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Soil Mechanics

Fff (1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (1)
Soil Mechanics for Second Year
Civil Engineering
Course Content:
Chapter (1): Physical Properties.

Chapter (2): Grain Size Distributions.

Chapter (3): Soil Consistency.

Chapter (4): Soil Classification.

Chapter (5): Soil Compaction.

Chapter (6): Hydraulic Properties of the Soil.

Chapter (7): Stress Due to Applied Load.

Chapter (8): Consolidation.

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (2)
Chapter (1)
Physical Properties

-:
- Particles
- water
- Air
Solid Va Wa = 0

Vv
Void Vw Ww
Vt Wt
Water Air
Vs Ws

Natural state Prism


Vt = Ws =
Vv = Ww =
Vs = Wa = zero =
Vw = Wt =
Va =

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (3)
Physical Properties
1) Void ratio: (e)
Vv
Vv
e
Vs Vs

e 0.5  0.8 o Sand


e 0.7  1.1 o Clay

2) Porosity: (n)
Vv
Vv
n Vt
Vt

n 0.0  1.0

3) Degree of saturation: (Sr)

Vw Vv Vw
Sr
Vv

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (4)

Sr = 0.0 Sr = 100 Sr = 0- 100

Dry Saturated Wet

4) Water content : ( Wc )

Ww Ww
Wc
Ws Ws

5) Unit weight (density): (J)


W
J
V

Jb Jd Js Jsat. Jsub.

Jw = 1 t/m3 = 1 g/cm3 = 10 kN/m3
3 3
= 1000 kg/m = 62.4
Soil Mechanics (1)Ib/ft P
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (5)
a) Bulk density: (Jb)

Wt
J b
Vt


Bulk = natural = total = wet = moist

b) Dry density: (Jd)

Ws
J d
Vt

c) Density of solid part: (Js)

Ws
J s
Vs

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (6)
d) Saturated density: (Jsat.)

Wt
J sat
Vt

e) Submerged density: (Jsub.)

J sub. J sat.  J w
( )

6) Specific gravity: (Gs)


Js
Gs
Jw

( 2.6 - 2.8

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (7)
7) Relative density: (Dr)

emax  eo Vmax  Vo
Dr
emax  emim Vmax  Vmim

sand

emim. = dense state ( )


= compacted state
emax. = loose state ( )
eo = natural state ( )
= in-situ state
= field state
Vmax = loose state
Vmim = dense state
Vo = natural state

Soil Dr (%)
Very loose 0 - 15
Loose 15 - 35
Medium 35 - 65
Dense 65 - 85
Very dense 85 - 100
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (8)

1 1

J mim J o
Dr
1 1

J mim J max


n
(1) e
1 n
e
( 2) n
1 e

(3) sr * e Gs * Wc
Jb
( 4) J d
1  Wc
Gs  sr * e
(5) J b ( ) *J w
1 e

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (9)


Vw w Ww

Vs s Ws

Ws Gs * J w *Vs

Ww J w *Vw


Prove that

Gs  sr * e
Jb *J w
1 e
OR
Find the relation between

Jb, Gs, Sr, e, Jw

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (10)

( ) ( J or Gs ) -
( Sr, e ) -
Vv
e
Vs
1=
Assume (Vs = 1)
VV = e

Prism -

e
Sr*e Sr*e*Jw

1 Gs*Jw

Vw Vw
Sr
Vv e
Vw Sr * e
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (11)
( Jb ) -
Wt
Jb
Vt
Sr * e * J w  Gs * J w
Jb
1 e
( Sr * e  Gs ) * J w
Jb
1 e
Prove that

Jb
Jd
1  Wc
OR
Find the relation between
Jb, Jd, Wc

( ) ( J or Gs ) -
(Wc ) -
Ww
Wc
Ws
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (12)
1=
Assume (Ws = 1)
Wc = Ww

Prism -

Wc Wc
Jw
1
1
Gs

(Jd , Jb ) -
Wt 1  Wc
Jb (1)
Vt Vt
1
Jd
Vt (2)
J d 1
J b 1  Wc
J
J d
b
1  Wc
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (13)
Prove that
Sr * e Gs *Wc
OR
Find the relation between
Sr, e, Gs, Wc

( ) ( J or Gs ) -
(Wc, Sr, e ) -
Vv
e
Vs
1=
Assume (Vs = 1)
e = Vv
Prism -

e
Sr e Sr e Jw

1 Gs Jw

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (14)
(Wc, Gs) -
Gs
Ww Sr * e * J w
Wc
Ws Gs * J w
Sr * e
Wc
Gs

Prove that
e
n
1 e
OR
Find the relation between
e, n

( ) ( J or Gs ) -
(n, e ) -
Vv
e
Vs
Assume (Vs = 1)
e = Vv

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (15)
Prism -

(n) -
vv e
n
vt 1 e

Prove that
n
e
1 n
OR
Find the relation between
e, n

( ) ( J or Gs ) -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (16)
(n, e ) -
Vv
n
Vt
Assume (Vt = 1)
n = Vv
Prism -

n
1

1-n

(e) -
vv n
e
vs 1 n
Try: Prove that
Gs * J w (1  Wc)
Jb
(1  e)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (17)
Prove that
(J s  J d )J w
Wc( sat.)
(J s * J d )
OR
Find the relation between
Wc, JsJdJw

( JsJdJw) -
Ws
Js
Vs
Assume (Vs = 1)
Js = Ws

Prism -

Js w Js
1  1 J w
Js Jd Jd
Jd

1 S Js

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (18)
Ws Js
Jd
Vt Vt
Js
Vt
Jd
(Wc) -
Js
 1 J w
Wc
Ww Jd
Ws Js

Wc
J s J d J w
Jd *J s
Prove that
Wc
Sr
Wc ( sat .)
OR
Find the relation between
Sr, WcWc(sat)

( Wc ) -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (19)
Ww
Wc
Ws
Assume (Ws = 1)
Wc = Ww

Ww
Wc( sat )
Ws
Wc = Ww (sat.)

( ) Prism -

a Wc( sat )
Wc VV = w Wc(sat)
Jw
w Wc
Jw

S  S 

Vw (Wc / J w )
Sr
Vv (Wc( sat ) / J w )
Wc
Sr
Wc ( sat )
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 (20)
( )

(1) (2)
Embankment
Pit
e1 e2
V1 V2

V1 1  e1 Jd2
V2 1  e2 J d1

prism prism

a a
w w

S S
Assume
prism Vs = 1

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 1

Vv Vv
1) e 2) n
Vs Vt
Vw Ww
3) Sr 4 ) Wc
Vv Ws
Wt Ws
5) J b 6) J d
Vt Vt
Ws Wt
7) J s 8 ) J sat
Vs Vt
9) J sub. J sat.  J w Js
10 ) Gs
Jw
e max  e o
11 ) Dr
e max  e mim

n e
12) e 13) n
1 n 1 e
14) sr * e Gs * Wc Jb
15) J d
Gs  sr * e 1  Wc
16) J b ( ) *J w
1 e

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 2

Ws Gs * J w * Vs
Ww J w * Vw

( )

(1) (2)
Embankment
Pit
e1 e2
V1 V2

V1 1  e1 Jd2
V2 1  e2 J d1

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 3
Example (1)
The bulk density of soil sample is 1.97 gm/cm3 and
its water content 20 % taking the specific gravity
2.65, find the void ratio and degree of saturation.

Solution
Given
Jb = 1.97 gm/cm3 Jw 1 .0
Wc = 20 %
Gs = 2.65

1.61 0.53 w 0.53

1 S 2.65

Assume Vs = 1
Ws = Gs * 1 * Jw = 2.65

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 4
Ww
Wc
Ws
Ww
0.2 Ww 0.53
2.65
Ww J w * Vw Vw
1.0
Wt
Jb
Vt
2.65  0.53
1.97 Vt 1.61
Vt
Vv 1.61  1
e 0.61
Vs 1
Vw 0.53
Sr 0.86 86%
Vv 1.61  1
Example (2)
The bulk and dry densities of soil sample are 1.77
and 1.5 t/m3 respectively, if the degree of saturation
is 60 % what is the specific gravity and porosity.
Then calculate the quantity of water added for full
saturation without change of volume.

