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Streamflow Hydrographs
Subsurface Water/Groundwater
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION PRECIPITATION
DIRECT
INFILTRATION RUNOFF
GROUNDWATER
GROUNDWATER storage
FLOW
BASE FLOW
Recording Gage
Floating Type
Bubbler Gage
stilling well
Crest-Stage Gage
Accessibility
Adequacy /
Stability
Permanency
Propeller-type Meter
v = a + bN
a starting velocity (to overcome mechanical friction)
b constant of proportionality
C.2
30.00
26.00
Observed Water Level + 20.105 M.(MSL.)
14 Dec 201
22.00
18.00
-
14.00
10.00
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
-
: (http://hydro-5.com)
10 2112342 - PHS (2/2557)
Discharge: Velocity-Area Method
Velocity profile
Qi Ai vi
Velocity-Area Methods
Dividing a stream into a number of vertical sections, each section should not
include more than 10% of total flow
Q Qi Av
i i
(v1 v2 ) (d1 d 2 )
Mean-section method: Qi bi
2 2
(b b )
Mid-section method: Qi vi di 1 2
2
Velocity-Contour Method
Isovels
1
q AR s
2 / 3 1/ 2
n Mannings coefficient
A wetted cross section area
s water surface slope
R hydraulic radius
= A/P where P is wetted perimeter
L
floats velocity: V
t
Three types of floats (1) surface floats, (2) subsurface
floats, (3) rod floats
The velocity of the float is multiplied by a reduction
coefficient (0.85 for surface float and 1.0 for subsurface
and rod float)
Conservation of mass
Mass rate at station 1 Mass rate at station 2
qC1 (Q q )C2
qC1 QC2 qC2
C1 C2
Q q
C2
C1is generally much greater than C2 , then
C1
Q q
C2
6
Stage (m)
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Discharge (cms)
1
1 10 100 1000 10000
Discharge (cms)
q k ( g a )b
g - gage height
a, b, k station constants
q2 q1q3
g1 g3 g 2
a
g1 g3 2 g 2
q AC Rs