60 * D10
Poor Well Poor
1 3
3) Effective diameter (D10)
%
Hazen's formula ( K )
K C * ( D10 ) 2
C = Constant (1-10)
C=1 for sand
2
4
1 3
Size
1) Uniform:
2) Non-uniform:
3) Well graded: ( )
4) Gap graded:
Note:
Uniform
Gap graded
Reading
Bulb
Hydrometer
-:
-
-
-
-
( 0.5,1,2,4,8,..30 mim. , 1,2,4,8,..24 hr )
-
V v D2 D
V C * D2
Js Jw
C V
18 P
= V -
= D -
= Js -
= P -
P ( poise )
gm . sec . / cm 2
981
Z Js Jw
V * D2 D
t 18 P
= Z
= t
Wt . of particles D
N
Ws
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 12
Ws =
Vt = ()
% passing
Sieve analysis
Hydrometer analysis
Size
No. 200 = 0.074 mm
Mix the two soils in such proportions that resulting mixture which will
contain 26 % of 0.005 mm clay. Draw the grading curve for the mixture
and classify it.
required for the settlement of the coarsest and the finest particles of the
sample to the bottom of the tank. Take Gs = 2.68 andP = 0.01 poise.
1 3
Sol.
For Soil (A)
sieve Wt. retained commulative Passing %
open of (A) Wt. Ret. Wt. passing
4.78 ------- ------ ------ 100
2.41 72 72 428 85.6
1.2 91 163 337 67.4
0.6 75 238 262 52.4
0.3 182 420 80 16
0.15 15 435 65 13
0.075 55 490 10 2
pan 10 500 0 0
100
90
80 Soil A Soil B
70
60
% Passing
50
40
30
20
10
0
10 1 0.1 0.01
sieve open
(B.S.) (ASTM)
A
+ B
= Mix
X + 1-X = 1
100
90
80 Mix. A
70 B
60
% Passing
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
sieve open
1) VC * D2
J s J w
C
18P
Z
V
t
Ws 1
2) J i (t 0)
J w 1
Vt Gs
N *Ws 1
3) J t Jw 1
Vt Gs
commencement of sedimentation
t = 0.0 JL
w
a a w w
w
S S S S S
Volume
Casagrande's method:
Grooving tools
Wc
N
(
liquid limit
Wc
L.L.
Flow line
Log. (N)
N = 25
:
(
(
Wc
d
Wc Plastic limit
P.L.
d
d = 3 mm
a w
1) Plasticity index ( IP )
Ip L.L. P.L.
Ip plasticity soil
0 Non-plastic Sand
<7 Low plastic Silt
7-17 Med. Plastic Silty - clay
>17 High plastic clay
3) Liquidity index ( IL )
Wc P.L. Wc P.L.
IL
Ip L. L P . L.
IL 1 Ic
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 8
4) Flow index ( If )
( flow line )
Wc
L.L.
Flow line
Log. (N)
N = 25
Wc1 Wc 2
If
log( N 2 ) log( N1 )
5) Toughness index ( It )
Ip
It
If
Ip
Ac
% fines 0 . 002 mm
mm 0.002
% passing
% fines
Size
0.002
Ac activity
< 0.75 In-active
0.75-1.4 Med. active
>1.4 active
(L/D = 2)
P
'L
P
V
A
' L
V H
L
qu
H
qu Clay type
0 - 0.25 Very soft clay
0.25 - 0.5 Soft clay
0.5 - 1 Med. clay
1-2 Stiff clay
2-4 Very stiff clay
>4 Hard clay
qu (undisturbe d )
St
qu ( remolded )
St sensitivity
<1 Insensitive
12 Low sensitive
24 Med. sensitive
48 sensitive
8 16 Very sensitive
> 16 Extra sensitive
3- The liquid limit, water content and the plastic limit of clay soil were
determined in the laboratory as follows. Find consistency index &
liquidity index for each soil:
Zagazig University Structural Eng. Department
Faculty of Engineering Soil Mechanics (1)
4- For the given data determine the liquid limit of a given sample of silt:
Number of blows 40 34 24 20
5- Sample of clay soil has a liquid limit of 62 % and its plasticity index
is 32 %
a) what is the degree of stiffness of this soil if the natural water
content is 34 %
b) calculate the shrinkage limit if the void ratio of the sample at its
shrinkage limit is 70 % , Gs = 2.70
6- Sample of clay weight 34.8 gm at its liquid limit. After drying the
clay, its weight is 19.4 gm and its volume is 10 cm3. if the Gs = 2.7 of
clay determine its L.L and S.L.
Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(1)
Sheet No. (3)
Soil Consistency
1- A) Define: liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit,
plasticity index.
Liquid limit: (L.L.)
)
(
Plastic limit: (P.L.)
Shrinkage limit: (S.L.)
.
a w
S S
Va( dry ) Vw( S .L.)
dry S.L.
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(2)
Plasticity index ( IP )
Ip L.L. P.L.
B) the liquid an plastic limits of a soil are 87 % and 35 %
respectively, natural water content is 43%. Find the
liquidity index and draw the relation between the water
content and liquidity index for this soil for water
content ranging between the plastic and the liquid
limits.
given
L.L = 87 %
P.L = 35 %
Wc = 43 %
Req.
1) IL
2) Draw relation (Wc, IL) Wc = 35 87
Wc P.L. 43 35
IL 0 .15
Ip 87 35
IL
1.0
0.15
Wc
43 87
1 S 2.72 1 S 2.67
JbJde
23.5
23.0
To scale
22.5
22.0
21.5
21.0
100 10
25
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(7)
L.L = 22.8 %
Wc1 Wc 2
If
Log ( N 1 ) Log ( N 2 )
0.228 0.218
If 0.045
Log ( 40 ) Log ( 24 )
Ip
IT
If
5- Sample of clay soil has a liquid limit of 62 % and its
plasticity index is 32 %
a) what is the degree of stiffness of this soil if the
natural water content is 34 %
b) calculate the shrinkage limit if the void ratio of the
sample at its shrinkage limit is 70 % , Gs = 2.70
a)
LL Wc 62 34
Ic 0.875
LL Pl 32
b) e = 70 %
Gs = 2.7
Vv 0 .7
Ww 0 .7
SL 0 . 26
Ws 2 .7
e
SL
Gs
15.4 w 15.4
2.8 w 2.8
34.8
10
7.18 S 19.4 S 19.4
7.18
Ww Ww
SL SL
Ws Ws
15 .4 2 .8
S .L 79 .4 S .L 14 .5
19 .4 19 .4
100
P3
P2
P1
0.0
2 mm 0.06 mm 0.002 mm
% of gravel = 100 - P3
% of sand = P3 - P2
% of silt = P2 P1
% of clay = P1
Ex:
% of sand = 20 %
% of clay = 60 % The soil is Clay
% of silt = 20 %
Ex:
% of gravel = 7 %
% of sand = 25 %
% of clay = 25 %
% of silt = 43 %
The soil is
Sand-silt-clay
% (-)
Sand Gravel
IP
Silt
35 % 50 % L.L
A-1-a
A-1- b
A- 3
clay silt
A-3 A-2
A-4
A-5
50% A-6
A-7
A-1-b
30%
A-1-a
10 15 25 35 # 200
A-2
IP
A-2-6 A-2-7
10
A-2-4
A A-2-5
40 L.L
40 L.L
- Cc = 2.5
- Cu = 7
- Ip = L.L P.L = 40 25 = 15
A-line
- Ip = L.L P.L = 60 30 = 30
IP
35 % 50 %
The soil is (CH)
Ex: (mid term 2007)
D60 0.32
Cu 7.11
D10 0.045
(D30 ) 2 (0.13) 2
Cc 1.17
D60 * D10 0.32* 0.045
- Ip = L.L P.L = 48 20 = 28
PI = 60 10 = 50
L.L = 60
PI = 49 - 26 = 23
L.L = 49
Ws
Jd n
Vt p
Compaction in Lab.
1) Standard proctor test (S.P.T.)