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 5
Solution
Given
Jb = 1.77 t/m3
Jd = 1.5 t/m3
Sr = 60 %

0.66Gs 0.18Gs w 0.18Gs

1 S Gs

Assume Vs = 1
Ws Gs * J w Gs
Ws
Jd
Vt
GS
1 .5 Vt 0 .66 Gs
Vt

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 6
Wt
Jb
Vt
Wt
1 . 77 Wt 1 . 18 Gs
0 . 66 Gs
Vw
Sr
Vv
0 . 18 Gs
0 .6 Gs 2 . 72
0 . 66 Gs  1

a
1.82 0.49 w 0.49

1 S 2.72

Vv 1.82  1
n 0.45 45%
Vt 1.82

0.82 w 0.82
Full saturated 1.82

1 S 2.72

Weight of water = 0.82 - 0.49 = 0.33 ton


Per unit volume of solid part

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 7
Example (3)
An earth embankment is to be compacted to a dry
density of 1.84 t/m3, the bulk density and water
content of a borrow pit are 1.77 t/m3 and 8 %
respectively, calculate the volume of excavation of
borrow pit which corresponds to 1 m3 of
embankment.
Solution
Given

Embankment Borrow pit

Jd = 1.84 t/m 3 Jb = 1.77 t/m3

V2 = 1 m3 Wc = 8 %
V1 = ???
Jb
Jd
1  Wc
1.77
Jd 1.64
1  0.08
V1 J d2
V2 J d1
V1 1 . 84
V 1 ( pit ) 1 . 12 m 3
1 1 . 64
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 8
Example (4)
The weight of a partially soil sample is 600 gm and
its volume is 365 cm3 after oven drying the weight
of the sample reduced to 543 gm. Taking the
specific gravity 2.67, find the water content, void
ratio and degree of saturation. If the sample is
saturated with water without change of volume,
find the saturated density.
Solution
Given
Wt = 600 gm
Vt = 365 cm3
W dry = Ws = 543
Gs = 2.67
a

57 w 57
365
600
203.4
S 543

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 9
Ws Gs * J w *Vs
543 2.67 *1*Vs Vs 203.4
Ww J w *Vw Vw 57
Ww 57
Wc 0.105 10.5%
Ws 543
Vv 365  203.4
e 0.795
Vs 203.4
Vw 57
Sr 0.353 35.3%
Vv 365  203.4

161.6 w
Full saturated 161.6
365 704.6
203.4 S 543

Wt 704 . 6
J sat . 1 . 93 t / m 3
Vt 365

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 10
Example (5) (mid term 2010)
A saturated 100 cm3 clay sample has a natural water
content of 15 % . If the specific gravity of the soil solids
is 2.7, what will be the volume of the sample when the
water content is 25 %.
Solution
Given:
Case (1) Case (2)
Vt = 100 cm3 Vt = ???
Wc = 15 % Wc = 25 %
Gs = 2.7 Jw = 1 g/cm3
Case (1)
Vs + Vw = 100 (1)
Ww
WC 0.15
Ws Vw w Vw
Ww 0.15 * Ws 100
Vw 0.15 * 2.7 * Vs Vs S 2.7Vs
Vw 0.405 * Vs (2)

From (1), (2) Vw = 28.83 , Vs = 71.17


Ww = 28.83 , Ws = 192.16

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 11
Case (2)
Ww Vw w Vw
WC 0.25
Ws
Ww 0.25 * Ws 71.17 S 192.16
Ww 0.25 *192.16
Ww 48.04
Vw 48.04
Vt 71.17  48.04 119.21

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011 12

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Zagazig University Structural Eng. Department

Faculty of Engineering Soil Mechanics (1)

Sheet (1)
Physical Properties

1) A sample of soil obtained from a test pit is one cubic centimeter in


volume and weight 140 gm, after oven drying the sample weight
125 gm. calculate the water content, moist unit weight, dry unit
weight.

2) A 150 cubic centimeter sample of wet soil scales 250 gm when


saturated and 162 gm when oven dried. Calculate the dry unit
weight, water content, void ratio, specific gravity.

3) Laboratory test on sample of saturated soil show that the void ratio
is 0.45 and the specific gravity is 2.65. Determine the wet unit
weight of the soil and its water content

4) The moisture content of an undisturbed sample of clay existing in a


volcanic region is 265 % at 100 % of saturation. The specific
gravity is 2.7. Find the saturated and submerged densities.

5) For a soil in natural state, given e = 0.70, Wc = 22 % and Gs =


2.69
a) Determine the moist unit weight, dry unit weight and degree
of saturation.
b) If the soil is made completely saturated by adding water, what
would its moisture content be at that time? Also find the
saturated unit weight.

6) Determine the wet density, dry density, void ratio, water content
and degree of saturation for a sample of moist soil which has a
mass of 18.18 Kg and occupies a total volume of 0.009 m3. When
dried in an oven, the dry mass is 16.13 Kg. the specific gravity is
2.70.
Zagazig University Structural Eng. Department

Faculty of Engineering Soil Mechanics (1)

7) An undisturbed cylindrical soil sample, with diameter 8.0 cm, and


height of 25.0 cm is taken from the borehole. The moist sample has
a mass of 2371.0 gm and after drying in an oven has a dry mass of
1948.0 gm. The specific gravity of the solid particles is 2.72.
Determine water content, bulk, dry, saturated and submerged unit
weight of soil, void ratio, porosity and degree of saturation.

8) A cylinder contains 500 cm3 of loose dry sand which weight 750
gm and under load of 20 t/m2, the original volume decreased by 3
% and then by vibration the volume decreased by 10 %, assume the
solid density of sand grains is 2.65 t/m3. compute the void ratio,
porosity, dry density corresponding to each of the following cases:
a) Loose sand (original state) b) Under static load
c) Loaded and vibrated

9) A clayey soil has natural moisture content of 15.18 %. The specific


gravity of soil is 2.72. Its saturation percentage is 70.81 %. The soil
is allowed to absorb water. After some time the saturation increase
to 90.8 %. Find out the water content of the soil in the latter case.

10) A saturated 100 cm3 clay sample has a natural water content of 15
% . If the specific gravity of the soil solids is 2.7, what will be the
volume of the sample when the water content is 25 %.

11) A sample of moist quartz sand was obtained by carefully pressing a


sharpened cylinder with a volume of 150 cm3 into the bottom of an
excavation. The sample was trimmed flush with the end of the
cylinder and the total weight was found to be 325 gm. In the
laboratory the dry weight of the sand alone was found to be 240 gm
and the weight of the empty cylinder 75 gm. Laboratory testes on
the dry sand indicated emax = 0.80 and emim = 0.48. (Assuming Gs =
2.66). Calculate: Wc, e, Sr. Jd, and Dr
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(1)
Solution
1) A sample of soil obtained from a test pit is one cubic
foot in volume and weight 140 gm, after oven drying
the sample weight 125 gm. calculate the water
content, moist unit weight, dry unit weight.
Given:
Vt = 1 ft3 , Wt = 140 gm
Wdry = Ws = 125 gm
Req.
Wc , Jd , Jb

1 ft3 w 15

140
S 125

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(2)

Ww 15
Wc 0 . 12 12 %
Ws 125
Wt 140
Jb 140 gm / ft 3
Wt 1
Ws 125
Jd 125 gm / ft 3
Vt 1

2) A 150 cubic centimeter sample of wet soil scales 250


gm when saturated and 162 gm when oven dried.
Calculate the dry unit weight, water content, void
ratio, specific gravity.
Given:
Vt = 150 cm3 , Wt = 250 gm
Wdry = Ws = 162 gm , saturation
Req.
Jd , Wc , e , Gs

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(3)

88 w 88
150 250

62 S 162

Ws 162
Jd 1 . 08 gm / cm 3
Vt 150
Ww 88
Wc 0 . 54 54 %
Ws 162
Vv 88
e 1 . 42
Vs 62
J s 162 / 62
Gs 2 . 61
Jw 1

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(4)
3) Laboratory test on sample of saturated soil show that
the void ratio is 0.45 and the specific gravity is 2.65.
Determine the wet unit weight of the soil and its water
content
Given:
e = 0.45 , Gs = 2.65 , saturation
Req.
Jb , Wc

0.45 w 0.45

1.45 3.1

1 S 2.65

Assume Vs = 1.0

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(5)
Vv Vv
e 0 . 45 Vv Vw 0 . 45
Vs 1
Wt 3 .1
Jb 2 . 14 gm / cm 3
Vt 1 . 45
Ww 0 . 45
Wc 0 . 17 17 %
Ws 2 . 65

4) The moisture content of an undisturbed sample of


clay existing in a volcanic region is 265 % at 100 %
of saturation. The specific gravity is 2.7. Find the
saturated and submerged densities.
Given:
Wc = 265 % , Gs = 2.7 , saturation
Req.
Jsat. , Jsub.

Assume Vs = 1.0

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(6)

w
7.15 7.15
8.15 9.85

1 S 2.7

Ww Ww
Wc 2 .65 Ww 7 .15
Ws 2 .7
Wt 9 .85
J sat . 1.21t / m 3
Vt 8 .15
J sub . J sat .  J w 1.21  1 0.21t / m 3

5) For a soil in natural state, given e = 0.70, Wc = 22 %


and Gs =2.69. a) Determine the moist unit weight, dry
unit weight and degree of saturation. b) If the soil is
made completely saturated by adding water, what
would its moisture content be at that time? Also find
the saturated unit weight.

