Li Fi Report Pre-Final

LIGHT FIDELITY (LI-FI) TECHNOLOGY
FOR SMART COMMUNICATION THROUGH ELECTRICAL

LIGHTING
SEMINAR REPORT
submitted by
ANISH M.S
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
of
COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR
OCTOBER 2017
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Certificate
Certified that this is a bona fide record of the seminar report entitled
LIGHT FIDELITY (LI-FI) TECHNOLOGY

FOR SMART COMMUNICATION THROUGH ELECTRICAL LIGHTING
done by
ANISH.M.S :19150413
during the year 2017 in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of
Cochin University of Science & Technology, Kerala
Mr. RENJITH KUMAR D Mr. RENJITH KUMAR D Prof. Dr. JOHN GEORGE
Seminar Guide Seminar Co-ordinator Professor & Head
Assistant Professor in EEE Assistant Professor in EEE Department of EEE
Adoor
10-10-2017
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I thank God Almighty for His grace and mercy showered upon me for the
successful completion of this seminar work.
I would like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Jayasree V. K, Principal, College of

Engineering, Adoor, for equipping me with all facilities during the presentation of my seminar. I
express my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. John George, Head of the Department, Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering Adoor for permitting me to do
this seminar and supporting me till the completion of this work.
I express my sincere thanks to my seminar guide Mr. Renjith Kumar D, Assistant

Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering Adoor
without her help and support I would have been far from the completion of this seminar.
I make use of this opportunity to express my hearty gratitude to the seminar coordinator,
Mr. Renjith Kumar D, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, College of Engineering Adoor for assisting me in needs and giving relevant advice
for making this seminar successful.
I also express my heartfelt thanks to all other faculty in the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, for their enormous help in the progress of my seminar work.
This acknowledgment will stand incomplete if my friends and classmates arent thanked
whose constant encouragement and timely criticism helped me to a great extent and fuelled my
destination.
I also express my gratitude to my beloved parents for encouraging and supporting me

throughout the course of this seminar. I make this opportunity to thank all who have helped me
directly or indirectly through this endeavour.
ABSTRACT
Smart phones, tablets, and the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) are driving an insatiable
demand for wireless capacity. This demand requires networking and Internet infrastructures to
evolve, to meet the needs of current and future multimedia applications. The current scenario is
to employ Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) routers which utilises EM waves like radio waves as the
wireless access medium. However the radio waves can only support less bandwidth because of
compact spectrum availability and intrusion.
The possible and more advanced solution to this is, data transmission using Visible Light
Communication (VLC), in which the medium of data transfer will be through visible light
instead of radio waves making Wi-Fi, the Wireless Fidelity, expand to Li-Fi, the Light Fidelity.
Li-Fi is perfect for high compactness wireless data coverage in defined areas and for mitigating
radio interference issues. In Li-Fi basically we focus to transmit multimedia data between two
terminals using LEDs.
Li-Fi is a transmission of data through illumination, in which data can be sent through a
LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than human eye can follow.
That is instead of using Wi-Fi Routers ,the LED light bulbs which we are using in our daily life
can, not only be used for providing light, but also for superfast communication(up to 224Gbps).
Using Visible light for data transmission include many advantages, and eliminates the
disadvantages of transmission of data through electromagnetic waves.
CONTENTS
Sl. No. Name of the Chapter Page No.
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 HISTORY 3
3 PRESENT SENARIO 5
4 WORKING OF LiFi 8
4.1 Basic Architecture of Li-Fi 9
5 MODULATION TEQNIQUES 11
5.1 Single-Carrier Modulation 11
5.2 Multi-Carrier Modulation 13
5.3 LiFi Specific Modulation 14
6 LiFi COMPONENTS 16
6.1 Transmitter Chip 16
6.2 Receiver Chip 16
7 APPLICATIONS 18
7.1 Medical and Healthcare 18
7.2 Airlines and Aviation 18
7.3 Power Plants and Hazardous Environments 18
7.4 Underwater Explorations and Communications 18
7.5 Traffic 19
7.6 Giga-Speed Technology 19
7.7 Smart Lighting 19
8 CONCLUSION 20
REFERENCES 21
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. ASK Amplitude-Shift Keying
2. CAP Carrier-less Amplitude and Phase modulation
3. CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
4. CSK Colour Shift Keying
5. FDM Frequency-Division Multiplexing
6. IoT Internet of Things
7. IR Infrared
8. LED Light Emitting diode
9. Li-Fi Light Fidelity
10. MAC Media Access Control
11. MCM Multi Carrier Modulation
12. MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
13. OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
14. OOK On-Off Keying
15. PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation
16. PHY Physical Layer
17. PPM Pulse Position Modulation
18. PWM Pulse Width Modulation
19. QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
20. RLL Run Length Limited
21. ROV Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicles
22. SCM Single-Carrier Modulation
23. VLC Visible Light Communication
24. VPPM Variable Pulse Position Modulation