W3 W4
Wc
W4
Jd
Wc
Wc, Jd -
Jd
Jd max.
Wc
O.M.C.
S.P.T. M.P.T.
Wt. of hammer 2.5 kg 4.5 kg
Drop height 30.5 cm 45 cm
Layers 3 - layers 5 - layers
No. of blows 25 blows 25 blows
Uses
1- Water content
2- Compaction effort
3- Soil type
Stage ( I ) Stage ( II )
Wc
O.M.C.
Stage ( I ) Stage ( II )
M.P.T.
S.P.T.
Wc
E n J d max n O.M .C p
W *H * N *n
E
V
W=
H =
N=
n =
2 . 5 * 30 . 5 * 3 * 25
E SPT 5 .7
1000
4 . 5 * 45 * 5 * 25
E MPT 25 . 3
1000
E MPT 25 . 3
4 .4
E SPT 5 .7
Gravel
Sand
Silt
Clay
Size n J d max n O .M .C p
3- Sheep-foot rollers
5- Dynamic compaction
( )
7- Vibrofloating
Range of Wc
Range of Wc = (O.M.C 2%)
Wc1 -
Wc2 -
-:
W1 -
Wc -
-
-
Jb
J d field
(1 Wc )
J d field
Rc
J d max
Va
Va
na Vt
Vt
Vv n(1-Sr)
n n
Vt 1
n*Sr
Vw Vw 1-n
Sr
Vv n
Vw n * Sr
Va
na n (1 Sr )
Vt
Relation (na, Gs, Wc, Jd, Jw)
Vt Vs Vw Va Va
Vt
Vt Vw
Vs Vw Va
1
Vt Vt Vt Vs
Vs Vw
(1 na )
Vt Vt
Note
Ws Ww Ws
(1 na) *
Gs*J w *Vt J w *Vt Ws Ws
Jd
Jd J d *Wc Vt
(1 na) Ww J w * Vw
Gs*J w Jw
Ws Gs * J w * Vs
(1 na ) * Gs * J w Ww
Jd Wc
(1 Gs * Wc ) Ws
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (9)
Zero air voids: (ZAV) na = 0
Saturation line
Gs * J w
Jd
(1 Gs * Wc )
-:
. -
. -
-
5%
10 % ZAV
Sol.
Wc, % 10.1 11.8 14.2 16.3 17.6 18.9
Jd, t/m3 1.65 1.71 1.79 1.8 1.76 1.72
Jd, t/m3(na = 0) 2.1 2.04 1.94 1.86 1.82 1.78
Jd, t/m3(na = 5%) 2.0 1.93 1.84 1.77 1.73 1.69
2.2
2.1
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Sol.
Given:-
Jd t/m3 g/cm3
Wc = 12.5 %
10 cm
Gs = 2.66
Req. 5.0
1) Sr
S
2) na V ( 5 ) 2 * 10 196 . 3
4
3) Ww, Wdry
386.55
129.2 S 343.6
Ws Ws
Jd 1.75 Ws 343 .6
Vt 196 .3
Ww Ww
Wc 0.125 Ww 42.95
Ws 343 .6
Vw 42.95
Sr 0.616
Vv 69.7
Va 24.15
na 0.123
Vt 196 .3
Ww 42.95
Ws Wdry 343 .6
Rc = 95 %
Req.
Range of water content
1.9
1.85
1.8
1.75
1.7
1.65
1.6
5 10 Wc1 15 Wc2 20 25
Final (2008)
In a highway construction 95 % compaction is required for the
soil at a moisture content = optimum 2 % to + 2 %. The soil
has the following compaction curve:-
Wc % 14 16 18 20 22 24
Jd (gm/cm3) 1.89 2.139 2.17 2.21 2.119 2.069
If a sample 900 cm3 volume is taken from the compacted layer.
Its weight is 1.8 kg and lost 0.3 kg after drying. Gs = 2.7.
i) Is that sample meet the specification? why?
ii) What is the degree of saturation of this sample?