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(7)
Given:
e = 0.7 , wc = 22 %, Gs = 2.69
Req.
a)Jb JdSr
b) WcJsatsaturated state

a
0.7
0.59 w 0.59
8.15
9.85
1 S 2.69

Ww Ww
Wc 0.22 Ww 0 .59
Ws 2.69
Vv Vv
e 0 .7 Vv 0 .7
Vs 1 .0

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(8)

Wt 2.69  0 .59
Jb 1 .93
Vt 1 .7
Ws 2.69
Jd 1 .59
Vt 1 .7
Vw 0 .59
Sr 0 .85
Vv 0 .7
Saturated state

w
0.7 0.7

1.7

1 S 2.69

Ww 0 .7
Wc 0 . 26
Ws 2 . 69
Wt 2 . 69  0 . 7
J sat . 1 . 99 t / m 3
Vt 1 .7
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(9)
6) Determine the wet density, dry density, void ratio,
water content and degree of saturation for a sample of
moist soil which has a mass of 18.18 Kg and occupies
a total volume of 0.009 m3. When dried in an oven,
the dry mass is 16.13 Kg. the specific gravity is 2.70.

Sol.

a
3.1*10-3

2.05*10-3

w 2.05
0.009
18.18
5.9*10-3

S 16.13

Wt 18 .18
Jb 2020 kg / m 3
Vt 0 .009

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(10)
7) An undisturbed cylindrical soil sample, with diameter
8.0 cm, and height of 25.0 cm is taken from the
borehole. The moist sample has a mass of 2371.0 gm
and after drying in an oven has a dry mass of 1948.0
gm. The specific gravity of the solid particles is 2.72.
Determine water content, bulk, dry, saturated and
submerged unit weight of soil, void ratio, porosity and
degree of saturation.
Sol.
S 8 cm
V (d ) 2 * h
4

8 cm
S
V (8 ) 2 * 25 1256 cm 3
4

a
540
423 w 423
1256
2371
716 S 1948

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (1) Physical properties
2011
(11)

w
540 540

1256

716 S 1948

H.W.

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 1
Chapter (2)
Grain Size Distribution


Coarse soil Fine soil

Sand , gravel Silt , clay



0.074 mm 0.074 mm

Sieve analysis Hydrometer analysis


= =
Dry analysis Wet analysis
= =
Mechanical analysis Sedimentation analysis

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 2
1) Sieve analysis
-:

W1


W2
W3

W4
W5

W6

-:
-
-
(-)
(-)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 3
-
-
() -
-
( grading curve) -

A B C
Commutative
Sieve size Wt. retained Wt. passing
Wt. retained % passing
(mm)

50.8 W1 w1
38.1 W2 w1+w2
19.05 W3 W1+w2+w3
9.52 W4
4.76 W5
2.38 W6
2.0 W7
1.19
0.595
0.42
0.297
0.21
0.14
0.074
0.063

B = total weight A
C = (B / Total weight)*100

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 4
(grading curve )
: semi-log scale
( % passing ) ( sieve size ) -
-
S = - -

100
90
80
S = 3-5 cm
70
% Passing

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Seive Size

: -
-
x -
X S >log( D )  log( small ) @ -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 5

Ex: sieve (26.7) 100


10

X 3 . 0 >log( 26 . 7 )  log( 10 ) @ 1 . 3 cm

1
Sieve (4.75)
10
X 3 . 0 >log( 4 . 75 )  log( 1) @ 2 . 03 cm

0.01
Sieve (0.074)
0.1
X 3 . 0 >log( 0 . 074 )  log( 0 . 01 ) @ 2 . 61 cm

100
90
80
70
% Passing

60
50
40
XD10
30
20
10
0
D60 D30 D10
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Seive Size

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 6

D 10 %
D 30 %
D 60 %

D10

X D10 3 .0>log( D10 )  log( 0 .01) @


D30

X D30 3 .0>log( D30 )  log( 0 .1) @


D60

X D60 3 .0>log( D60 )  log(1) @


Uses of grading curve:


1) Uniform coefficient (Cu)
D 60
Cu
D10

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 7
(B.S.) (ASTM)

Uniform Non-uniform Well


Poor Well

5 15 6 (sand)
4 (gravel)

2) Curvature coefficient (Cc)

( D 30 ) 2
Cc
D 60 * D10
Poor Well Poor

1 3
3) Effective diameter (D10)
%
Hazen's formula ( K )

K C * ( D10 ) 2
C = Constant (1-10)
C=1 for sand

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 8
% passing

2
4
1 3

Size

1) Uniform:
2) Non-uniform:

3) Well graded: ( )
4) Gap graded:

Note:
Uniform

Poorly graded Non-Uniform

Gap graded

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 9
1) Wet analysis (Hydrometer)
-:

Reading

Bulb


Hydrometer

-:
-
-
-

-
( 0.5,1,2,4,8,..30 mim. , 1,2,4,8,..24 hr )
-

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 10
Stock's law

V v D2 D

V C * D2
Js Jw
C V
18 P


= V -
= D -
= Js -
= P -
P ( poise )
gm . sec . / cm 2
981
Z Js Jw
V * D2 D
t 18 P
= Z
= t

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 11
( N )
At time zero
Wt Ws  Ww
Ji
Vt Vt Vw w Ww
Ws Ww
Ji 
Vt Vt
Ws J w * Vw Vs S Ws
Ji 
Vt Vt
Ws J w * (Vt  Vs )
Ji  Ws = Gs Jw Vs
Vt Vt
Ww =Jw Vw
Ws Vs
Ji  J w (1  )
Vt Vt
Ws Ws
Ji  J w (1  )
Vt Vt * Gs * J w
Ws Ws
Ji  Jw 
Vt Vt * Gs
Ws 1
J initial Jw  (1  ) N 100 %
Vt Gs
Ws 1
J ( time ) Jw  N * * (1  )
Vt Gs

Wt . of particles  D
N
Ws
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011 12

Ws =
Vt = ()
% passing

Sieve analysis
Hydrometer analysis

Size
No. 200 = 0.074 mm

What the meaning of Cu = 1.0


D60
Cu D60 D10
D10


very uniform soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Zagazig University Structural Eng. Department

Faculty of Engineering Soil Mechanics (1)

Sheet No. (2)


Grain Size Distribution
1- a) discuss the difference between the following:
i) Dry analysis and wet analysis.
ii) Well Graded and poorly graded.
b) Draw the grain size distribution curve for two soils A and B where
the total weight of the sample is 500 gm for each soil. Calculate, i)
uniformity coefficient of each soil and comment on the results,
ii) effective diameter of each sample.
Sieve opening, mm 4.78 2.41 1.20 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 pan
Wt. retained (A), gm ---- 72 91 75 182 15 55 10
Wt. retained (B), gm ---- ---- 4 8 201 52 227 8

2- A sieve analysis performed on two soils produced the following data.


Particle
18.8 9.4 4.75 2.0 0.42 0.25 0.15 0.075 0.05 0.005 0.002
size, mm
% finer
92 84 70 65 52 44 30 24 20 11 8
(A)
% finer
--- --- --- 100 98 95 90 82 72 41 21
(B)

Mix the two soils in such proportions that resulting mixture which will
contain 26 % of 0.005 mm clay. Draw the grading curve for the mixture
and classify it.

3- Proof the general equation used to determine the drain size


distribution for fine soil particles by means of Hydrometer.

4- A soil sample consisting of particles of size 0.50 mm to 0.08 mm is


put on the surface of still water of a tank 5 m deep. Determine the time
Zagazig University Structural Eng. Department

Faculty of Engineering Soil Mechanics (1)

required for the settlement of the coarsest and the finest particles of the
sample to the bottom of the tank. Take Gs = 2.68 andP = 0.01 poise.

5- During a sedimentation test for grain size analysis, the corrected


hydrometer reading in a 1000 ml uniform soil suspension at the
commencement of sedimentation is 1.028. after 30 minutes, the
corrected hydrometer reading is 1.012 and the corresponding effective
depth is 10.5 cm, determine:
i) The total mass of solid dispersed in 1000 ml of suspension.
ii) The particle size corresponding to the 30 minutes reading.
iii) The percentage finer than this size, take Gs = 2.67
and P = 0.01 poise.

6- Particles of 5 different sizes are mixed in the proportions shown


below and enough water is added to make 1000 ml of the suspension.
The temperature of the suspension is 20o C.

Particle size (mm) 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.001


Weight (gm) 7 20 18 4 5
If it is insured that the suspension is mixed so as have a uniform
distribution of particles. All particles have a specific gravity of 2.7,
assume Jw = 1 gm/cm3, t = 20o C, P 0.01 poise.
i) What is the largest particles size present at a depth of 6 cm after
minutes of start sedimentation?
ii)What is the specific gravity of the suspension at a depth of 6 cm
after 5 minutes of start of sedimentation.
iii)How long should be the sedimentation be allowed so that all the
particles have settled below 6 cm.
Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(1)
Sheet No. (2)
Grain Size Distribution
1) a) discuss the difference between the following:
i) Dry analysis and wet analysis.
Dry analysis wet analysis
Soil Course soil Fine soil
Size > 0.075 mm <0.075 mm
Tools sieves Hydrometer
Example Sand, gravel Silt, clay

ii) Well graded and poorly graded.