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.
1 Li-Fi environment 2
2 EM Spectrum 6
3 Li-Fi Architecture 9
4 OOK modulation scheme using Manchester Coding 11
5 Variable Pulse Position Modulation to support dimming 12
6 RGB LEDs that combines different wavelengths for CSK 14

Li-Fi Technology For Smart Communication Through Electrical Lighting SEMINAR REPORT
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
LiFi is transmission of data through illumination by sending data through a LED light
bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye can follow. Li-Fi is the term some have
used to label the fast and cheap wireless communication system, which is the optical version
of Wi-Fi. The term was first used in this context by Prof. Harald Haas in his TED Global talk
on Visible Light Communication. At the heart of this technology is a new generation of high
brightness light-emitting diodes, says Harald Haas from the University of Edinburgh, UK,
Very simply, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if its off you transmit a 0,Haas says,
They can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice opportunities for transmitted
data.It is possible to encode data in the light by varying the rate at which the LEDs flicker on
and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s.The LED intensity is modulated so rapidly that
human eye cannot notice, so the output appears constant. More sophisticated techniques could
dramatically increase VLC data rate. Terms at the University of Oxford and the University of
Edingburgh are focusing on parallel data transmission using array of LEDs, where each LED
transmits a different data stream. Other group are using mixtures of red, green and blue LEDs
to alter the light frequency encoding a different data channel. Li-Fi, as it has been dubbed, has
already achieved blisteringly high speed in the lab. Researchers at the Heinrich Hertz Institute
in Berlin, Germany, have reached data rates of over 500 megabytes per second using a
standard white-light LED. The technology was demonstrated at the 2012 Consumer
Electronics Show in Las Vegas using a pair of Casio smart phones to exchange data using
light of varying intensity given off from their screens, detectable at a distance of up to ten
metres.
Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio

frequency communication is often deemed problematic, such as in aircraft cabins or hospitals.
So visible light communication not only has the potential to solve the problem of lack of
spectrum space, but can also enable novel application. The visible light spectrum is unused; it's
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

College of Engineering Adoor 1
not regulated, and can be used for communication at very high speeds.
Fig.1 Li-Fi environment
In October 2011 a number of companies and industry groups formed the Li-Fi Consortium, to
promote high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio
based wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The consortium believes it is possible to achieve more than 10
Gbps, theoretically allowing a high-definition film to be downloaded in 30 seconds.

CHAPTER 2
HISTORY
Professor Harald Haas, from the University of Edinburgh in the UK, is widely
recognised as the original founder of Li-Fi. He coined the term Li-Fi and is Chair of Mobile
Communications at the University of Edinburgh and co-founder of pure LiFi.
The general term Visible Light Communication (VLC), includes any use of the visible light
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to transmit information. The D-Light project at
Edinburgh's Institute for Digital Communications was funded from January 2010 to January
2012. Haas promoted this technology in his 2011TED Global talk and helped start a company
to market it. Pure LiFi, formerly pure VLC, is an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM)
firm set up to commercialize Li-Fi products for integration with existing LED-lighting
systems.
In October 2011, companies and industry groups formed the Li-Fi Consortium, to promote
high-speed optical wireless systems and to overcome the limited amount of radio-based
wireless spectrum available by exploiting a completely different part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. A number of companies offer uni-directional VLC products which is not the same
as Li-Fi.
VLC technology was exhibited in 2012 using Li-Fi. By August 2013, data rates of over
1.6 Gbps were demonstrated over a single colour LED. In September 2013, a press release
said that Li-Fi, or VLC systems in general, do not require line-of-sight conditions. In October
2013, it was reported Chinese manufacturers were working on Li-Fi development kits.
One part of VLC is modelled after communication protocols established by