Final (2007)
1.95
The adjacent figure shows the results
Chapter (6)
Hydraulic properties of soil
1) Geo-static stress
a) Effective stress: ( V )
V J *h
Jsub. J
Jsub. = Jsat.Jw JbJdJsat.
-:
-
( W ) -
b) Pore water pressure: (neutral stress)
U J w * hw
Jw
hw =
V V U
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 3 of soil
sr * e Gs *Wc
Gs sr * e
Jb *J w
1 e
Ex:-
h2 Jsat.
A
At point (A):-
V J * h J b * h1 J sat. * h2
U J w * hw J w * h2
V J b * h1 J sub. * h2
At point (B):-
V J *h J b * h1
U J w * hw Zero
V J b * h1
h1 Jb
2
hc 3 Jsat.
4
h2 Jsat.
5
At point (1):-
V zero
U zero
V zero
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 5 of soil
At point (2):-
V J b * h1
U zero
V J b * h1
At point (3):-
V J b * h1
U J w * hc
V V U J b * h1 J w * hc
At point (4):-
V J b * h1 J sat . * h c
U zero
V J b * h1 J sat . * h c
At point (5):-
V J b * h1 J sat. * hc J sat. * h2
U J w * h2
V J b * h1 J sat. * hc J sub. * h2
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 6 of soil
Surcharge
h1 Jb
h2 Jsat.
At point (A):-
V q J b * h1 J sat . * h2
U J w * h2
V q J b * h1 J sub. * h2
h1 Jw
h2 Jsat.
At point (A):-
V J sat . * h2 J w * h1
U J w * ( h1 h2 )
V J sub . * h2
Effect of flow
a) Down-ward flow
( ) H
h1
Soil
h2 Jsat
A A
At point (A-A):-
V J sat. * h2 J w * h1
U J w * (h1 h2 ) J w * H Jw
+
V J sub. * h2 J w * H Jw
+
Jw
+
b) Up-ward flow
h1
Soil
h2 Jsat
A A
At point (A-A):-
V J sat. * h2 J w * h1
U J w * (h1 h2 ) J w * H Jw +
V J sub. * h2 J w * H Jw +
Jw
+
Hydraulic gradient ( i )
H T
h1
h2
i tan T
H .......... .......... ....
i
L
V J sub. * h2 J w * H zero
J sub. * h2 J w * H
H J sub.
icr
h2 J w
J sub. Gs 1
icr
Jw 1 e
Scour
:
H
i
L
J sub. Gs 1
icr
Jw 1 e
i icr No piping
i icr critical
i ! icr piping
Weights
filters -
Filters
Design of filter:
-:
-
% -
4 D85 ( soil ) ! D15 ( filter ) ! 4 D15 ( soil ) -
85 %
Filter Soil
B A
15 %
(D15) 15% -
(A) (4D15) -
(D85) 85% -
(B) (4D85) -
filter A, B -
filter
filter
Soil Mechanics (1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 1 of soil
Chapter (6)
Hydraulic properties of soil
2) Permeability of soil
K
K = Coefficient of permeability
Darcy Law
i
h1
h2
V vi
V const . * i
V K *i
-:
= V
= K
= i
H ..........
..........
....
i
L
H
A
Q A *V K *i * A
V
Q
t
= Q
= A
= t
= V
Discharge velocity
V K *i
Q A *V K *i * A
= A
Seepage velocity
Q AV * V S A *V
A *V V
VS
AV n
K *i
VS K P *i
n
KP = coefficient of percolation
Av = area of voids
1- Lab. tests
2- Field test
3- Empirical equations
1- Lab. tests:
a) Constant Head Test
coarse soil (Sand, Gravel)
Soil
( t )
V h
Q K * *A
t L
V *L
K
h*t* A
a
h1
h2
Soil
A L
a * L h1
K Ln
t*A h2 -:
= a
( ) = L
( ) = t
() = h1
() = h2
Q r2
K 2 2
Ln
S ( h2 h1 ) r1
b) Confined test ( )
Q r2
K Ln
2SD ( h2 h1 ) r1
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 8 of soil
3- Empirical equations:
a) Hazen formula
K C * ( D10 ) 2
C = Constant (1-10)
C=1 for sand
i cons tant 1m
h
q1 K1 H1
q
q2 K2 H2 H
q3 K3 H3
L
q q1 q2 q3
Keq. * i * H K1* i * H1 K 2 * i * H 2 K 3* i * H 3
Keq. * H K1* H1 K 2 * H 2 K3* H 3
Keq. K X
K1* H1 K 2 * H 2 ....... K * H
H1 H 2 ......... H
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 10 of soil
b) Vertical flow
V, q = constant
K1 H1
K2 H2 H
H3
K3
h h1 h2 h3
h V *H
V h
K*
H K
V * H V * H1 V * H2 V * H3
K K1 K2 K3
H H1 H2 H3
K K1 K2 K3
Keq. K y
H1 H 2 ......... H
H1 H 2 H
K1 K 2
.........