Well graded Poorly graded


1) Uniform



2) Non-uniform


Well
3) Gap graded
Cc
1 3
Poor Poor
Cc

1 3

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(2)
b) Draw the grain size distribution curve for two soils
A and B where the total weight of the sample is 500
gm for each soil. Calculate, i) uniformity coefficient of
each soil and comment on the results, ii) effective
diameter of each sample.
Sieve opening, mm 4.78 2.41 1.20 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.075 pan
Wt. retained (A),gm ---- 72 91 75 182 15 55 10
Wt. retained (B),gm ---- ---- 4 8 201 52 227 8

Sol.
For Soil (A)
sieve Wt. retained commulative Passing %
open of (A) Wt. Ret. Wt. passing
4.78 ------- ------ ------ 100
2.41 72 72 428 85.6
1.2 91 163 337 67.4
0.6 75 238 262 52.4
0.3 182 420 80 16
0.15 15 435 65 13
0.075 55 490 10 2
pan 10 500 0 0

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(3)
For Soil (B)
Wt. retained of Commulative Passing %
sieve open (B) Wt. Ret. Wt. passing
4.78 ------- ------ ------ 100
2.41 ------ ------ ----- 100
1.2 4 4 496 99.2
0.6 8 12 488 97.6
0.3 201 213 287 57.4
0.15 52 265 235 47
0.075 227 492 8 1.6
pan 8 500 0 0

100
90
80 Soil A Soil B
70
60
% Passing

50
40
30
20
10
0
10 1 0.1 0.01
sieve open

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(4)
For Soil (A)
D60 = 0.85
D10 = 0.15
D60 0.85
Cu 5.67
D10 0.15

(B.S.) (ASTM)

Uniform Non-uniform Well


Poor Well

5 5.67 15 5.67 6 (sand)

Soil is Non-uniform Soil is Poor

For Soil (B)


D60 = 0.31
D10 = 0.085
D60 0.31
Cu 3.65
D10 0.085

Soil is uniform OR Soil is Poor

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(5)
2)A sieve analysis performed on two soils produced the
following data.
Particle
26.7 18.8 9.4 4.75 2.0 0.42 0.25 0.15 0.075 0.05 0.005 0.002
size, mm
% finer
100 92 84 70 65 52 44 30 24 20 11 8
(A)
% finer
--- --- --- --- 100 98 95 90 82 72 41 21
(B)
Mix the two soils in such proportions that resulting mixture
which will contain 26 % of 0.005 mm clay. Draw the
grading curve for the mixture and classify it.

A
+ B
= Mix

X + 1-X = 1

0.11 0.41 0.26

X * 0.11 + (1-X) * 0.41 = 1* 0.26


X = 0.5 , (1-X) = 0.5
mix
Mix. = 0.5 * A + 0.5 * B

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(6)
size, mm 26.7 18.8 9.4 4.75 2.0 0.42 0.25 0.15 0.075 0.05 0.005 0.002
% (A) 100 92 84 70 65 52 44 30 24 20 11 8
% (B) --- --- --- --- 100 98 95 90 82 72 41 21

Mix. 100 96 92 85 82.5 75 69.5 60 53 46 26 14.5

100
90
80 Mix. A
70 B
60
% Passing

50
40
30
20
10
0
100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
sieve open

3)Proof the general equation used to determine the drain size


distribution for fine soil particles by means of Hydrometer.

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(7)
4) A soil sample consisting of particles of size 0.50 mm
to 0.08 mm is put on the surface of still water of a tank
5 m deep. Determine the time required for the settlement
of the coarsest and the finest particles of the sample to
the bottom of the tank. Take Gs = 2.68 andP = 0.01 poise.
Sol.
:

1) VC * D2
J s J w
C
18P
Z
V
t
Ws 1
2) J i (t 0)
J w  1 
Vt Gs
N *Ws 1
3) J t Jw  1 
Vt Gs
commencement of sedimentation
t = 0.0 JL 

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(8)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(9)
5)During a sedimentation test for grain size analysis, the
corrected hydrometer reading in a 1000 ml uniform
soil suspension at the commencement of sedimentation
is 1.028. after 30 minutes, the corrected hydrometer
reading is 1.012 and the corresponding effective depth
is 10.5 cm, determine:
i) The total mass of solid dispersed in 1000 ml of
suspension.
ii)The particle size corresponding to the 30 minutes
reading.
iii) The percentage finer than this size,
take Gs = 2.67 and P = 0.01 poise.

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(10)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(11)
6) Particles of 5 different sizes are mixed in the
proportions shown below and enough water is added to
make 1000 ml of the suspension. The temperature of the
suspension is 20o C.
Particle size (mm) 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.001
Weight (gm) 7 20 18 4 5
If it is insured that the suspension is mixed so as have a
uniform distribution of particles. All particles have a
specific gravity of 2.7, assume Jw = 1 gm/cm3, t = 20o C,
P 0.01 poise.
i) What is the largest particles size present at a depth of 6
cm after 5 minutes of start sedimentation?
ii) What is the specific gravity of the suspension at a
depth of 6 cm after 5 minutes of start of sedimentation.
iii) How long should be the sedimentation be allowed so
that all the particles have settled below 6 cm.

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(12)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(13)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (2) Grain Size Distribution
2011
(14)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 1
Chapter (3)
Consistency of fine soil

( )
( )

Atterberg limits (consistency limits):


w
a a w w
w
S S S S S

Volume

Semi- Plastic Liquid


Solid solid state state
State state Wc
S.L. P.L. L.L.

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 2
1) Liquid limit: (L.L.)


( )

Casagrande's method:

Grooving tools

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 3
:
(
(
(
(
(
(

Wc
N

(
liquid limit
Wc

L.L.
Flow line

Log. (N)
N = 25

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 4
Liquid limit: (L.L.)


( )

2) Plastic limit: (P.L.)



:
(
(

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 5
(
(
(

Wc
d

Wc Plastic limit

P.L.

d
d = 3 mm

Plastic limit: (P.L.)



Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 6
3) Shrinkage limit: (S.L.)


.

a w

S S Va( dry ) Vw( S .L.)


dry S.L.

Classify of the soil:


(L.L. & P.L. & S.L.)

1) Plasticity index ( IP )

Ip L.L.  P.L.
Ip plasticity soil
0 Non-plastic Sand
<7 Low plastic Silt
7-17 Med. Plastic Silty - clay
>17 High plastic clay

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 7
2) Consistency index ( Ic )
(Relative plasticity)


L.L.  Wc L.L.  Wc
Ic
Ip L. L  P . L.
Ic Soil type
0 Very soft
0-0.25 Soft
0.26-0.5 Med. Stiff
0.51-0.75 Stiff
0.76-1.0 Very stiff
>1.0 Extremely stiff

3) Liquidity index ( IL )


Wc  P.L. Wc  P.L.
IL
Ip L. L  P . L.
IL 1  Ic
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 8
4) Flow index ( If )
( flow line )

Wc

L.L.
Flow line

Log. (N)
N = 25

Wc1  Wc 2
If
log( N 2 )  log( N1 )

5) Toughness index ( It )

Ip
It
If

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 9
6) Activity of clay ( Ac )

Swelling soil
Collapse soil

Ip
Ac
% fines  0 . 002 mm

mm 0.002
% passing

% fines
Size
0.002

Ac activity
< 0.75 In-active
0.75-1.4 Med. active
>1.4 active

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 10
7) Unconfined compression strength ( qu )
( )

(L/D = 2)

P
'L
P
V
A
' L
V H
L

qu

H

qu Clay type
0 - 0.25 Very soft clay
0.25 - 0.5 Soft clay
0.5 - 1 Med. clay
1-2 Stiff clay
2-4 Very stiff clay
>4 Hard clay

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Consistency of fine soil
2011 11
8) Sensitivity of clay ( St )
undisturbed

remolded

qu (undisturbe d )
St
qu ( remolded )

St sensitivity
<1 Insensitive
12 Low sensitive
24 Med. sensitive
48 sensitive
8 16 Very sensitive
> 16 Extra sensitive

Quick clay (St > 16)

9) Degree of shrinkage ( D.O.S. )



Vo  Vdry 'V
D.O.S
Vo Vo
= Vo
= Vdry

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Zagazig University Structural Eng. Department

Faculty of Engineering Soil Mechanics (1)

Sheet No. (3)


Soil Consistency
1- A) Define: liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit, plasticity index.
B) the liquid an plastic limits of a soil are 87 % and 35 %
respectively, natural water content is 43%. Find the liquidity index
and draw the relation between the water content and liquidity index
for this soil for water content ranging between the plastic and the
liquid limits.
2- The following index properties were determined for two soils A & B

Property Soil (A) Soil (B)


L.L 0.62 0.34
P.L 0.26 0.19
Wc 38 % 25 %
Gs 2.72 2.67
Sr 1.0 1.0

From the above table, determine which of these soils:


1) contains more clay particles
2) Has a greater wet density
3) Has a greater dry density
4) Has a greater void ratio

3- The liquid limit, water content and the plastic limit of clay soil were
determined in the laboratory as follows. Find consistency index &
liquidity index for each soil:
Zagazig University Structural Eng. Department

Faculty of Engineering Soil Mechanics (1)

Soil L.L % Wc % P.L %


A 15 12 10
B 78 34 28
C 55 40 35
D 41 35 31

4- For the given data determine the liquid limit of a given sample of silt:

Moist wt. of sample 7.49 6.41 8.606 7.72


Dry wt. of sample 6.15 5.235 7.006 6.27

Number of blows 40 34 24 20

Determine also the flow and toughness indexes of this soil.