the IEEE workgroup. However, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard is out-of-date. Specifically, the
standard fails to consider the latest technological developments in the field of optical wireless
communications, specifically with the introduction of Optical Orthogonal Frequency-Division
Multiplexing (O-OFDM) modulation methods which have been optimized for data rates,
multiple-access and energy efficiency have. The introduction of O-OFDM means that a new

drive for standardization of optical wireless communications is required.
Nonetheless, the IEEE 802.15.7 standard defines the Physical Layer (PHY) and Media Access
Control (MAC) layer. The standard is able to deliver enough data rates to transmit audio,
video and multimedia services. It takes into account the optical transmission mobility, its
compatibility with artificial lighting present in infrastructures, the device which may be caused
by interference generated by the ambient lighting. The MAC layer allows using the link with
the other layers like the TCP/IP protocol.
The standard defines three PHY layers with different rates:
The PHY I was established for outdoor application and works from 11.67 Kbit/s to 267.6
Kbit/s.
The PHY II layer allows to reach data rates from 1.25 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.
The PHY III is used for many emissions sources with a particular modulation method called
Colour Shift Keying (CSK). PHY III can deliver rates from 12 Mbit/s to 96 Mbit/s.
The modulation formats recognized for PHY I and PHY II are the coding On-Off
Keying (OOK) and Variable Pulse Position Modulation (VPPM). The Manchester coding used
for the PHY I and PHY II layers include the clock inside the transmitted data by representing a
logic 0 with an OOK symbol "01" and a logic 1 with an OOK symbol "10", all with a DC
component. The DC component avoids the light extinction in case of an extended line of logic
0.
The first Li-Fi Smartphone prototype was presented at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las
Vegas from January 710 in 2014. The phone uses Sun Partners Wysips CONNECT, a
technique that converts light waves into usable energy, making the phone capable of receiving
and decoding signals without drawing on its battery.

CHAPTER 3
PRESENT SENARIO
We have 1.4 million cellular radio waves base stations deployed.
We also have over 5 billions of mobile phones.
Mobile phone transmits more than 600TBb of data.
Wireless communication has become a utility like electricity & water.
We use it in everyday life, in our private life, business life.
Currently WiFi uses Radio waves for communication.
It is important to look into this technology which has become fundamental to our life.
Four Issues with Radio Waves:

1. Capacity:
We transmit wireless data through radio waves.
Radio waves are limited, scar and expensive.
We only have a certain range of it.
With the advent of the new generation technologies as of likes of 2.5G,
3G, 4G and so on we are running out of spectrum.
2. Efficiency:
There are 1.4 million cellular radio base stations.
They consume massive amount of energy.
Most of this energy is not used for transmission but for cooling down
the base stations.
Efficiency of such a base station is only 5% and that raise a very big
problem.

3. Availability:
We have to switch off our mobiles in airplanes.
It is not advisable to use mobiles at places like petrochemical plants
and petrol pumps.
Availability of radio waves causes another concern.
4. Security:
Radio waves penetrate through walls.
They can be intercepted.
If someone has knowledge and bad intentions then he may misuse it.
5. Alternative to Radio waves in Electromagnetic Spectrum:

So there are four major concerns i.e., capacity, efficiency, availability,
security related with Radio waves.
But on the other hand we have 40 billions of light box already installed
and light is part of electromagnetic spectrum.
So lets look up at this in context of EM spectrum.
Fig.2: EM Spectrum

Gamma rays are simply very dangerous and thus cant be used for our purpose of
communication.
X-rays are good in hospital and cant be used either.
Ultra-violet rays are sometimes good for our skin but for long duration it is
dangerous.
Infra-red rays are bad for our eyes and are therefore used at low power levels.
We have already seen shortcomings of radio waves.
So we are left with only Visible light spectrum.