K
Chapter (6)
Hydraulic properties of soil
3) Flow net
Flow channel
Flow lines
Equipotent lines
Field Drop head
Laplace
w 2h
w 2 h
2
0 .0
wx wz 2
Laplace :
Flow lines:
Flow channel:
Equipotent lines:()
Drop head:
Field:
:
-
. -
-
-
5 -
-
Smooth -
. -
( ) U.S. -
( ) D.S. -
Field -
Smooth -
Example (1)
H
A B
Example (2)
H
-:
. = Isotropic soil
Kx = Kz
. = In-isotropic soil
Kx z Kz
-:
In-isotropic soil
Nf
q K *H *
Nd
Kz
K Kx * Kz Kx
q
N 1
pump capacity
2) Seepage pressure ( Ps )
n
Ps J w * H * 1
Nd
drop head = n
5
Ps A J w * H * 1
For 15
Example (1)
12 . 5
Ps B J w * H * 1
15
3) Uplift
seepage pressure
Example (1)
2
Ps A J w * H * 1
15
12
Ps B J w * H * 1
(1)15
Soil Mechanics
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 9 of soil
W =
W =J
volume =J
A
1
W
F .O .S t 1 . 0 safe
F
For Example (2)
seepage pressure
D.S.
D/2
8 .5
Ps A J w * H * 1
13
10 . 5
Ps B J w * H * 1
13
D
W J sub . * D * *1
2
Ps A Ps B D
F *
2 2
W
F .O . S t 1 safe
F
4) Piping
J sub. Gs 1
icr
Jw 1 e
'h
i
L min .
H
'h
Nd
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 12 of soil
= Lmin
.
Example (1)
Example (2)
i ! icr piping
i icr No piping
icr
FOS ! 1 .0
i
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 13 of soil
Examples
Examples
2m
8 m Clay
Jsat t/m3
2- Line load
-
3- Strip load
A
P r
Vz I* 2
Z
I = influence factor
2.5
3 1
I 2
2S 1 ( r / z )
2- Line load
q q
Vz I*
Z
I = influence factor
2
2 1 Z
I
2
S 1 ( x / z) A
x
m = x/z
n = y/z
= y
:
= X, r
= Z
20 t/m P3, P4
P1, P2
4.0 3.0
Elev.
5.0
A
P2 = 70 P4 = 50
3.0 Plan
P1 = 80 P3 = 60
Solution
2- Line load:
X = 4.0 m
Z = 5.0 m
2 2
2 1 2 1
I
2
2
0.236
S 1 (x / z) S 1 (4 / 5)
q 20
Vz I* 0.236 * 0.95
Z 5
Total stress = Vz + 6
Z
'V
Z/2 L Z/2
q * B * L 'V * (B z)(L z)
q*B*L
'V
(B z)(L z)
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 9
S S
q* ( D)2 'V * ( D z)2
4 4
( D) 2
'V q
( D z)2
VA q*I Chart
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 10
B
n
Z
L
m
Z
= Z
= B
= L
V A q*(I1 I2 I3 I4 )
Newmark chart
AB ( cm ) Z (m )
-
chart -
(N) -
N = 38
P
q
L*B
q1 q2
N1 N2
V 0.005* (N1 * q1 N2 * q2 )
= N1
= N2
Final 2005
Find the stress at point (O)
a
a
w
w
S
S
( ) -
() -
-
-
w
w
S
S
Consolidation in Lab.