5- Sample of clay soil has a liquid limit of 62 % and its plasticity index
is 32 %
a) what is the degree of stiffness of this soil if the natural water
content is 34 %
b) calculate the shrinkage limit if the void ratio of the sample at its
shrinkage limit is 70 % , Gs = 2.70

6- Sample of clay weight 34.8 gm at its liquid limit. After drying the
clay, its weight is 19.4 gm and its volume is 10 cm3. if the Gs = 2.7 of
clay determine its L.L and S.L.
Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(1)
Sheet No. (3)
Soil Consistency
1- A) Define: liquid limit, plastic limit, shrinkage limit,
plasticity index.
Liquid limit: (L.L.)

)
(

Plastic limit: (P.L.)


Shrinkage limit: (S.L.)


.
a w

S S
Va( dry ) Vw( S .L.)

dry S.L.
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(2)
Plasticity index ( IP )


Ip L.L.  P.L.
B) the liquid an plastic limits of a soil are 87 % and 35 %
respectively, natural water content is 43%. Find the
liquidity index and draw the relation between the water
content and liquidity index for this soil for water
content ranging between the plastic and the liquid
limits.
given
L.L = 87 %
P.L = 35 %
Wc = 43 %
Req.
1) IL
2) Draw relation (Wc, IL) Wc = 35 87

Wc  P.L. 43  35
IL 0 .15
Ip 87  35

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(3)

IL

1.0

0.15

Wc
43 87

2- The following index properties were determined for two


soils A & B
Property Soil (A) Soil (B)
L.L 0.62 0.34
P.L 0.26 0.19
Wc 38 % 25 %
Gs 2.72 2.67
Sr 1.0 1.0

From the above table, determine which of these soils:


1)Which soil contains more clay particles
2) Has a greater wet density
3) Has a greater dry density
4) Has a greater void ratio

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(4)
1) Which soil contains more clay particles
clay IP
For soil (A)
Ip L.L.  P .L.
Ip 0 .62  0 .26 0 .36
For soil (B)
Ip 0 .34  0 .19 0 .15
Soil (A) has more clay

1.03 w 1.03 0.67 w 0.67

1 S 2.72 1 S 2.67

Soil (A) Soil (B)

JbJde

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(5)
3- The liquid limit, water content and the plastic limit of
clay soil were determined in the laboratory as follows.
Find consistency index & liquidity index for each soil:
Soil L.L % Wc % P.L %
A 15 12 10
B 78 34 28
C 55 40 35
D 41 35 31

For soil (A)


L.L  Wc . 15  12
Ic 0 .6
Ip 15  10
IL 1  Ic 0 .4
For soil (B)
L.L  Wc . 78  34
Ic 0 .88
Ip 78  28
IL 1  Ic 0 .12
For soil (C)
L.L  Wc . 55  40
Ic 0 .75
Ip 55  35
IL 1  Ic 0 .25

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(6)
4- For the given data determine the liquid limit of a given
sample of silt:
Moist wt. of sample 7.49 6.41 8.606 7.72
Dry wt. of sample 6.15 5.235 7.006 6.27
Number of blows 40 34 24 20
Determine also the flow and toughness indexes of this
soil.
Sol.
Ww Wt( moist )  Wt( dry )
Wc
Ws Wt( dry )

Wc, % 21.8 22.5 22.8 23.2


Number of blows 40 34 24 20
24.0

23.5

23.0
To scale

22.5

22.0

21.5

21.0
100 10
25
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(7)
L.L = 22.8 %
Wc1  Wc 2
If
Log ( N 1 )  Log ( N 2 )
0.228  0.218
If 0.045
Log ( 40 )  Log ( 24 )
Ip
IT
If
5- Sample of clay soil has a liquid limit of 62 % and its
plasticity index is 32 %
a) what is the degree of stiffness of this soil if the
natural water content is 34 %
b) calculate the shrinkage limit if the void ratio of the
sample at its shrinkage limit is 70 % , Gs = 2.70
a)
LL  Wc 62  34
Ic 0.875
LL  Pl 32
b) e = 70 %
Gs = 2.7

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(8)
Vv
e 0.7 w
Vs 0.7
assume
Vs 1 1 S 2.7

Vv 0 .7
Ww 0 .7
SL 0 . 26
Ws 2 .7

e
SL
Gs

6- Sample of clay weight 34.8 gm at its liquid limit. After


drying the clay, its weight is 19.4 gm and its volume is 10
cm3. if the Gs = 2.7 of clay determine its L.L and S.L.
Given L.L Wt = 34.8 gm
S.L Ws = 19.4 gm Gs = 2.7
Vt = 10 cm3
Req. L.L, P.L

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (3) Soil Consistency
2011
(9)
L.L S.L

15.4 w 15.4
2.8 w 2.8

34.8

10
7.18 S 19.4 S 19.4
7.18

Ww Ww
SL SL
Ws Ws
15 .4 2 .8
S .L 79 .4 S .L 14 .5
19 .4 19 .4

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (1)
Chapter (4)
Soil Classification



.
:

1- Particle size classification (M.I.T. classification)


2- Textural classification
3- Unified soil classification system (U.S.C.S)
4- American Association of Highway and Transportation
Officials (AASHTO)

1) Particle size classification (M.I.T. classification)



-: -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (2)

% of gravel
% of sand
% of silt
% of clay

100
P3

P2

P1

0.0
2 mm 0.06 mm 0.002 mm

% of gravel = 100 - P3
% of sand = P3 - P2
% of silt = P2 P1
% of clay = P1

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (3)
2) Textural classification:-

.

Ex:
% of sand = 20 %
% of clay = 60 % The soil is Clay
% of silt = 20 %
Ex:
% of gravel = 7 %
% of sand = 25 %

% of clay = 25 %
% of silt = 43 %

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (4)
25
% sand * 100 26 . 9 %
93
43
% silt * 100 46 . 2 % The soil is
93 Sand-silt-clay
25
% clay 26 . 9 %
93

The soil is
Sand-silt-clay
% (-)

3) Unified soil classification system (U.S.C.S)


-
-
:
-G Gravel -O Organic soil
-S Sand - Pt Peat
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (5)
-M Silt -W Well graded
-C Clay -P Poor graded
-H High plasticity
-L Low plasticity
-I Medium plasticity
: -
% passing # 200 = 0.074 mm

% passing # 200 > 50 % % passing # 200 < 50 %

Fine soil (clay or silt) Coarse soil (gravel or sand)

Plasticity chart (A-line) % passing # 4.0 = 4.75 mm


Cassagrand chart

% passing # 4.0 > 50 % % passing # 4.0 < 50 %

Sand Gravel

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (6)
( peat )

Plasticity chart (A-line)


(Cassagrand chart)
Clay

IP
Silt

35 % 50 % L.L

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (7)
4- (AASHTO)
AASHTO

Coarse Soil Fine Soil

A-1 A-3 A-2 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7

A-1-a A-1-b A-7-5 A-7-6

A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7

A-1-a


A-1- b

A- 3
clay silt

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (8)
A- 2


A- 4
% silt
A- 5
silt
A-6
% plastic clay

A-7
liquid limit clay

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (9)

# 40

A-3 A-2
A-4
A-5
50% A-6
A-7
A-1-b
30%

A-1-a

10 15 25 35 # 200
A-2
IP

A-2-6 A-2-7
10
A-2-4
A A-2-5

40 L.L

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (10)
A-4, A-5, A-6, A-7
IP
A-7-6
A-6 A-7-5
10
A-4 A-5

40 L.L

PI < L.L 30 A-7-5


PI > L.L 30 A-7-6

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (1)
Ex: for the following table

Soil # 200 # 4.0 Cu Cc LL Pl


A 30 70 7 2.5 40 25
B 70 100 -- -- 60 30

Classify the following soil according to U.S.C.S


Soil (A)
- % passing # 200 = 30 % < 50 % Course soil

- % passing # 4 = 70 % > 50 % Sand soil

- Cc = 2.5
- Cu = 7
- Ip = L.L P.L = 40 25 = 15

The soil is ( Sw-Sc )