CHAPTER 4
WORKING OF LiFi
The brilliant working of LiFi was first showcased by Prof. Harald Haas, in his TED Global
talk on VLC. He explained, Very simple, if the LED is on, you transmit a digital 1, if its off
you transmit a 0.The LEDs can be switched on and off very quickly, which gives nice
opportunities for transmitting data. So what you require at all are some LEDs and a controller
that code data into those LEDs. We have to just vary the rate at which the LEDs flicker
depending upon the data we want to encode. Further enhancements can be made in this
method, like using an array of LEDs for parallel data transmission, or using mixtures of red,
green and blue LEDs to alter the lights frequency with each frequency encoding a different
data channel. Such advancements promise a theoretical speed of 10 Gbps meaning you can
download a full high-definition film in just 30 seconds. Simply awesome! But blazingly fast
data rates and depleting bandwidths worldwide are not the only reasons that give this
technology an upper hand. Since Li-Fi uses just the light, it can be used safely in aircrafts and
hospitals that are prone to interference from radio waves. This can even work underwater
where Wi-Fi fails completely, thereby throwing open endless opportunities for military
operations.
Imagine only needing to hover under a street lamp to get public internet access, or
downloading a movie from the lamp on your desk. There's a new technology on the block
which could, quite literally as well as metaphorically, 'throw light on' how to meet the ever-
increasing demand for high-speed wireless connectivity. Radio waves are replaced by light
waves in a new method of data transmission which is being called Li-Fi.Light-emitting diodes
can be switched on and off faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to
appear to be on continuously. A flickering light can be incredibly annoying, but has turned out
to have its upside, being precisely what makes it possible to use light for wireless data
transmission. Light-emitting diodes (commonly referred to as LEDs and found in traffic and
street lights, car brake lights, remote control units and countless other applications) can be
switched on and off faster than the human eye can detect, causing the light source to appear to

be on continuously, even though it is in fact 'flickering'. This invisible on-off activity enables a
kind of data transmission using binary codes: switching on an LED is a logical '1', switching it
off is a logical '0'. Information can therefore be encoded in the light by varying the rate at
which the LEDs flicker on and off to give different strings of 1s and 0s. This method of using
rapid pulses of light to transmit information wirelessly is technically referred to as Visible
Light Communication (VLC), though its potential to compete with conventional Wi-Fi has
inspired the popular characterization Li-Fi.
4.1 Basic Architecture of Li-Fi
Fig.3: Li-Fi Architecture
Li-Fi and Wi-Fi are quite similar as both transmit data electromagnetically. However, Wi-Fi
uses radio waves while Li-Fi runs on visible light.
As we know, Li-Fi is a Visible Light Communications (VLC) system. This means that it
accommodates a photo-detector to receive light signals and a signal processing element to
convert the data into 'stream-able' content.
An LED light bulb is a semi-conductor light source meaning that the constant current of
electricity supplied to an LED light bulb can be dipped and dimmed, up and down at

extremely high speeds, without being visible to the human eye.
For example, data is fed into an LED light bulb (with signal processing technology), it then
sends data (embedded in its beam) at rapid speeds to the photo-detector (photodiode).
The tiny changes in the rapid dimming of LED bulbs are then converted by the 'receiver' into
electrical signal.
The signal is then converted back into a binary data stream that we would recognise as web,
video and audio applications that run on internet enables devices.