Oedometer
2 cm
Soil
7.5 cm
ring
Porous plate
Tank
-
-
/ -
-
(0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30 min., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 hr)
-
/
(0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, )
-
Compression Characteristics
V
Vo V1
'V
eo =
Vo =
Vo J * h Chapter (6)
'V
'V Chapter (7)
eo 1
'e
e1 2
V
Vo V1
'V
Hv Hv
'v 'H 'e
mv
'V Vo Ho 1 eo
'e 1
mv *
' V 1 eo
av
mv
1 eo
Hv = volumetric strain
eo 1
'e
e1 2
V
Vo V1
'V
'V
Ev
Hv
1
Ev
mv
eo 1
'e
e1 2
Log V
LogVo LogV1
' LogV
'e
Cc
Log (V 1 ) Log (V 2 )
Cc 0.009( L.L 10)
Log V
LogV1 LogV2
' LogV
'e
Cs
Log (V 1 ) Log (V 2 )
Loop
Log V
Log Vc
( ) A -
A -
-
-
Vc -
Vc ..........
......
O.C.R
Vo
O .C . R 1 U .C .C
O .C . R 1 N .C .C
O .C . R ! 1 O .C .C
1- Under consolidation clay (U.C.C)
O .C . R 1
Vc Vo
2- Normal consolidation clay (N.C.C)
O .C . R 1
Vc Vo
3- Over consolidation clay (O.C.C)
O .C . R ! 1
Vc !Vo
Soil Mechanics (1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(1)
Final Settlement ('HGf
q
L
h J Sand
Z
J 'V
H eo Clay
L+Z
'H 'e
1)
H 1 e
2 )G f ' H mv * ' V * H
1
3 )G f 'H * 'V * H
Ev
Cc , eo
O.C .R 1.0
Cc V o 'V
4 )G f * H * Log
1 eo Vo
Cs , Vc
O.C .R ! 1.0
V c ! V o 'V
Cs V o 'V
5)G f * H * Log
1 eo Vo
V c V o 'V
Cc V 'V Cs V
Gf * H * Log o * H * Log c
1 eo V c 1 eo Vo
H = Clay
Vo J * h Chapter(6)
Clay
Overburden pressure
'V Chapter(7)
Clay
Z = Clay
Terzaghi
Terzaghi Assumptions
Darcy
Gt
U%
Gf
Uo Ut
U%
Uo
Uo = 'Vat time = zero
'V U t
U%
'V
G t =
G f =
U o = Jw
hw
U f =
Gt U % *G f
U%
U% , TV
TV U%
CV *t
TV 2
d
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(6)
7 V = Time factor
C V = Coeff. of consolidation
t = time
d = effective depth
Sand
d H
Clay H
Rock
H50
H100
B
t1 4t1
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(8)
( ) A -
t1 A -
4
t1 -
X -
Ho
B -
H100 B -
H50 Ho , H100 -
t50 H50 -
Cv -
H0
A B
Ho -
A
L -
1.15
L B -
H50 B -
t90
Cv -
( ) Vc -
eo -
(eo , Vo ) a -
f 0.42 eo -
eo , a , f -
Vo -
eo -
eo , Vo b -
( ) Vc -
a Vc 12 b -
f 0.42 eo -
eo , a , b , f -
( ) Vc -
eo -
(eo , Vo ) b -
Vo a -
f 0.42 eo -
eo , a , b , f -
U V u V
Pore water pressure Effective stress
:Isochrones
effective stress, pore water pressure
K mv *Cv *J w
:Field , Lab. -
Cv Clay
CV ( Lab) CV ( Field)
2 2
Tv* d Tv* d
t Lab t Field
U% = degree of consolidation
Tv
2 2
d d
t Lab t Field
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Final Exam Final Exam
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................................
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Final Exam Final Exam
2011 2011
...
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Final Exam Final Exam
2011 2011
...
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Final Exam Final Exam
2011 2011
...