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (2)
Soil (B)
- % passing # 200 = 70 % > 50 % Fine soil

A-line
- Ip = L.L P.L = 60 30 = 30

IP

35 % 50 %
The soil is (CH)
Ex: (mid term 2007)

Soil # 4.0 # 200 D10 mm D30 mm D60 mm LL Pl

A 98 16 0.045 0.13 0.32 48 20

B 44 3 0.16 1.2 4.85 --- ---

C 90 8 0.1 0.32 0.9 36 26

D 100 63 --- --- --- 26 26

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (3)
Classify the following soil according to U.S.C.S
Solution
Soil (A)
- % passing # 200 = 16 % < 50 % Course soil
- % passing # 4 = 98 % > 50 % Sand soil

D60 0.32
 Cu 7.11
D10 0.045
(D30 ) 2 (0.13) 2
 Cc 1.17
D60 * D10 0.32* 0.045

- Ip = L.L P.L = 48 20 = 28

The soil is ( Sw-Sc )

Try of Soil (B), Soil (C), Soil (D)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (4)
Ex:
Soil # 40 # 200 LL Pl
A 35 17 ----- -----
B 60 20 60 10
C 90 8 ----- ------
D ------ 63 49 26

Classify the following soil according to AASHTO


Soil (A)
- % passing # 200 = 17 %
- % passing # 40 = 35 %

Then the soil is (A-1-b)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (5)
Soil (B)
- % passing # 200 = 20 %
- % passing # 40 = 60 %

Then the soil is (A-2)

PI = 60 10 = 50
L.L = 60

Then the soil is (A-2-7)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (6)
Soil (D)
- % passing # 200 = 63 %

Then the soil is (A-4) or (A-5) or (A-6) or (A-7)

PI = 49 - 26 = 23
L.L = 49

Then the soil is (A-7)


L.L 30 = 49 30 = 19
P.I > L.L 30
Then the soil is (A-7-6)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (7)
Mid term 2008
Sieve analysis was carried out on a soil sample. The percentage
finer than 0.425 mm was used to determine L.L and P.L of the
fines. The results are: L.L = 43 %, P.L = 23 %

Dim.(mm) 4.76 2.0 1.4 0.6 0.425 0.25 0.15 0.075


% finer 75 60 45 30 25 20 15 10
Classify this soil according to unified system

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (4) Soil Classification
2011 (8)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (1)
Chapter (5)
Soil Compaction

Ws
Jd n
Vt p

Compaction in Lab.
1) Standard proctor test (S.P.T.)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (2)
-:
. -
. -
46% coarse soil
8 10 % fine soil
-


W1 -
W2 + -
-
W2  W1
Jb
Vt 1000
-
W3
W4

W3  W4
Wc
W4

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (3)
-
Jb
Jd
(1  Wc )
-

Jd
Wc

Wc, Jd -
Jd
Jd max.

Wc
O.M.C.

O.M.C. = Optimum moisture content


Jd max. = maximum dry density

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (4)
2) Modified proctor test (M.P.T.)
standard

S.P.T. M.P.T.
Wt. of hammer 2.5 kg 4.5 kg
Drop height 30.5 cm 45 cm
Layers 3 - layers 5 - layers
No. of blows 25 blows 25 blows

Uses

Factors affecting compaction:

1- Water content
2- Compaction effort
3- Soil type

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (5)
1- Water content
Jd
Dry side Wet side
Jd max.

Stage ( I ) Stage ( II )

Wc
O.M.C.
Stage ( I ) Stage ( II )



2- Compaction effort: (E)


Jd

M.P.T.

S.P.T.

Wc

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (6)

E n J d max n  O.M .C p

W *H * N *n
E
V
W=
H =
N=
n =

2 . 5 * 30 . 5 * 3 * 25
E SPT 5 .7
1000

4 . 5 * 45 * 5 * 25
E MPT 25 . 3
1000
E MPT 25 . 3
4 .4
E SPT 5 .7

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (7)
3- Soil type

Gravel

Sand

Silt
Clay

Size n J d max n  O .M .C p

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (1)
Compaction in field

.

...
. -
. -
. -
. -
. -

:
1- Smooth wheel rollers:

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (2)
2- Pneumatic-type rollers:


3- Sheep-foot rollers

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (3)
4- Compaction by rammers

5- Dynamic compaction

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (4)
6- Vibrating plates

( )
7- Vibrofloating

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (5)
Relative Compaction (R.c)

J d field
Rc
J d max
Rc > 95 %

Refused Accepted Refused


Jd max
Jd max

Range of Wc

Wc1 O.M.C Wc2

Range of Wc = (O.M.C Wc1) (O.M.C + Wc2)


Range of Wc = (O.M.C 2%)

Wc1 -
Wc2 -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (6)
Sand cone test:
(Sand replacement test)
(Compacted control test)

-:
W1 -
Wc -
-

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (7)
-
W sand
V hole
J sand
-
W1
Jb
V hole

-
Jb
J d field
(1  Wc )
J d field
Rc
J d max

Air void ratio (na)

Va
Va
na Vt
Vt

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (8)
Relation (na, n, Sr)

Vv n(1-Sr)
n n
Vt 1
n*Sr
Vw Vw 1-n
Sr
Vv n
Vw n * Sr
Va
na n (1  Sr )
Vt
Relation (na, Gs, Wc, Jd, Jw)

Vt Vs  Vw  Va Va
Vt
Vt Vw
Vs Vw Va
1  
Vt Vt Vt Vs
Vs Vw
(1  na ) 
Vt Vt
Note
Ws Ww Ws
(1 na)  *
Gs*J w *Vt J w *Vt Ws Ws
Jd
Jd J d *Wc Vt
(1 na)  Ww J w * Vw
Gs*J w Jw
Ws Gs * J w * Vs
(1  na ) * Gs * J w Ww
Jd Wc
(1  Gs * Wc ) Ws
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011 (9)
Zero air voids: (ZAV) na = 0
Saturation line

Gs * J w
Jd
(1  Gs * Wc )
-:
. -
. -
-

5%

10 % ZAV

For 5 % of air voids


Jd (5 %) = 0.95 *Jd (zav)
For 10 % of air voids
Jd (10 %) = 0.9 *Jd (zav)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Sol.
Wc, % 10.1 11.8 14.2 16.3 17.6 18.9
Jd, t/m3 1.65 1.71 1.79 1.8 1.76 1.72
Jd, t/m3(na = 0) 2.1 2.04 1.94 1.86 1.82 1.78
Jd, t/m3(na = 5%) 2.0 1.93 1.84 1.77 1.73 1.69

2.2

2.1

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Sol.
Given:-
Jd t/m3 g/cm3
 Wc = 12.5 %
10 cm
Gs = 2.66
Req. 5.0
1) Sr
S
2) na V ( 5 ) 2 * 10 196 . 3
4
3) Ww, Wdry

196.3 42.95 w 42.95

386.55
129.2 S 343.6

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Ws Ws
Jd 1.75 Ws 343 .6
Vt 196 .3
Ww Ww
Wc 0.125 Ww 42.95
Ws 343 .6
Vw 42.95
Sr 0.616
Vv 69.7
Va 24.15
na 0.123
Vt 196 .3
Ww 42.95
Ws Wdry 343 .6

Rc = 95 %
Req.
Range of water content

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

1.9

1.85

1.8

1.75

1.7

1.65

1.6
5 10 Wc1 15 Wc2 20 25

Range of water content = ( 11.5 17.4 )

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Final (2008)
In a highway construction 95 % compaction is required for the
soil at a moisture content = optimum 2 % to + 2 %. The soil
has the following compaction curve:-
Wc % 14 16 18 20 22 24
Jd (gm/cm3) 1.89 2.139 2.17 2.21 2.119 2.069
If a sample 900 cm3 volume is taken from the compacted layer.
Its weight is 1.8 kg and lost 0.3 kg after drying. Gs = 2.7.
i) Is that sample meet the specification? why?
ii) What is the degree of saturation of this sample?

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Final (2007)
1.95
The adjacent figure shows the results

dry unit weight, g/cc


from a laboratory standard Proctor test. 1.9
Find the maximum dry density and the
optimum moisture content. If the 1.85
contractor is asked to attain a relative
compaction of 95 % what is the 1.8
minimum dry density that is allowed and
1.75
the corresponding range of moisture
4 9 14 19
content water content, %

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Mid term (2008)


As a part of compaction control druing the construction of an
embankement, a series of density tests were conducted by using
sand replacement method (sand cone)and the following data
were reported for one of the tests:-
Weight of the soil excavated from hole = 1080 gm
Weight of the soil excavated from hole after dry = 930 gm
Weight of the sand filling the hole and cone = 1790 gm
Volume of the cone = 750 cm3
Bulk denisty of sand used in the test = 1.42 gm/cm3
The compaction test was carried out on the same soil in the
laboratory (volume of the mould = 950 cm3). The following
results were obtained:
Observation No. 1 2 3 4 5 6
Weight of wet soil, gm 1700 1890 2030 1990 1960 1920
Water content, % 7.7 11.5 14.6 17.5 19.5 21.2
The specific gravity of soil grains = 2.7
i) Calculate the dry denisty, void ratio, degree of saturation and
air content of the soil in both site and laboratory
ii) Determine the relative compaction. Comment on the results.
iii) If the soil gets fully saturated calculate the changes in its water
content and bulk density (assume, total volume remains same)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (5) Soil Compaction
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Mid-Term Exam Mid-Term Exam
2011 2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 1 of soil

Chapter (6)
Hydraulic properties of soil


Geo-static stress Permeability Flow net


1) Geo-static stress
a) Effective stress: ( V )

V J *h


Jsub. J

Jsub. = Jsat.Jw JbJdJsat.