CHAPTER 5
MODULATION TEQNIQUES
In principle, LiFi also relies on electromagnetic radiation for information transmission.
Therefore, typically used modulation techniques in RF communication can also be applied to
LiFi with necessary modifications. Moreover, due to the use of visible light for wireless
communication, LiFi also provides a number of unique and specific modulation formats.
5.1. SINGLE-CARRIER MODULATION
Widely used Single-Carrier Modulation (SCM) schemes for LiFi include on-off keying
(OOK), pulse position modulation (PPM) and Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), which
have been studied in wireless infrared (IR) communication systems.
OOK: OOK is one of the well known and simple modulation schemes, and it provides a good
trade-off between system performance and implementation complexity. The 802.15.7 standard
uses Manchester Coding to ensure the period of positive pulses is the same as the negative
ones but this also doubles the bandwidth required for OOK transmission. Alternatively, for
higher bit rates Run Length Limited (RLL) coding is used which is more spectrally efficient.
OOK dimming can be achieved by:
i) Refining the ON/OFF levels: Dimming through refining the ON/OFF levels of the LED
can maintain the same data rate, however, the reliable communication range would
decrease at low dimming levels.
ii) Applying symbol compensation: dimming by symbol compensation can be achieved by
inserting additional ON/OFF pulses, whose duration is determined by the desired
dimming level
Fig.4: OOK modulation scheme using Manchester Coding

On-off keying (OOK) means the simplest form of Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK)
modulation that represents digital data as the presence or absence of a carrier wave. The
data is conveyed by turning the LED off and on (shown in Fig. 5). In its simplest form a
digital 1 is represented by the light ON state and a digital 0 is represented by the
light OFF state. The beauty of this method is that it is really simple to generate and
decode. As the maximum data rate is achieved with a 50% dimming level assuming
equal number of 1s and 0s, increasing or decreasing the brightness of the LED would
cause the data rate to decrease
iii) PPM & VPPM: pulse-position modulation (PPM) is a form of signal modulation in
which M message bits are encoded by transmitting a signal pulse in one of possible
required time-shifts. VPPM is similar to PPM but it allows the pulse width to be
controlled to support light dimming, according to a specified brightness level.
Therefore, VPPM can be viewed as a combination of PPM and pulse width modulation
(PWM).
. Fig.5: Variable Pulse Position Modulation to support dimming
The duration of the period containing the pulse must be long enough to allow different
positions to be identified, e.g. a 0 is represented by a positive pulse at the beginning of the
period followed by a negative pulse, and a 1 is represented by a negative pulse at the
beginning of the period followed by a positive pulse. When there is no requirement for
lighting or indicating, SCPPM (Subcarrier PPM) is used in order to save energy. Compared
with OOK, PPM is more power-efficient but has a lower spectral efficiency. A novel SCM
scheme, termed Optical Spatial Modulation (OSM), which relies on the principle of spatial
modulation, proves to be both power- and bandwidth-efficient for indoor optical wireless

communication. As a vibration scheme of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) for

single carrier systems, Carrier-less Amplitude and Phase modulation (CAP) uses two
orthogonal signals, in place of the real and imaginary parts of the QAM signalling format, for
spectrum-efficient signal transmission in LiFi networks.
5.2. MULTI-CARRIER MODULATION
For high-speed optical wireless communication, efforts are drawn to Multi-Carrier

Modulation (MCM). Compared with SCM, MCM is more bandwidth-efficient but less energy-
efficient. One and perhaps the most common realisation of MCM in LiFi networks is
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), where parallel data streams are
transmitted simultaneously through a collection of orthogonal subcarriers and complex
equaliser circuitry can be omitted. Each sub-channel can be considered as a flat fading
channel.
OFDM: Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a method of encoding

digital data on multiple carrier frequencies. This is a new approach to transmission in which an
additional dimension is added to conventional 2D Amplitude/Phase Modulation (APM)
techniques such as Quadrature Amplitude modulation (QAM) and Amplitude Shift Keying
(ASK). Unlike the traditional OFDM technique, the Sub-carrier Index Modulation Orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing technique splits the serial bit stream into two bit sub-streams
of the same length. The key idea is to use the sub-carrier index to convey information to the
receiver.
As a result, the OFDM-generated signal is complex and bipolar by nature. In order to fit the
IM/DD requirement imposed by commercially available LEDs, necessary modifications to the
conventional OFDM techniques are required for LiFi. Asymmetrically Clipped Optical OFDM
(ACO-OFDM) is another type of optical OFDM scheme where, as well as imposing
Hermitical symmetry, only the odd subcarriers are used for data transmission and the even
subcarriers are set to zero. Therefore, the spectral efficiency of ACO-OFDM is further halved.
Since only a small DC bias is required in ACO-OFDM, it is more energy-efficient than DCO-
OFDM. To incorporate dimming support into optical OFDM, reverse polarity optical OFDM
(RPO-OFDM) was proposed to combine the high rate OFDM signal with the slow rate PWM