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 2 of soil

-:
-
( W ) -
b) Pore water pressure: (neutral stress)

U J w * hw
Jw 
hw =

c) Total stress: (V )



V J *h

Jsat. J

JbJdJsat.

V V U
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 3 of soil

sr * e Gs *Wc
Gs  sr * e
Jb *J w
1 e
Ex:-

Find the stress at point h1 Jb


A, B B

h2 Jsat.
A

At point (A):-

V J * h J b * h1  J sat. * h2
U J w * hw J w * h2
V J b * h1  J sub. * h2

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 4 of soil

At point (B):-

V J *h J b * h1
U J w * hw Zero
V J b * h1

h1 Jb
2
hc 3 Jsat.
4

h2 Jsat.

5
At point (1):-
V zero
U zero
V zero
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 5 of soil

At point (2):-
V J b * h1
U zero
V J b * h1
At point (3):-
V J b * h1
U J w * hc
V V U J b * h1  J w * hc
At point (4):-
V J b * h1  J sat . * h c
U zero
V J b * h1  J sat . * h c
At point (5):-
V J b * h1  J sat. * hc  J sat. * h2
U J w * h2
V J b * h1  J sat. * hc  J sub. * h2
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 6 of soil

Surcharge

h1 Jb

h2 Jsat.

At point (A):-

V q  J b * h1  J sat . * h2
U J w * h2
V q  J b * h1  J sub. * h2

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 7 of soil

h1 Jw

h2 Jsat.

At point (A):-
V J sat . * h2  J w * h1
U J w * ( h1  h2 )
V J sub . * h2

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 8 of soil

Effect of flow
a) Down-ward flow

( ) H
h1

Soil
h2 Jsat
A A

At point (A-A):-
V J sat. * h2  J w * h1

U J w * (h1  h2 )  J w * H Jw +

V J sub. * h2  J w * H Jw +


Jw +

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 9 of soil

b) Up-ward flow

h1

Soil
h2 Jsat
A A

At point (A-A):-
V J sat. * h2  J w * h1

U J w * (h1  h2 )  J w * H Jw +

V J sub. * h2  J w * H Jw +



Jw +

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 10 of soil

Hydraulic gradient ( i )

H T
h1
h2

i tan T
H .......... .......... ....

i
L

V J sub. * h2  J w * H zero
J sub. * h2 J w * H
H J sub.
icr
h2 J w

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 11 of soil

i cr Critical Hydraulic gradient

J sub. Gs  1
icr
Jw 1 e

Piping = boiling = heaving = quick sand



(shear stress )
( V  )
.
.

Scour

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 12 of soil

:
H
i
L
J sub. Gs 1
icr
Jw 1 e
i  icr No piping

i icr critical

i ! icr piping

How to prevent (overcome) piping


-

Sheet pile wall


Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 13 of soil

Weights

filters -

Filters

Design of filter:
-:
-
% -
4 D85 ( soil ) ! D15 ( filter ) ! 4 D15 ( soil ) -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 14 of soil

85 %
Filter Soil

B A
15 %

4D85 D85 4D15 D15

(D15) 15% -
(A) (4D15) -
(D85) 85% -
(B) (4D85) -
filter A, B -

filter
filter
Soil Mechanics (1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 1 of soil

Chapter (6)
Hydraulic properties of soil


Geo-static stress Permeability Flow net


2) Permeability of soil

K
K = Coefficient of permeability
Darcy Law
i
h1
h2

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 2 of soil

V vi

V const . * i
V K *i
-:
= V
= K
= i

H ..........
..........
....

i
L

H
A

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 3 of soil

Q A *V K *i * A
V
Q
t
= Q
= A
= t
= V

Discharge velocity

V K *i
Q A *V K *i * A
= A

Seepage velocity

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 4 of soil

Q AV * V S A *V
A *V V
VS
AV n
K *i
VS K P *i
n
KP = coefficient of percolation
Av = area of voids


1- Lab. tests
2- Field test
3- Empirical equations

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 5 of soil

1- Lab. tests:
a) Constant Head Test
coarse soil (Sand, Gravel)

Soil

( t )
V h
Q K * *A
t L
V *L
K
h*t* A

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 6 of soil

b) Falling Head Test


fine soil (silt, clay)

a
h1
h2
Soil
A L

a * L h1
K Ln
t*A h2 -:
= a
( ) = L
( ) = t
() = h1
() = h2

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 7 of soil

2- Field tests: (in-situ test) (pumping test)


a) Unconfined Test ( )

Q r2
K 2 2
Ln
S ( h2  h1 ) r1
b) Confined test ( )

Q r2
K Ln
2SD ( h2  h1 ) r1
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 8 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 9 of soil

3- Empirical equations:
a) Hazen formula

K C * ( D10 ) 2

C = Constant (1-10)
C=1 for sand

Permeability of stratified soil


a) Horizontal flow

i cons tant 1m
h

q1 K1 H1
q
q2 K2 H2 H

q3 K3 H3

L
q q1  q2  q3
Keq. * i * H K1* i * H1  K 2 * i * H 2  K 3* i * H 3
Keq. * H K1* H1  K 2 * H 2  K3* H 3

Keq. K X
K1* H1 K 2 * H 2  ....... K * H
H1 H 2  ......... H
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 10 of soil

b) Vertical flow

V, q = constant

K1 H1

K2 H2 H
H3
K3

h h1  h2  h3
h V *H
V h
K*
H K
V * H V * H1 V * H2 V * H3
 
K K1 K2 K3
H H1 H2 H3
 
K K1 K2 K3

Keq. K y
H1 H 2  ......... H
H1 H 2 H
K1 K 2
  .........
K

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 1 of soil

Chapter (6)
Hydraulic properties of soil


Geo-static stress Permeability Flow net


3) Flow net

Flow channel

Flow lines

Equipotent lines
Field Drop head

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 2 of soil

Laplace
w 2h
w 2 h
2
 0 .0
wx wz 2

Laplace :

Flow lines:

Flow channel:

Equipotent lines:()

Drop head:

Field:

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 3 of soil

:
-
. -
-
-
5 -
-
Smooth -
. -
( ) U.S. -
( ) D.S. -
Field -
Smooth -

Example (1)
H

A B

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 4 of soil

Nf = No. of flow channel = 4.0


Nd = No. of drop head = 15

Example (2)
H

Nf = No. of flow channel = 4.0


Nd = No. of drop head = 13

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 5 of soil

Uses of flow net


1) Seepage discharge ( q )
Nf
q K *H *
Nd
. = H
. = K

-:
. = Isotropic soil
Kx = Kz

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 6 of soil


. = In-isotropic soil
Kx z Kz
-:
In-isotropic soil

Nf
q K *H *
Nd
Kz
K Kx * Kz Kx

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 7 of soil

No. of pumps (q)

q
N 1
pump capacity
2) Seepage pressure ( Ps )

n
Ps J w * H * 1 
Nd
drop head = n

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 8 of soil

5
Ps A J w * H * 1 
For 15
Example (1)
12 . 5
Ps B J w * H * 1 
15
3) Uplift
seepage pressure

Example (1)

2
Ps A J w * H * 1 
15
12
Ps B J w * H * 1 
(1)15
Soil Mechanics
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 9 of soil

W =
W =J volume =J A 1
W
F .O .S t 1 . 0 safe
F
For Example (2)
seepage pressure
D.S.
D/2

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 10 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 11 of soil

8 .5
Ps A J w * H * 1 
13
10 . 5
Ps B J w * H * 1 
13
D
W J sub . * D * *1
2
Ps A  Ps B D
F *
2 2
W
F .O . S t 1 safe
F

4) Piping

J sub. Gs 1
icr
Jw 1 e
'h
i
L min .
H
'h
Nd
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 12 of soil

= Lmin
.

Example (1)

Example (2)

i ! icr piping
i  icr No piping
icr
FOS ! 1 .0
i
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 13 of soil

Examples

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 14 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 15 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 16 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 17 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 18 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Examples

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

It is required to excavate a trench in the soil formation shown


in figure as below.
i) Find the depth to which the excavation can be safely
carried without causing instability due to uplift of
groundwater.
ii) Find the lowered groundwater depth, if the excavation
is to be extended to 7m

2m

8 m Clay
Jsat t/m3

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (6) Hydraulic properties
2011 of soil

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 1
Chapter (7)
Stresses due to loads

Types of loads:-
1- Point load = Concentrated load
P

2- Line load

-
3- Strip load

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 2
4- Rectangle area

1- Point load = Concentrated load


P

A
P r
Vz I* 2
Z
I = influence factor

2.5
3 1
I 2

2S 1  ( r / z )

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 3

2- Line load

q q
Vz I*
Z
I = influence factor

2
2 1 Z
I
2
S 1  ( x / z) A
x

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 4

m = x/z
n = y/z
= y
:
= X, r

= Z

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 5
Example:
For the shown system of loads determine the
stresses at point (A)

20 t/m P3, P4
P1, P2
4.0 3.0

Elev.
5.0
A

P2 = 70 P4 = 50
3.0 Plan
P1 = 80 P3 = 60
Solution


Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 6
1- Point load:

load r Z (r/Z)2 I P/Z2 Vz


80 0 5 0 0.478
70 3 5 0.36
60 4 8 0.25
50 5 8 0.39
6

2- Line load:
X = 4.0 m
Z = 5.0 m
2 2
2 1 2 1
I
2

2
0.236
S 1 (x / z) S 1 (4 / 5)

q 20
Vz I* 0.236 * 0.95
Z 5
Total stress = Vz + 6

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 7

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 8
3- Rectangle area

a) Approximate method

q

Z
 'V
Z/2 L Z/2

q * B * L 'V * (B  z)(L  z)

q*B*L
'V
(B  z)(L  z)
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 9

S S
q* ( D)2 'V * ( D  z)2
4 4
( D) 2
'V q
( D  z)2

b) Loaded rectangular area



VA q*I Chart
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 10


B
n
Z
L
m
Z
= Z
= B
= L

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 11
:

(A)

V A q*(I1  I2  I3  I4 )

V A q * I( A286)  I( A176)  I( A253)  I( A143)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 12
c) Newmark chart
chart

Newmark chart

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 13

chart AB -
-

AB ( cm ) Z (m )

-
chart -

(N) -

N = 38

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 14
-
V 0.005 * N * q

P

P
q
L*B

q1 q2
N1 N2

V 0.005* (N1 * q1  N2 * q2 )
= N1
= N2

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 15
Contact pressure


-
-
-

Isobars = Pressure bulbs

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011 16

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Final 2005
Find the stress at point (O)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (7) Stresses in soil
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(1)
Chapter (8)
Consolidation

Compressibility

a
a
w
w
S
S



( ) -
() -
-
-

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(2)
Consolidation

w
w

S
S

Consolidation in Lab.
Oedometer

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(3)
V
Loading plate Dial gauge

2 cm
Soil
7.5 cm

ring
Porous plate
Tank

-
-

/ -
-
(0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30 min., 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 hr)
-

/
(0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, )
-
Compression Characteristics

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(4)
Compression Characteristics
(av, mv, E, Cc, Cs)
1- Coefficient of Compressibility (av)
e
'e
eo 1 av
'V
'e
e1 2

V
Vo V1
 'V


eo =
Vo =

Vo J * h Chapter (6)

'V 
'V Chapter (7)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(5)
2- Coefficient of Volume Change (mv)
e

eo 1
'e
e1 2

V
Vo V1
 'V
Hv Hv
'v 'H 'e
mv
'V Vo Ho 1  eo
'e 1
mv *
' V 1  eo
av
mv
1  eo

Hv = volumetric strain

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(6)
3- Constrain Modulus = Compression Modulus
e (Ev)

eo 1

'e
e1 2

V
Vo V1
 'V

'V
Ev
Hv
1
Ev
mv

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(7)
4- Compression Index (Cc)
e

eo 1

'e
e1 2

Log V
LogVo LogV1
 ' LogV

'e
Cc
Log (V 1 )  Log (V 2 )
Cc 0.009( L.L  10)

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(8)
5- Recompression Index (Cr)
= Swelling Index (Cs)
= Expansion Index (Ce)
e
12
e1 1
'e e2 2

Log V
LogV1 LogV2
' LogV

'e
Cs
Log (V 1 )  Log (V 2 )


Loop

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(9)
Preconsolidation pressure (Max. past stress)
 Vc , Pc )

e
A

Log V
Log Vc


( ) A -
A -
-
-
Vc -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(10)
Over consolidation ratio (O.C.R)

Vc ..........
......

O.C.R
Vo



O .C . R  1 U .C .C
O .C . R 1 N .C .C
O .C . R ! 1 O .C .C
1- Under consolidation clay (U.C.C)
O .C . R  1
Vc Vo
2- Normal consolidation clay (N.C.C)
O .C . R 1
Vc Vo
3- Over consolidation clay (O.C.C)
O .C . R ! 1
Vc !Vo
Soil Mechanics (1)
Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(1)
Final Settlement ('HGf
q

L
h J Sand
Z
J 'V
H eo Clay

L+Z


'H 'e
1)
H 1 e
2 )G f ' H mv * ' V * H
1
3 )G f 'H * 'V * H
Ev
Cc , eo

O.C .R 1.0
Cc V o  'V
4 )G f * H * Log
1  eo Vo

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(2)

Cs , Vc

O.C .R ! 1.0
V c ! V o  'V
Cs V o  'V
5)G f * H * Log
1  eo Vo
V c  V o  'V
Cc V  'V Cs V
Gf * H * Log o  * H * Log c
1  eo V c 1  eo Vo
H = Clay

Vo J * h Chapter(6)
Clay
Overburden pressure
'V Chapter(7)

Clay
Z = Clay

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(3)
Degree of Consolidation ( U %)



Terzaghi
Terzaghi Assumptions

Darcy

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(4)

Gt
U%
Gf
Uo  Ut
U%
Uo
 Uo = 'Vat time = zero

'V  U t
U%
'V
 G t =
 G f =
 U o = Jw hw
 U f =

Gt U % *G f
U%

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(5)
U %

S
TV U % 2 U %  52.6%
4
TV 1.781 0.933Log 100  U % U % ! 52.6%

U% , TV

TV U%

CV *t
TV 2
d
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(6)
 7 V = Time factor
 C V = Coeff. of consolidation
 t = time
 d = effective depth

Double drainage = two way drainage



Sand
H
d Clay H
2
Sand

Single drainage = One way drainage


Sand
d H
Clay H

Rock

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(7)
Cv
Coefficient of Consolidation

1- Cassagrand method (Log time method)
2- Taylor method (Root time method)

1- Cassagrand method (Log time method)


U% = 50 % Cv
At U% = 50 % Tv = 0.197
CV * t50
H 0.197
d2
H0 A
t50

H50

H100
B
t1 4t1
Soil Mechanics (1)
Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(8)

( ) A -
t1 A -
4 t1 -
X -
Ho
B -
H100 B -
H50 Ho , H100 -
t50 H50 -
Cv -

2- Taylor method (Root time method)


U% = 90 % Cv
At U% = 90 % Tv = 0.848
CV * t90
0.848
d2
t90

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(9)
H

H0

A B


Ho -
A
L -
1.15 L B -
H50 B -
t90
Cv -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(10)
Field curves

.

.
1- N.C.C. (Vc Vo 

( ) Vc -
 eo -
 (eo , Vo ) a -
 f 0.42 eo -
 eo , a , f -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(11)
2- O.C.C. (Vc!Vo 

 Vo -
 eo -
 eo , Vo b -
( ) Vc -
 a Vc 12 b -
 f 0.42 eo -
eo , a , b , f -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(12)
3- U.C.C. (VcVo 

( ) Vc -
 eo -
 (eo , Vo ) b -
 Vo a -
 f 0.42 eo -
 eo , a , b , f -

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(13)
Isochrones q
q

U V u V
Pore water pressure Effective stress



:Isochrones
effective stress, pore water pressure

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(14)

: -

K mv *Cv *J w
:Field , Lab. -
Cv Clay

CV ( Lab) CV ( Field)
2 2
Tv* d Tv* d

t Lab t Field
U% = degree of consolidation
Tv
2 2
d d

t Lab t Field

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011
(15)
: -

G 'H 'e 'V


H H 1 e V
:Jsat Gs , Wc -
Gs *Wc
eo Sr 1 sarurated
Sr
(Gs  Sr * eo )J w
J sat Sr 1
1  eo

Soil Mechanics (1)


Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Chapter (8) Consolidation
2011

Soil Mechanics (1)


Part(2)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Final Exam Final Exam


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Soil Mechanics (1)


Part(4)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Final Exam Final Exam
2011 2011

...

Soil Mechanics (1)


Part(1)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Final Exam Final Exam
2011 2011

...

Soil Mechanics (1)


Part(3)

Soil Mechanics
Fff (1)
Final Exam Final Exam
2011 2011

...

Soil Mechanics (1)

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