signal, both of which contribute to the overall illumination of the LED.
As an alternative to ACO-OFDM, flip-OFDM and uni-polar OFDM (U-OFDM) can achieve

comparable Bit Error Ratio (BER) performance and spectral efficiency. A novel modulation
scheme, named enhanced uni-polar OFDM (U-OFDM), allows a uni-polar signal generation
with-out additional spectral efficiency loss as in ACOOFDM, PAM-DMT, flip-OFDM and U-
OFDM. Recently, an alter-native to OFDM has been proposed, which uses the Hadamard
matrix instead of the Fourier matrix as an orthogonal matrix to multiplex multiple data
streams.
5.3. LIFI SPECIFIC MODULATION
LiFi transmitters are generally designed not only for wireless communication but also for
illumination, which can be realised either by using blue LEDs with yellow phosphorus or by
colour mixing through coloured LEDs. Luminaries equipped with multicoloured LEDs can
provide further possibilities for signal modulation and detection in LiFi systems . CSK: Colour
Shift Keying (CSK) is an IM scheme outlined in IEEE 802:15:7 , where signals are encoded
into colour intensities emitted by red, green and blue (RGB) LEDs. In CSK, incoming bits are
mapped on to the instantaneous chromaticities of the coloured LEDs while maintaining a
constant average perceived colour. By combining different colours of light, the output data can
be carried by the colour itself and hence the intensity of the output can be near constant.
Mixing of RGB primary sources produces different colours which are coded as information
bits. The x-y chromaticity diagram shows the colour space and associated wavelengths in blue
text (units are nm)
Fig.6: RGB LEDs that combines different wavelengths for CSK

The advantages of CSK over conventional IM schemes are twofold. Firstly, since a constant
luminous flux is guaranteed, there would be no flicker effect over all frequencies. Secondly,
the constant luminous flux implies a nearly constant LED driving current, which reduces the
possible inrush current at signal modulation, and thus improves LED reliability. Based on
CSK, mesmeric modulation (MM) was developed and it can achieve higher energy efficiency
and provide further control of the colour quality, however, with the the disadvantage of this
system is the complexity of both the transmitter and the receiver. It requires an additional and
independently controlled green LED.

CHAPTER 6
LiFi COMPONENTS
A key to the commercial adoption of LiFi in applications such as the Internet-of-Things (IoT),
5th generation of cellular systems (5G) and beyond, light as a service in lighting, car-to-car
communication, security and defence, underwater communication and wireless interconnects
in data centres, is the availability of low cost and low power miniaturised transceiver
technology. It is therefore essential to develop LiFi ASICs. In this section, to the authors best
knowledge, a first transmitter ASIC and receiver ASIC based on Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor (CMOS) technology are presented. Both chips have recently been developed
as part of the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) ultra-parallel
visible light communication (UPVLC) project.
6.1 Transmitter Chip

Conventional circuits that support OFDM or PAM involve a DAC to generate high-speed
signals. Typical DAC structures can only deliver up to 30 mA current, and they require an
additional stage of current amplifier in order to drive a typical LED. An open-drain 8-bit
current steering DAC-based LED driver using CMOS technology has been developed and it
omits the additional current amplifier. The ASIC is capable of achieving 250 MS /s at a
maximum full-scale current of 255 mA and exhibits a power efficiency of 72%. A
differential optical drive is implemented by employing both current steering branches of the
DAC to drive two different colour LEDs. This doubles the signal level and efficiency over
a single ended approach, and enables the transmitter configuration. The chip has four
separate driver channels. Each channel is capable of driving up to two LEDs allowing for
CSK, lighting colour-temperature adjustment and a Multiple Input Multiple Output
(MIMO) system. It has been seen that it is possible to transmit 1 Gb / s when using all four
drivers in parallel in a MIMO configuration.
6.2 Receiver Chip
LiFi systems are based on IM/DD. As a consequence, the average transmit power is
proportional to the transmit signal amplitude, and not the square of the signal amplitude.

The electrical path loss is hence twice the optical path loss. Therefore, in order to achieve
reasonable distances in an auto-cell network, receiver devices with sufficiently high
sensitivity are required. Based on computer modelling, it is indicated in that an Avalanche
Photo Detector (APD)-based receiver with a typical input referred noise density of
10pA/Hz is necessary for reliable communication. A LiFi receiver chip composed of 49
APD detectors (a 7 7 detector array) based on 180 m CMOS technology can be used.
The size of each APD element is 200 m 200 m placed on a 240 m grid. The
responsively of the nine APDs at the central core is 2 .61 A / W at 450 nm. An APD gain of
10 dB is achieved at a reverse bias voltage of only 10 V. Each APD is connected to an
integrated trans-impedance amplifier based on a shunt-shunt feedback topology with fixed
gain in order to obtain good performance. The APDs achieve a bandwidth of 90 MHz. The
APDs outside the central core exhibit different colour sensitivities.

CHAPTER 7
APPLICATIONS OF LiFi
Li-Fi technology can find application in a wide variety of fields. A detailed discussion of its
various applications is given below.
7.1 Medical and Healthcare
Due to concerns over radiation, operating rooms do not allow Wi-Fi and even though Wi-Fi is
in place in several hospitals, interferences from computers and cell phones can block signals
from medical and monitoring equipment.
Li-Fi solves these problems. Lights are an essential part of operating rooms and Li-Fi can thus
be used for modern medical instruments. Moreover, no electromagnetic interference is emitted
by Li-Fi and thus it does not interfere with any medical instruments such as MRI scanners.
7.2 Airlines and Aviation
Wi-Fi is often prohibited in aircrafts. However, since aircrafts already contain multiple lights,
thus Li-Fi can be used for data transmission.
7.3 Power Plants and Hazardous Environments
Wi-Fi is not suitable for sensitive areas like power plants. However, power plants still require
fast and interconnected data systems for monitoring grid intensity, demand, temperature etc.
In place of Wi-Fi, Li-Fi can provide safe connectivity throughout the power plant. Li-Fi offers
a safe alternative to electromagnetic interference due to radio waves in environments such as
petrochemical plants and mines.
7.4 Underwater Explorations and Communications
Remotely Operated underwater Vehicles or ROVs work well except in situations when the
tether is not long enough to fully explore an underwater area or when they get stuck. If instead
of the wires, light were used then the ROVs would be freer to explore. With Li-Fi, the
headlamps could also then be used to communicate with each other, data processing and
reporting findings back to the surface at regular intervals, while also receiving the next batch

of instructions.
Radio waves cannot be used in water due to strong signal absorption. Acoustic waves have
low bandwidth and disrupt marine life. Li-Fi offers a solution for conducting short-range
underwater communications.
7.5 Traffic
Li-Fi can be used for communications between the LED lights of cars to reduce and prevent
traffic accidents. LED headlights and tail-lights are being implemented for different cars.
Traffic signals, signs and street lamps are all also transitioning to LED.
With these LED lights in place, Li-Fi can be used for effective vehicle-to-vehicle as well as
vehicle-to-signal communications.
This would of course lead to increased traffic management and safety.
7.6 Giga-Speed Technology
The Li-Fi Consortium provides the fastest wireless data transfer technology presently
available. Our current solutions offer effective transmission rates of up to 10 Gbps, allowing a
2 hour HDTV film to be transferred in less than 30 seconds. This can be extended to several
100 Gbps in future versions
7.7 Smart Lighting
Street lamps can in the future be used to provide Li-Fi hotspots and can also be used to control
and monitor lighting and data.

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The possibilities are numerous and can be explored further because the concept of Li-Fi is
currently attracting a lot of eye-balls because it offers a genuine and very efficient alternative
to radio based wireless. It has a good chance to replace the traditional Wi-Fi because as an
ever increasing population is using wireless internet, the airwaves are becoming increasingly
clogged, making it more and more difficult to get a reliable, high-speed signal. In the future,
data for laptops, smart phones and tablets can be transmitted through light in the room by
using Li- Fi. Researchers are developing micron sized LED which are able to flicker on and
off around 1000 times quicker than larger LED. If this technology can be put into practical
use, every bulb can be used as a WiFi hotspot to transmit wireless data and we will proceed
toward the cleaner, greener, safer and brighter future. This concept promises to solve issues
such as the shortage of radio-frequency bandwidth and boot out the disadvantages of Wi-Fi.
Li-Fi is the upcoming and on growing technology acting as competent for various other
developing and already invented technologies. Hence the future applications of the Li-Fi can
be predicted and extended to different platforms and various walks of human life.

REFERENCES
[1] H. Haas, L. Yin, Y. Wang, and C. Chen. What is LiFi? IEEE J.Lightw .
Technol.,34(6):15331544,March 2016.
[2] H. Haas and C. Chen, What is LiFi? in 41st European Conference on Optical
Communiation (ECOC), Valencia (Spain), 27 September 1 October 2015, p. 4 pages.
[3] Li-Fi, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi
[4] How LIFI Light Sources Work, http://www.lifi.com/pdfs/TechBriefHowLIFIWorks.pdf
[5] H. Haas, Wireless data from every bulb, TED Global. Edinburg, Scotland 2011.


Li Fi Report Pre-Final

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Li Fi Report Pre-Final

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

LIGHT FIDELITY (LI-FI) TECHNOLOGY

FOR SMART COMMUNICATION THROUGH ELECTRICAL

in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COCHIN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ADOOR

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

LIGHT FIDELITY (LI-FI) TECHNOLOGY

I would like to extend my gratitude to Prof. Dr. Jayasree V. K, Principal, College of

I express my sincere thanks to my seminar guide Mr. Renjith Kumar D, Assistant

I also express my gratitude to my beloved parents for encouraging and supporting me

Sl. No. Name of the Chapter Page No.

4.1 Basic Architecture of Li-Fi 9

5.1 Single-Carrier Modulation 11

5.2 Multi-Carrier Modulation 13

5.3 LiFi Specific Modulation 14

6.1 Transmitter Chip 16

6.2 Receiver Chip 16

7.1 Medical and Healthcare 18

7.2 Airlines and Aviation 18

7.3 Power Plants and Hazardous Environments 18

7.4 Underwater Explorations and Communications 18

7.6 Giga-Speed Technology 19

7.7 Smart Lighting 19

1. ASK Amplitude-Shift Keying

2. CAP Carrier-less Amplitude and Phase modulation

3. CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

4. CSK Colour Shift Keying

5. FDM Frequency-Division Multiplexing

6. IoT Internet of Things

8. LED Light Emitting diode

9. Li-Fi Light Fidelity

10. MAC Media Access Control

11. MCM Multi Carrier Modulation

12. MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

13. OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer

14. OOK On-Off Keying

15. PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation

16. PHY Physical Layer

17. PPM Pulse Position Modulation

18. PWM Pulse Width Modulation

19. QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

20. RLL Run Length Limited

21. ROV Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicles

22. SCM Single-Carrier Modulation

23. VLC Visible Light Communication

24. VPPM Variable Pulse Position Modulation

Fig. No. Name of Figure Page No.

4 OOK modulation scheme using Manchester Coding 11

5 Variable Pulse Position Modulation to support dimming 12

6 RGB LEDs that combines different wavelengths for CSK 14

Light is inherently safe and can be used in places where radio

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Fig.1 Li-Fi environment

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

One part of VLC is modelled after communication protocols established by

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

drive for standardization of optical wireless communications is required.

The standard defines three PHY layers with different rates:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

Four Issues with Radio Waves:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering